Article(id=1322931641823404630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770134400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-04, revisedDate=1779379200000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341082292, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341082292, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341082292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341082292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322931549481599694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='2001', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341060276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343118019, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940180335829530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940180335829531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2154, endPage=2161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322931643400462935, articleId=1322931641823404630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Outcome indicators in non-pharmacological intervention studies on elderly patients with oral frailty:a scoping review, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically review the outcome indicators used in non-pharmacological intervention studies for elderly patients with oral frailty,so as to provide evidence-based support for developing non-pharmacological intervention protocols and their effectiveness evaluation systems for oral frailty in older adults.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library,SinoMed,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP databases for relevant literature,with the search period extending from database inception to December 31, 2025.Data were extracted from the included studies,with a focus on analyzing the types of outcome indicators and their corresponding measurement tools.

Results

A total of 33 studies were included,comprising 32 English-language and 1 Chinese-language publication.Forty-two outcome indicators were extracted and categorized into 5 core domains and 19 outcome domains based on the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials(COMET) classification framework.

Conclusions

There is a lack of standardized criteria for selecting outcome indicators in non-pharmacological intervention studies for elderly patients with oral frailty.It is recommended to establish a core outcome set to promote the standardization of oral frailty intervention research. Future studies should emphasize patient-centered outcome indicators and the long-term follow-up of intervention effects.

, authors=Haoqi WU1, Yuanmei LAN2, Tianchao CHEN2, Yueying FENG2, Xinjuan WU1, 2, authorsList=Haoqi WU, Yuanmei LAN, Tianchao CHEN, Yueying FENG, Xinjuan WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinjuan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322931643933139546, articleId=1322931641823404630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究结局指标的范围综述, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统梳理老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究中使用的结局指标,为制定老年口腔衰弱非药物干预方案及其效果评价体系提供循证依据。

方法

系统检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库中的相关文献,检索时限为建库至2025年12月31日。对纳入文献进行数据提取,重点分析结局指标类型及其对应测量工具。

结果

共纳入33篇文献,其中英文文献32篇,中文文献1篇。提取结局指标42项,依据有效性试验核心结局指标分类框架归纳为5个核心领域和19个结局领域。

结论

老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究在结局指标选择上缺乏统一标准,建议建立核心结局指标集,推动口腔衰弱干预研究的标准化发展,未来研究应注重以病人为中心的结局指标及干预效果的长期追踪。

, authors=吴昊琪1, 兰元梅2, 陈天超2, 冯悦颖2, 吴欣娟1, 2, *, *, authorsList=吴昊琪, 兰元梅, 陈天超, 冯悦颖, 吴欣娟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴欣娟, authorNote=

