Article(id=1322929704184980070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756137600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-26, revisedDate=1781539200000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340620322, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340620322, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340620322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340620322, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929547464815391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='14', pageStart='2385', pageEnd='2576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340582958, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343111003, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2458, endPage=2466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929704352752231, articleId=1322929704184980070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer:a longitudinal qualitative study, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

A longitudinal qualitative research method was adopted.A total of 32 first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer treated in the department of gastrointestinal surgery at a tertiary grade A hospital in Wuhan city were selected as the study subjects from September to December 2024.Three semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding their decision-making dilemmas about undergoing colonoscopy screening.The dilemmas at different time points were summarized and analyzed using the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method.

Results

Based on three time points,16 themes regarding the screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer were summarized from different generational perspectives.During the first week after surgery,three months after discharge,and six months after discharge,the screening decision-making dilemmas of first-degree relatives overall were,in turn,lack of knowledge,insufficient resources and conditions,and inadequate psychological preparation.For first-generation first-degree relatives,the screening decision-making dilemmas were,in turn,psychological concerns,insufficient improvement in screening awareness,and age bias.For second-generation first-degree relatives,the screening decision-making dilemmas were,in turn,role conflict,limited family support,and life conflicts.For third-generation first-degree relatives,the screening decision-making dilemmas were,in turn,focus on personal feelings,influence of life attitudes,and lack of encouragement.

Conclusions

The screening decision-making dilemmas among different generations' first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer varied and changed over time.Healthcare providers could implement targeted interventions based on the characteristics of these dilemmas at different time points to help improve the rate of colonoscopy screening.

, authors=Jingyi WANG, Hanbin CHEN, Chen TANG, Shuanglin FU, Jun ZHOU, Jun ZHONG, authorsList=Jingyi WANG, Hanbin CHEN, Chen TANG, Shuanglin FU, Jun ZHOU, Jun ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929705049006696, articleId=1322929704184980070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属筛查决策困境的纵向质性研究, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

从不同时间点探讨跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属行大肠癌筛查的决策困境。

方法

采用纵向质性研究方法,选择2024年9月—12月在武汉市某三级甲等医院胃肠外科就诊的32名大肠癌病人一级亲属为研究对象。就肠镜筛查决策困境对其进行3次半结构式访谈,归纳不同时间点筛查决策困境,通过Colaizzi 7步分析法进行分析。

结果

基于3个时间点,从不同代际角度总结获得大肠癌一级亲属筛查决策困境的12个主题,病人术后1周内、病人出院后3个月及病人出院后6个月一级亲属总体的筛查决策困境依次为知识缺乏、资源条件不足、心理准备不足;一代一级亲属的筛查决策困境依次为心理担忧、筛查意识提升不足、年龄偏见;二代一级亲属的筛查决策困境依次为角色冲突、家庭支持受限、生活冲突;三代一级亲属的筛查决策困境依次为注重感受、生活态度影响、缺乏督促。

结论

不同代际大肠癌一级亲属的筛查决策困境不同且随时间有所变化,医护人员可根据不同时期筛查决策困境特点采取针对性的干预措施,以帮助其提高肠镜筛查率。

, authors=王静怡, 陈涵彬, 汤晨, 付双林, 周俊, 钟君*, *, authorsList=王静怡, 陈涵彬, 汤晨, 付双林, 周俊, 钟君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟君, authorNote=

王静怡,护师,本科

, correspAuthorsNote=
钟君,E-mail:
ZHONG Jun, E-mail:
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Community Health,2016,41(4):818-824., articleTitle=Fear as a barrier to asymptomatic colonoscopy screening in an urban minority population with health insurance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929712468730555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929704184980070, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=田信, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田信.江西省结直肠癌患者一级亲属结肠镜筛查行为的影响因素分析[D].南昌:南昌大学,2023., articleTitle=江西省结直肠癌患者一级亲属结肠镜筛查行为的影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929712552616636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929704184980070, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=黄海洋, journalName=null, refType=null, 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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929704184980070, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=17, issue=14, pageStart=4927, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=Bai Y, Wong C L, Peng X L, journalName=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bai Y,Wong C L,Peng X L,et al.Colonoscopy screening behaviour and associated factors amongst first-degree relatives of people with colorectal cancer in China:testing the health belief model using a cross-sectional design[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2020,17(14):4927., articleTitle=Colonoscopy screening behaviour and associated factors amongst first-degree relatives of people with colorectal cancer in China:testing the health belief model using a cross-sectional design, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929712829440703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, 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General information of interviewees

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编号年龄(岁)代际性别与病人关系文化程度婚姻状况居住地家庭月收入(元)访谈次数(次)
P125三代女女儿本科已婚城市≥8 0003
P259一代男哥哥初中已婚农村4 000~5 9993
P342二代男儿子高中未婚城市4 000~5 9993
P469一代女姐姐小学以下已婚农村≤2 0003
P544二代女女儿专科已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P663一代男哥哥高中已婚城市4 000~5 9992
P742二代男儿子专科已婚城市6 000~7 9993
P847二代男儿子初中已婚城市4 000~5 9993
P967一代女母亲小学以下已婚农村≤2 0003
P1034三代男儿子专科未婚城市6 000~7 9993
P1140二代女女儿专科离异城市≤2 0003
P1260一代女妹妹初中已婚农村4 000~5 9993
P1329三代男儿子研究生已婚城市≥8 0003
P1433三代男儿子专科已婚城市6 000~7 9992
P1549二代女女儿中专已婚城市2 000~3 9993
P1659一代女母亲小学已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P1738二代男儿子高中已婚城市4 000~5 9993
P1846二代女妹妹中专已婚城市4 000~5 9992
P1927三代男儿子专科未婚农村6 000~7 9993
P2037二代女女儿本科已婚城市6 000~7 9993
P2148二代男弟弟初中已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P2269一代男父亲初中丧偶农村2 000~3 9993
P2340二代女女儿本科已婚城市≥8 0003
P2467一代男弟弟本科已婚城市≥8 0003
P2534三代男弟弟专科已婚城市6 000~7 9992
P2630三代女女儿专科已婚城市4 000~5 9993
P2766一代女姐姐小学已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P2841二代男儿子中专已婚农村4 000~5 9993
P2939二代男儿子专科已婚城市≥8 0003
P3029三代女女儿本科未婚城市6 000~7 9993
P3136二代男儿子高中已婚城市6 000~7 9993
P3268一代女姐姐初中已婚农村2 000~3 9992
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访谈对象一般资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号年龄(岁)代际性别与病人关系文化程度婚姻状况居住地家庭月收入(元)访谈次数(次)
P125三代女女儿本科已婚城市≥8 0003
P259一代男哥哥初中已婚农村4 000~5 9993
P342二代男儿子高中未婚城市4 000~5 9993
P469一代女姐姐小学以下已婚农村≤2 0003
P544二代女女儿专科已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P663一代男哥哥高中已婚城市4 000~5 9992
P742二代男儿子专科已婚城市6 000~7 9993
P847二代男儿子初中已婚城市4 000~5 9993
P967一代女母亲小学以下已婚农村≤2 0003
P1034三代男儿子专科未婚城市6 000~7 9993
P1140二代女女儿专科离异城市≤2 0003
P1260一代女妹妹初中已婚农村4 000~5 9993
P1329三代男儿子研究生已婚城市≥8 0003
P1433三代男儿子专科已婚城市6 000~7 9992
P1549二代女女儿中专已婚城市2 000~3 9993
P1659一代女母亲小学已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P1738二代男儿子高中已婚城市4 000~5 9993
P1846二代女妹妹中专已婚城市4 000~5 9992
P1927三代男儿子专科未婚农村6 000~7 9993
P2037二代女女儿本科已婚城市6 000~7 9993
P2148二代男弟弟初中已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P2269一代男父亲初中丧偶农村2 000~3 9993
P2340二代女女儿本科已婚城市≥8 0003
P2467一代男弟弟本科已婚城市≥8 0003
P2534三代男弟弟专科已婚城市6 000~7 9992
P2630三代女女儿专科已婚城市4 000~5 9993
P2766一代女姐姐小学已婚农村2 000~3 9993
P2841二代男儿子中专已婚农村4 000~5 9993
P2939二代男儿子专科已婚城市≥8 0003
P3029三代女女儿本科未婚城市6 000~7 9993
P3136二代男儿子高中已婚城市6 000~7 9993
P3268一代女姐姐初中已婚农村2 000~3 9992
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跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属筛查决策困境的纵向质性研究
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王静怡 , 陈涵彬 , 汤晨 , 付双林 , 周俊 , 钟君 *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(14): 2458-2466
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (14) : 2458 -2466
跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属筛查决策困境的纵向质性研究
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王静怡, 陈涵彬, 汤晨, 付双林, 周俊, 钟君*, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉大学中南医院,湖北 430071
通讯作者:
钟君,E-mail:
ZHONG Jun, E-mail:
作者简介:

王静怡,护师,本科

Screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer:a longitudinal qualitative study
Jingyi WANG, Hanbin CHEN, Chen TANG, Shuanglin FU, Jun ZHOU, Jun ZHONG
Affiliations
  • 1Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei 430071 China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.010
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目的

从不同时间点探讨跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属行大肠癌筛查的决策困境。

方法

采用纵向质性研究方法,选择2024年9月—12月在武汉市某三级甲等医院胃肠外科就诊的32名大肠癌病人一级亲属为研究对象。就肠镜筛查决策困境对其进行3次半结构式访谈,归纳不同时间点筛查决策困境,通过Colaizzi 7步分析法进行分析。

结果

基于3个时间点,从不同代际角度总结获得大肠癌一级亲属筛查决策困境的12个主题,病人术后1周内、病人出院后3个月及病人出院后6个月一级亲属总体的筛查决策困境依次为知识缺乏、资源条件不足、心理准备不足;一代一级亲属的筛查决策困境依次为心理担忧、筛查意识提升不足、年龄偏见;二代一级亲属的筛查决策困境依次为角色冲突、家庭支持受限、生活冲突;三代一级亲属的筛查决策困境依次为注重感受、生活态度影响、缺乏督促。

结论

不同代际大肠癌一级亲属的筛查决策困境不同且随时间有所变化,医护人员可根据不同时期筛查决策困境特点采取针对性的干预措施,以帮助其提高肠镜筛查率。

大肠癌  /  一级亲属  /  跨代际  /  肠镜筛查  /  纵向研究  /  质性研究
Objective

To explore the screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

A longitudinal qualitative research method was adopted.A total of 32 first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer treated in the department of gastrointestinal surgery at a tertiary grade A hospital in Wuhan city were selected as the study subjects from September to December 2024.Three semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding their decision-making dilemmas about undergoing colonoscopy screening.The dilemmas at different time points were summarized and analyzed using the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method.