吴昊琪,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴欣娟,E-mail:
WU Xinjuan, E-mail:
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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=口腔衰弱), Keyword(id=1322931648291021442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=非药物干预), Keyword(id=1322931648400073347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=结局指标), Keyword(id=1322931648483959428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=范围综述)], refs=[Reference(id=1322931649381540491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=2, issue=8, pageStart=e507, pageEnd=e520, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=Dibello V, Zupo R, Sardone R, journalName=The Lancet Healthy Longevity, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dibello V,Zupo R,Sardone R,et al.Oral frailty and its determinants in older 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promotion program for community-dwelling older adults, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653378712235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=1/2, pageStart=273, pageEnd=282, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=Yu S S, Liu T T, Chen I H, journalName=Journal of Clinical Nursing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu S S,Liu T T,Chen I H,et al.Efficacy of auricular acupuncture in improving dry mouth among an institutionalised older population:a randomised controlled study[J].Journal of Clinical Nursing,2023,32(1/2):273-282., articleTitle=Efficacy of auricular acupuncture in improving dry mouth among an institutionalised older population:a randomised controlled study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653445821100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=25, issue=12, pageStart=105297, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zeng H J, Zhao W J, Wang R, journalName=Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng H J,Zhao W J,Wang R,et al.Effect of simple swallowing training program on early oropharyngeal dysphagia in community-dwelling older adults:a randomized controlled study[J].Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,2024,25(12):105297., articleTitle=Effect of simple swallowing training program on early oropharyngeal dysphagia in community-dwelling older adults:a randomized controlled study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653529707181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=374, pageEnd=381, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=Ting C C, Ko E C, Chen C C, journalName=Gerodontology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ting C C,Ko E C,Chen C C,et al.Effectiveness of an oral function intervention for older people[J].Gerodontology,2019,36(4):374-381., articleTitle=Effectiveness of an oral function intervention for older people, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653605204654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=9, issue=4, pageStart=1896, pageEnd=1903, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=Raj B T, Sreelekha B, Manjula A, journalName=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Raj B T,Sreelekha B,Manjula A.Effectiveness of oral exercise on oral function among the elderly[J].Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care,2020,9(4):1896-1903., articleTitle=Effectiveness of oral exercise on oral function among the elderly, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653689090735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=64, issue=2, pageStart=417, pageEnd=424, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=Rogus P N, Rusche N, Hind J A, journalName=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rogus P N,Rusche N,Hind J A,et al.Effects of device-facilitated isometric progressive resistance oropharyngeal therapy on swallowing and health-related outcomes in older adults with dysphagia[J].Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,2016,64(2):417-424., articleTitle=Effects of device-facilitated isometric progressive resistance oropharyngeal therapy on swallowing and health-related outcomes in older adults with dysphagia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653760393904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=451, pageEnd=457, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=Sakayori T, Maki Y, Hirata S, journalName=Geriatrics & Gerontology International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sakayori T,Maki Y,Hirata S,et al.Evaluation of a Japanese "prevention of long-term care" project for the improvement in oral function in the high-risk elderly[J].Geriatrics & Gerontology International,2013,13(2):451-457., articleTitle=Evaluation of a Japanese "prevention of long-term care" project for the improvement in oral function in the high-risk elderly, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653848474289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=30, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=Agrawal D, Kern M, Edeani F, journalName=Neurogastroenterology & Motility, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Agrawal D,Kern M,Edeani F,et al.Swallow strength training exercise for elderly:a health maintenance need[J].Neurogastroenterology & Motility,2018,30(10):e13382., articleTitle=Swallow strength training exercise for elderly:a health maintenance need, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931653932360370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=308, pageEnd=316, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=Onuki W, Magara J, Ito K, journalName=Gerodontology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Onuki W,Magara J,Ito K,et al.Evaluating the effect of management on patients with oral hypofunction:a longitudinal study[J].Gerodontology,2023,40(3):308-316., articleTitle=Evaluating the effect of management on patients with oral hypofunction:a longitudinal study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931654024635059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=231, pageEnd=237, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=吴丽贞, 王招娣, 周春霞, journalName=中华护理教育, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴丽贞,王招娣,周春霞,等.