Results

Based on three time points,16 themes regarding the screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer were summarized from different generational perspectives.During the first week after surgery,three months after discharge,and six months after discharge,the screening decision-making dilemmas of first-degree relatives overall were,in turn,lack of knowledge,insufficient resources and conditions,and inadequate psychological preparation.For first-generation first-degree relatives,the screening decision-making dilemmas were,in turn,psychological concerns,insufficient improvement in screening awareness,and age bias.For second-generation first-degree relatives,the screening decision-making dilemmas were,in turn,role conflict,limited family support,and life conflicts.For third-generation first-degree relatives,the screening decision-making dilemmas were,in turn,focus on personal feelings,influence of life attitudes,and lack of encouragement.

Conclusions

The screening decision-making dilemmas among different generations' first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer varied and changed over time.Healthcare providers could implement targeted interventions based on the characteristics of these dilemmas at different time points to help improve the rate of colonoscopy screening.

colorectal cancer  /  first-degree relatives  /  cross-generational  /  colonoscopy screening  /  longitudinal study  /  qualitative research
王静怡, 陈涵彬, 汤晨, 付双林, 周俊, 钟君. 跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属筛查决策困境的纵向质性研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2458 -2466 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.010
Jingyi WANG, Hanbin CHEN, Chen TANG, Shuanglin FU, Jun ZHOU, Jun ZHONG. Screening decision-making dilemmas among intergenerational first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer:a longitudinal qualitative study[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2458 -2466 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.010
大肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率、死亡率分别位居世界第3位和第2位[1-2]。已有研究表明,大肠癌病人的一级亲属(病人的血缘父母、子女及同父同母的兄弟姐妹)是罹患大肠癌的高危人群,其发病风险是普通人群的3~4倍,为大肠癌筛查的重点人群[3]。大肠癌筛查不仅可以提高肠癌早期治疗率、降低大肠癌后期死亡率,还可以降低医疗过程中产生的经济成本[4]。但就目前而言,我国肠癌筛查率低于发达国家[5-6]。从大肠癌病人的一级亲属开始进行筛查,是及时发现大肠癌高危者较简单、直接、有效的方式[3,7-9]。决策困境(decisional conflict)主要指当采取的决策与风险、收益、损失、遗憾或个人价值观相联系并产生挑战时,采取何种决策所面临的不确定状态[10]。大肠癌病人一级亲属行大肠癌筛查时存在不同程度的决策困境,可能导致大肠癌诊疗延迟[11-13]。“代”是指由具有共同出生年代、年龄阶段并且共同经历关键成长阶段重大人生事件的个体构成的可识别群体[14]。不同群体因形成性的经历不同会发展出不同特征,从而导致跨代际人群的生活经历、生活态度、观点与健康相关期望并不完全一致[15]。把握跨代际人群的肠镜筛查决策相关需求和偏好差异,有利于在跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属间应用具有针对性的干预方式,解决其决策困境[16]。有研究者采用质性研究方法描述了大肠癌一级亲属在特定背景下的筛查障碍[17-18],但该研究缺乏深入性,未考虑到决策困境会随时间推移发生改变,且跨代际的一级亲属间也存在较大的筛查决策偏好差异。纵向质性研究可以基于时间和变化特征动态了解病人跨时间的行为和体验变化[19]。本研究从不同时间点纵向探讨了不同跨代际大肠癌病人一级亲属大肠癌筛查的决策困境变化,旨在为临床制定针对性的干预措施提供参考。
采用目的抽样法,选择2024年9月—12月在武汉市某三级甲等医院胃肠外科就诊的大肠癌病人一级亲属为研究对象。纳入标准:1)年龄≥18岁;2)未进行过肠镜筛查;3)具有正常的语言交流能力;4)知情同意并自愿参加本研究。排除标准:1)已确诊为结直肠癌;2)有严重的心血管疾病或精神障碍,无法正常完成调查。剔除标准:1)出院后拒绝接受随访;2)访谈中途要求退出。访谈人数以资料达到饱和为标准。最终纳入32例病人,共进行91次访谈,按照纳入顺序对病人进行编号(P1~P32)。访谈对象一般资料见表1。本研究已通过武汉大学中南医院伦理委员会审批(伦理批号:临研伦〔2023103K〕)。
采用半结构式访谈法进行纵向质性研究。参考相关文献[20]并结合专家咨询结果选择病人住院手术后1周内(T0)、病人出院后3个月(T1)及病人出院后6个月(T2)3个时间点作为访谈时间。基于文献资料、专家访谈结果和预访谈结果(2例一级亲属)确定T0时的访谈提纲,T1、T2时的访谈提纲均根据前次访谈内容进行调整。T0时访谈提纲:1)当您的亲人确诊为大肠癌时,您有哪些体验和内心感受?您对大肠癌这个疾病了解吗?可以谈谈对大肠癌这个疾病的认知吗?2)您知道什么是一级亲属吗?可以谈谈对大肠癌一级亲属的看法吗?您觉得自己是否存在患病风险?3)您知道大肠癌的筛查方式吗?您可以谈谈对肠镜检查的看法吗?4)您觉得自己有必要做肠镜检查吗?您不做肠镜的原因是什么?您最担心的问题是什么?5)您觉得对于您这一代人,进行肠镜筛查有什么普遍性的阻碍因素?6)您想要获得医护人员或社会的哪些帮助?T1时访谈提纲:1)病人最近状态怎么样?2)您最近做了肠镜筛查吗?您觉得有哪些因素阻碍或促进了您进行肠镜检查?肠镜检查结果如何?肠镜检查有什么体验?3)和之前相比,您对大肠癌的认知有何变化?这些变化会对您有什么影响?4)与之前相比,您对大肠癌一级亲属的认知有何变化?您会担心自己罹患同样的疾病吗?5)您对于大肠癌筛查还有哪些困惑和顾虑?6)您想要获得医护人员或社会的哪些帮助?T2时访谈提纲在T1提纲基础上进行针对性调整,新增问题如下:1)距离上次访谈,您的生活状态有什么变化吗?2)上次访谈中您提到的肠镜检查最大阻碍因素,现在是否仍存在?核心阻碍因素有没有发生变化?3)您对医护人员的随访服务有什么建议?受访者若在T0访谈后完成肠镜检查,则将完成肠镜检查后的最近1次访谈作为最后1次访谈。
访谈均由研究者本人完成,另由1名主管护师担任现场录音及笔录人员。T0时对受访者进行面对面访谈,访谈地点选择环境安静、独立的办公室;T1、T2时进行电话访谈,在访谈前提前与受访者约定通话时间,告知访谈需在安静、私密的环境下进行,以保证访谈质量。访谈前使用标准指导语向病人讲解本研究的目的、内容及配合方法,承诺保密并取得病人知情同意,每次访谈时间30~40 min并录音。访谈结束后24 h内研究者将录音内容逐字转录,并将转录的所有内容打印、反馈至受访者确认。
采用 Nvivo 11.0软件和Colaizzi 7步分析法,描述病人在不同时间点对肠镜筛查的决策困境,全部访谈结束后进行跨时间点的纵向描述。2名研究者分别对文字资料进行分析,对重复出现的内容进行编码并汇集,以寻找意义单元。最终提炼完成的研究主题由研究小组再次进行确认,以确保研究的逻辑性和严谨性。
32名一级亲属共进行91次访谈,其中27名一级亲属参与3次访谈,5名一级亲属参与2次访谈,原因为在T1前已完成肠镜筛查。对91次访谈文本进行编码归类,从4个代际角度得到12个主题。
通过访谈和分析发现,病人在住院接受手术治疗期间,其一级亲属的筛查决策困境为知识缺乏。不论是一代、二代还是三代一级亲属,普遍对大肠癌筛查的方式了解不足。他们不仅对大肠癌预防的基本知识知之甚少,而且对筛查方法和流程也往往不熟悉,甚至存在误解。如部分亲属认为只有出现明显症状时才需要进行筛查,而忽视了早期筛查的重要性。P4(一代):“你现在跟我说做检查我理解了,要是以前没接触这个病,突然跟我说要做这个,我又没有症状,都觉得好笑,我们那一代人,不是疼到受不了,都不会去医院的”。几乎所有代际亲属均会表现出对大肠癌早期症状的不了解或忽视。由于缺乏对早期症状的认知,许多亲属即使出现潜在相关症状,也未能及时联想到大肠癌的可能性,或因无明显症状而认为自己没有患病风险。P5(二代):“平时健康习惯都挺好的,偶尔出现便秘、腹泻或者便血,我们都当成正常情况,按照吃坏肚子那样去处理,根本没和肠癌联系到一起”。P1(三代):“我不知道要做肠镜,我们每年都体检,没有这个项目,我以为是有胃肠道不舒服才需要做的,现在你们说我才知道”。
针对病人出院后3个月一级亲属的筛查决策困境进行深入访谈和分析后发现,一代、二代、三代一级亲属存在的共性问题为资源条件不足。一级亲属在获取筛查信息和资源时面临障碍,他们通常通过非正式渠道(如亲友间的交流)而非官方渠道了解筛查信息,可能导致信息不完整或误导,难以获取有关大肠癌筛查的最新信息和可靠资源。P13(三代):“之前我爸爸做肠镜时是我妈妈在照顾他,我也不知道做肠镜检查是什么流程,要住院做还是去体检中心做呀?”其次,缺乏专业的咨询渠道也加剧了他们的困惑和不安。P7(二代):“我听朋友说,到私立医院做会快一点,服务好一些,就是不知道水平怎么样”。预约筛查的过程烦琐且耗时,使部分一级亲属在初次尝试后暂时放弃了筛查计划。P9(一代):“上次听你们说了之后,我儿子让我和他爸爸一起去做,我去医院问了一下,人家说周末打不了麻药,就没做成,下次有机会再去吧”。
病人出院后6个月一代、二代、三代一级亲属共存的筛查决策困境为心理准备不足。随着时间推移,一级亲属在病人接受手术并成功恢复后,其初始的强烈恐惧心理逐渐减弱,从恐惧到接受并习惯,对筛查的意愿也逐渐降低。P12(一代):“我前几天去看了,我哥哥现在状态挺好的,我晓得的,我现在还没去检查,主要还是没下定决心吧,对自己的身体好像没有之前那么担心了”。P8(二代):“我觉得可能第一次提到感受会强烈一点,现在就是可能会被时间(影响),我觉得算了吧,先不做,肯定蛮难受”。P1(三代):“我在医院财务处上班,随时有时间,也有条件检查,就是偶尔想想,没把这个计划排上日程,对我来说,最大的阻碍是来自我自己心理上的,对做肠镜这个事越来越不敏感了”。
病人在住院接受手术治疗期间,一代一级亲属存在心理担忧现象,他们担心自己也患有大肠癌,这种担忧和恐惧导致他们在面对筛查决策时犹豫不决,甚至选择避免筛查。P4:“我不怕痛,最怕的还是查出问题”。P32:“我妹妹现在好可怜呀,手术一下子把她整垮了,我不敢查,我也害怕呀”。部分一级亲属还担心筛查结果异常会给家庭带来额外负担。P6:“这段时间你叫我去做,我肯定是不会去做的,这个(关键时刻),万一我再检查出来,我受不了,我们家庭更受不了”。
病人出院后3个月,一代一级亲属在吸取病人患病教训后,逐渐提高了对个人健康问题的重视。他们开始改善生活习惯,如增加膳食纤维摄入、减少烟熏或高脂肪食物摄入以及增加运动量等,以期望降低大肠癌患病风险。然而,尽管健康意识有所提升,但筛查意识却未能与之同步增强。许多一代一级亲属表示,他们相信通过改善生活习惯可以预防大肠癌,因此对筛查的必要性持怀疑态度。P2:“我现在几乎不喝酒了,我觉得我主要就是喝酒,别的习惯都挺好的,平时一直有锻炼的习惯,从来不大吃大喝,剩菜那些也没有,这方面应该还好”。P4:“我现在每天都早睡早起,早晚去跳广场舞、散步,吃得也很清淡,我有这个意识的”。P24:“自从我哥手术后,我就特别关注健康方面的信息,我没去做肠镜,我觉得做检查只是一方面吧,更重要的还是保持好的生活习惯,去预防(大肠癌)”。这种健康意识与筛查意识的脱节,在一定程度上阻碍了一代一级亲属参与筛查的积极性。
病人出院后6个月,年龄偏见为一代一级亲属筛查决策的重要影响因素。部分亲属认为自己已步入晚年,如果没有明显的疾病症状就没有必要进行筛查。P4:“我都69岁了,过了年都要70岁了,我觉得我也差不多了,现在得什么病都能接受了”。P27:“顺其自然吧,没必要折腾了,我现在每天乐乐呵呵的,比什么都强”。这种年龄偏见忽视了早期发现疾病的重要性以及筛查在预防和管理潜在健康问题中的关键作用,不仅限制了他们对筛查信息的接受度,也降低了参与筛查的积极性。P12:“我们都跟我侄子说了,我侄子好像去做了,我就算了,我们年纪大了,迟早都要生病,不是这个病就是那个病,我有风湿,天天也是这里痛那里痛”。
病人在住院接受手术治疗期间,二代一级亲属作为病人的主要照顾者,在筛查决策方面表现出明显的角色冲突。他们的大部分时间和精力都用于照顾病人,导致无暇顾及自身。P3:“我爸爸术后腹胀,好几天了,我没心情想别的,请你们尽快帮忙解决一下”。P23:“我爸爸这次生病对我来说打击很大,我现在所有的精力都放在照顾他上了,筛查的事情只能先放一放”。尽管部分一级亲属表达了筛查意愿,但由于角色冲突,他们当前仍以照顾病人为重。P15:“等我妈妈治好了出院了,我会考虑去做的,现在还是照顾她为主”。
病人出院后3个月,二代一级亲属中的家庭支持受限成为影响其筛查决策的关键因素。由于家庭成员往往将更多的精力和注意力集中在病人身上,导致对自身的筛查态度较为消极。这种消极态度不仅体现在对筛查重要性的认识不足方面,还会直接影响对筛查的经济支持和心理支持。P21:“子女们也都挺忙的,不是说去就去那么简单,需要人陪、要照顾、要花钱,这些都是成本,需要支持”。部分一级亲属表示,在家庭资源有限的情况下,他们更倾向于将资源用于病人的治疗和康复,而忽视了自身筛查需求。P5:“我没做,我弟弟也没做,我们现在主要还是想把有限的精力放在我爸爸身上吧,我妈妈身体也不好,是乳腺的问题,我们姐弟俩现在是我爸爸的依靠”。P15:“我现在主要照顾我妈妈,家里都靠我爱人赚钱,我们家里条件一般,现在全家几乎都围着我妈妈转,小孩读书也要花钱,我不想在这个时候凑热闹,额外花这笔钱”。
病人出院后6个月,生活冲突成为阻碍一级亲属筛查决策的主要因素。二代一级亲属通常处于职业生涯高峰期,工作繁忙,使得他们在面对自身健康问题时,难以给予足够重视。他们即便意识到筛查的重要性,也常因现实生活压力推迟或放弃筛查计划。P8:“最近太忙了,没时间去医院,有点麻烦”。P11:“我准备下次单位体检时,我自己再顺便加个项目(肠镜),平时没时间专门去医院做”。P17:“我其实早就想去做个肠镜了,但每次想到要请假,还要安排家里的事情,就觉得好麻烦,工作这么忙,我实在不想因为筛查耽误太多时间”。
病人在住院接受手术治疗期间,三代一级亲属面对筛查建议时更注重个人感受。由于肠镜筛查存在不适,他们更倾向于寻求替代性的筛查方法。这部分亲属往往认为其他筛查方法(如血液检查、粪便检测、CT等)比肠镜更加便捷、舒适。P13:“我觉得检查过程有点羞耻,不过如果疾病需要,还是要做的,现在突然让我做,还是有点(害羞),让我去抽个血之类的还好点”。P14:“每年都做体检,(体检结果)正常就应该没有什么关系吧?大便化验我都做过了”。P19:“看我妈妈喝泻药,一喝就吐,我感觉太难受了,这个有点难以接受”。
病人出院后3个月,三代一级亲属的生活态度成为影响其筛查决策的重要因素。三代一级亲属更加倾向于及时行乐的生活态度,不愿过多考虑未来的健康问题。他们认为自己还年轻,筛查并非当务之急,因此往往将筛查计划置于次要位置。P1:“我结婚了嘛,小孩刚刚出生,这才慢慢开始关注我的健康,之前都不怎么关注身体”。部分一级亲属认为一个人是否会患癌症是命中注定的,不受个人行为或生活方式影响。P13:“过一天算一天,有不舒服我肯定会去医院的,而且这个病是可以治疗的,现在医疗很先进,做个手术就行了”。
病人出院后6个月,三代一级亲属与病人间联系逐渐减少,从而缺乏提醒和督促,是其筛查决策的重要影响因素。随着年轻一代人生活方式的独立和社交圈变化,他们与长辈之间的沟通和互动频率有所下降。这种联系减弱,使得三代亲属容易遗忘或忽视来自家庭和社会的督促,筛查行为更加依赖于个人自觉性和主动性。P10:“你跟我说的时候我就想去做,后面没人提这件事了,我也忘记了”。P30:“当时没去做,现在又过了这么长时间,都快忘记了”。
一代一级亲属多成长于农村或小城镇,家庭条件相对拮据,生活艰辛。这些早期的生活经历使他们更加注重实用性和经济性,也让其面对健康问题时抱有年龄偏见和节俭观念[21]。他们更倾向于认为,随着年龄增长,筛查对于自身健康的改善意义有限,更愿意将资源投入子女的健康保障上,优先安排子女接受筛查。经济因素是影响一代一级亲属筛查意愿的关键因素之一,其往往对筛查成本持有高度敏感态度,即便意识到筛查的重要性,也可能因担心增加经济负担而选择放弃接受筛查。但当医疗保险能够承担部分或全部检查费用时,一代一级亲属的筛查意愿会显著提升。Jones等[22]研究显示,如果缺乏检测费用或保险覆盖范围不足,无论病人的知识或态度如何,他们都较少积极采取行动,与本研究结果相似。针对一代一级亲属特点,应强化肠镜筛查经济性的宣传,通过案例分享、数据展示等方式阐释早期筛查、早期诊断、早期治疗对于提高疾病治愈率、减轻长期治疗经济负担的积极影响。同时,应积极普及并推动医疗保险报销政策实施,确保一代一级亲属能够充分了解并有效利用政策资源,减轻经济压力。
二代一级亲属常为家庭不可或缺的中坚力量,承担着较大的家庭压力。他们需要在繁忙的工作与照顾年迈父母、培育下一代之间不断切换角色,导致个人时间与空间被极度压缩[23]。无论是定期的身体检查,还是必要的健康筛查,都可能因为“太忙”“再等等”的心态而被一再搁置,从而增加健康风险。这种筛查决策的延迟不仅与个体的认知相关,更与社会结构、家庭支持及医疗服务的可及性相关。2020版《临终前12个月安宁疗护临床实践指南》[24]指出,对癌症病人家庭照护者的支持与关注也属于癌症综合治疗的重要组成部分。既往研究显示,癌症病人与其亲属在焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪方面相互关联,呈现依存状态[25]。故应积极增强家庭内部关注与支持,提升病人及其亲属的健康意识与筛查意识,病人应当成为一级亲属大肠癌筛查的首要倡导者[26]。医疗机构可以提供个性化导航服务,通过更灵活的就医服务,帮助一级亲属解决时间问题。此外,还应加强对大肠癌一级亲属的心理健康关注,通过提供心理咨询、压力管理等服务,帮助他们更好地应对生活中的各种挑战,解决因生活压力导致的筛查决策障碍[27]。
三代一级亲属成长于互联网高度发达、信息流通迅速、消费观念多元化的时代,他们对生活品质有着更高的追求和期待。肠镜筛查可能带来的不适感及病耻感会导致他们对筛查产生犹豫或抵触情绪。他们可能会持有一定的消极情感,从而影响其筛查行为[28]。同时,由于成长环境相对宽松,他们尚未体验到家庭和生活的巨大压力,对于疾病发生的恐惧感和代入感较弱,更多关注于当前生活状态,并不认为筛查是一项紧迫的任务。部分一级亲属坚信癌症的发生是不受个人控制的,癌症筛查是徒劳的[29]。值得注意的是,尽管三代一级亲属目前可能尚未达到指南推荐的筛查年龄,但其未来面临的健康风险仍不容忽视[4,30]。早期培养与提升其筛查意识,不仅是对当前健康状况负责,更是对未来潜在健康问题的预防。需要通过长期随访和持续关注,先解决其社会心理问题,给予他们时间,建立动力,进而进行筛查检测[22]。同时,也应注重提升筛查服务的舒适度和便捷性,减少筛查过程中的不适感[17],通过社会倡导和适合文化的教育,减轻对疾病的病耻感[31],从而激发三代一级亲属参与筛查的积极性和主动性。此外,对于未达到结肠镜筛查推荐年龄的三代一级亲属,采用大便隐血试验(gFOBT)、粪便免疫化学测试(FIT)、CT等检测手段也具有可行性[4,32]。
在病人住院进行手术治疗时,一级亲属往往处于对大肠癌的初步认知阶段,此时,他们通过网络、书籍、手册等多种渠道开始接触并了解大肠癌相关知识,获取了大肠癌筛查和预防相关信息,部分一级亲属基于对医生专业知识和经验的信任,筛查意愿提升。随着对大肠癌知识的逐步了解和对家族史的警觉,一级亲属认识到自身的高风险状态,家族病史成为他们决定进行筛查的重要内在动力[31]。值得注意的是,在此阶段,一级亲属提及经济压力作为影响筛查决策的因素相对较少,这可能是由于此阶段他们对疾病的担忧远超过对经济负担的考虑。但也有部分一级亲属因过分担忧自己会罹患大肠癌,导致心理压力过大。这种过度的心理负担不仅会影响他们的筛查决策,还可能对他们的心理健康造成负面影响[33]。因此,医护人员不仅需要向一级亲属传授专业知识,帮助他们正确理解家族病史与筛查的关系,还需要通过心理疏导减轻他们的心理负担,并强调早期筛查的益处和必要性。此外,已有研究结果显示,住院陪护的一级亲属在病房停留时间较长,可与医护人员建立长期稳定的联系,并不断学习疾病知识,会更加全面地了解结直肠癌早期筛查的重要性和必要性,可以尽早接受筛查[34]。结直肠癌病人可能是一级亲属结肠镜筛查的良好倡导者,病人与一级亲属积极参与疾病治疗的过程,可能增加一级亲属结肠镜筛查依从性[26,35]。
出院后3个月,部分病人需要定期前往医院接受化疗,但居家护理仍是此阶段的康复重点,病人处于恢复正常生活的过渡阶段。这个阶段一级亲属对疾病的直接关注程度有所降低,更加聚焦于病人术后或化疗期间的躯体症状与反应,照顾病人的日常生活是他们生活的重心。此时病人状况稳定,部分一级亲属选择与病人一同采取更健康的生活方式,以期促进康复。生活方式的积极转变让他们感受到自身健康状况改善,加之当前并无明显症状与不适感,对疾病的担忧和恐惧逐渐减轻,导致他们开始忽视个人筛查的重要性。Weigl等[36-37]研究结果表明,拥有健康生活方式的结直肠癌病人一级亲属癌症筛查率更高,他们关注健康行为带来的益处,认为筛查可以使自己获益,与本研究结果存在差异。此外,部分仍有筛查意愿的一级亲属缺乏其他家庭成员的关注和支持,也缺乏专业人士指导,面对筛查决策时会遇到诸多障碍,如工作时间紧张、就医流程不熟悉、等待时间过长、检查准备烦琐以及对检查方式和过程的羞耻感等,可能削弱他们的筛查意愿,即便偶尔萌生筛查念头,也常难以付诸实践。因此,这个阶段专业人员的适时引导尤为重要。通过病人导航(PN)可以提供清晰的筛查指南、简化就医流程,开展相关健康教育可以有效降低筛查门槛[38]。
出院6个月后,需要化疗的病人已完成8个周期的全程化疗,治疗进程基本结束。与此同时,一级亲属对于病人疾病及健康的关注度也相应降低,回归到日常生活轨道。这一阶段一级亲属往往会经历一种心理上的微妙变化,病人患病的警醒作用逐渐减弱,这种心理变化会导致认知误区,即认为既然病人已经“走出”了疾病阴影,自身也就不再面临同样的健康威胁,从而缺乏进行筛查的决心。这一时期一级亲属可能更易将筛查建议抛诸脑后,更加专注于日常生活。这种心理状态的转变不仅会削弱他们对于筛查必要性的认知,也会降低他们采取实际行动的积极性。对此,医护人员或社区机构的持续跟进尤为重要。《健康中国行动——癌症防治行动实施方案(2023—2030年)》[39]指出,应对发病率高、筛查技术成熟的结直肠癌、肺癌等癌症开展机会性筛查模式干预。社区或医院可以通过定期、反复的提醒与警示,帮助一级亲属认识筛查的重要性,并促使他们在适当时间完成筛查,从而预防潜在的健康风险。
在32名大肠癌一级亲属中,有10名一级亲属在病人手术期间、病人出院后3个月完成肠镜筛查。深入访谈后剖析他们参与筛查的动因,主要包括2个方面。1)健康忧虑与疾病恐惧是驱动一级亲属行动的核心因素。这种担忧和恐惧促使他们主动寻求筛查服务,将其视为一种获取健康信息、验证个人健康状态的有效手段。通过筛查,他们内心的焦虑与压力得以缓解,从而获得心理上的安慰与保障。癌症恐惧具有双重效应,其既是早期发现和治疗的促进因素也是阻碍因素,适度的健康忧虑与疾病恐惧能够激发个体参与疾病筛查的积极性,但当这种恐惧过度时,个体可能会因不愿面对而选择逃避筛查,从而构成潜在障碍。2)医生的强烈建议是促使一级亲属采取行动的关键因素[22,33]。专业人士的权威建议可增强一级亲属对筛查重要性的认识,促使他们迅速完成肠镜检查,并在此基础上进行基因检测,以获取更全面的健康信息。提示将一级亲属视为肠镜筛查的重点人群具有必要性,他们在获得充分知识后,由于对健康和疾病的担忧,更倾向于主动参与筛查过程;同时在此过程中也应重视并进一步强化医生在大肠癌筛查推广中的关键作用。
在筛查方式选择方面,10名大肠癌一级亲属均采用无痛肠镜检查,并对整个筛查过程给予了积极评价,其认为尽管筛查前的准备工作会带来一定不适,但总体而言可以容忍和接受。此外,医护人员专业的态度、细致的操作以及详细的解释,也可极大程度地增强他们的信任感和舒适度,使筛查过程变得更加安心和放心。
在筛查结果应对方面,大肠癌一级亲属的态度呈现积极与消极2种倾向,其中,积极应对的大肠癌一级亲属能够充分理解并重视筛查结果的反馈与解释,将其视为未来健康管理的重要参考依据,筛查后,他们更愿意采取积极的生活方式,如改善饮食习惯、增加运动等,以维护自身健康;而消极应对的大肠癌一级亲属对筛查结果的后续跟进不够重视,缺乏专业解读,甚至会遗漏重要信息,如有大肠癌一级亲属在息肉取活检结果为良性后未咨询医生便认为结果正常,从而忽视了对息肉后续的关注。对于筛查结果的追踪、随访以及专业解读同样至关重要,它直接关系到一级亲属能否从筛查中真正受益,并据此做出正确的健康管理决策。提示大肠癌一级亲属不仅要注重筛查率,更要加强对筛查结果的后续管理,包括建立完善的筛查结果反馈机制,确保接受筛查的人员能及时、准确地获得筛查结果的解读和专业建议;应加强健康教育,提升接受筛查人员对筛查结果重要性的认识,使其能够积极应对筛查结果,无论是阳性还是阴性,都能采取恰当的健康管理措施;此外,医疗机构和筛查项目组织者还应提供持续的随访服务,特别是对筛查出异常结果的受访者,要给予特别关注和指导,确保他们能够得到及时、有效的后续治疗或监测,从而真正从筛查中获益,降低癌症的发病风险,提高生活质量。
本研究通过对32名大肠癌一级亲属就肠镜筛查决策困境问题进行深入访谈,揭示了跨代际大肠癌一级亲属在不同阶段面临的复杂决策困境。研究发现,跨代际的一级亲属受生活经历影响存在不同的筛查决策障碍,同时,大肠癌一级亲属在不同阶段拥有不同的关注点与需求。本研究可为制定更加精准、有效的大肠癌筛查推广策略提供实证依据,为未来医疗政策的制定与优化提供参考。但本研究样本局限于特定地区的1所医疗机构,未来研究可进行更为广泛和深入的跨地域比较分析,以期为进一步丰富和完善大肠癌一级亲属筛查决策困境应对策略与干预措施提供参考。

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2026年第40卷第14期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.010
  • 接收时间:2025-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-26
  • 修回日期:2026-06-16
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    1武汉大学中南医院,湖北 430071

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钟君,E-mail:
ZHONG Jun, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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