老年口腔衰弱患者多成分口腔锻炼方案的设计与应用研究[J].中华护理教育,2025,22(2):231-237., articleTitle=老年口腔衰弱患者多成分口腔锻炼方案的设计与应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931654095938228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=69, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=方蕾雯, 孙梓涵, 周停, journalName=中国康复医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方蕾雯,孙梓涵,周停,等.可能肌少症人群吞咽功能变化特征及吞咽功能指标的筛查价值研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2026,41(1):69-74., articleTitle=可能肌少症人群吞咽功能变化特征及吞咽功能指标的筛查价值研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931654171435701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=28, issue=29, pageStart=3619, pageEnd=3624, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=俞海荣, 陈申, 黄静宜, journalName=中国全科医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=俞海荣,陈申,黄静宜,等.吞咽障碍患者隐性误吸现况及影响因素研究[J].中国全科医学,2025,28(29):3619-3624., articleTitle=吞咽障碍患者隐性误吸现况及影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931654255321782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=31, issue=11, pageStart=3601, pageEnd=3604, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=Crossnohere N L, Schuster A L R, Bruckel J, journalName=Nature Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Crossnohere N L,Schuster A L R,Bruckel J,et al.Patient-reported outcome measures add value as clinical trial endpoints[J].Nature Medicine,2025,31(11):3601-3604., articleTitle=Patient-reported outcome measures add value as clinical trial endpoints, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931654339207863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=60, issue=23, pageStart=2916, pageEnd=2921, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=秦美容, 沈芳, 肖炜, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦美容,沈芳,肖炜,等.社区老年人社会支持及口腔衰弱与口腔健康自我效能的相关性研究[J].中华护理杂志,2025,60(23):2916-2921., articleTitle=社区老年人社会支持及口腔衰弱与口腔健康自我效能的相关性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931654460842680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=89, issue=null, pageStart=104105, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=Hironaka S, Kugimiya Y, Watanabe Y, journalName=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hironaka S,Kugimiya Y,Watanabe Y,et al.Association between oral,social,and physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults[J].Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,2020,89:104105., articleTitle=Association between oral,social,and physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322931644197380699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322931644209963612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, companyId=1322931644197380699, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322931644222546525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, companyId=1322931644197380699, language=CN, country=null, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flow diagram of literature screening, figureFileSmall=D4fReqkTnBiHHemNQ1zX5w==, figureFileBig=MtEcAhyGr/6R9q22cYop0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931648781755014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程, figureFileSmall=D4fReqkTnBiHHemNQ1zX5w==, figureFileBig=MtEcAhyGr/6R9q22cYop0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931648991470215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of the included literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者国家研究
设计
干预措施样本量(干预组/对照组,例)
干预组对照组
Cho等[7]韩国RCT使用弹性贴布固定于颈前部,进行抵抗性吞咽练习安慰剂24(12/12)
Kito等[13]日本RCT进食粗制食物的午餐聚会+口腔功能训练(舌头、颊肌、吞咽)+全身运动全身运动练习86(43/43)
Ibayashi等[8]日本RCT面部肌肉训练、舌头训练、唾液腺按摩、吞咽训练无干预54(26/28)
Jung等[9]韩国RCTApp指导的口腔运动+全身运动训练非APP干预/无干预76(25/25/26)
Kashiwazaki等[14]日本RCT使用咀嚼专用口香糖(硬度递增)进行训练安慰剂211(107/104)
Kashiwazaki等[15]日本RCT使用咀嚼专用口香糖(硬度递增)进行训练安慰剂117(61/56)
Ki等[10]韩国RCTApp指导的口腔健康教育+自我管理无干预40(20/20)
Kim等[16]韩国RCT使用递增硬度的咀嚼训练器进行训练无干预37(18/19)
Lee等[17]韩国RCTApp指导的口腔功能训练+健康教育非APP干预/无干预73(22/25/26)
Lee等[18]韩国RCT舌压训练器(IOPI)进行舌抗阻训练无干预74(30/22/22)
Kim等[19]韩国RCT唇部拉伸、舌部拉伸、颊部拉伸,以及针对咀嚼和吞咽功能的练习口腔训练+咀嚼胶/无干预96(38/39/19)
Ohara等[20]日本RCT口腔健康讲座+口腔自我护理指导(口腔功能锻炼、唾液腺按摩)一般口腔健康信息邮件38(21/17)
Park等[21]韩国RCT咀嚼抗阻训练联合神经肌肉电刺激单纯咀嚼训练35(18/17)
Park等[22]韩国RCT舌部等长与等张收缩训练无干预40(20/20)
Park等[23]韩国RCT以70%最大呼气压为阈值进行抗阻呼气训练安慰剂24(12/12)
Poorjavad等[24]伊朗RCT仰卧位进行持续性(等长)和重复性(等张)抬头运动锻炼表面电刺激舌骨上肌群20(10/10)
Romalee等[25]中国RCT移动增强现实(MAR)口腔健康教育口腔讲座/无干预61(22/20/19)
Sayaca等[26]土耳其RCT阻力下进行颈部肌肉向心、稳定和离心收缩的结合等张练习Shaker练习(等长与等张颈屈肌收缩)50(25/25)
Shirobe等[27]日本RCT牙科专业人员指导下进行口腔操、开口、舌压、构音及咀嚼训练常规口腔门诊随访83(51/32)
Szynkiewicz等[28]美国RCT舌部动作的心理模拟(视觉和动觉想象)结合压舌板抗阻物理练习下颌抗阻拉伸/安慰剂29(7/8/7/7)
Takano等[29]日本RCT佩戴专用咬合板,进行最大力量的咬紧动作并维持安慰剂53(26/27)
Tani等[30]日本RCT居家进行咀嚼、舌部及吞咽训练在内的6项练习,由平板提供视频指导并自动记录纸质版练习和记录26(13/13)
Wakabayashi等[31]日本RCT进行舌部抗阻练习及手部阻力下的头前屈运动健康教育手册91(43/48)
Wu等[32]中国RCT结合强化吞咽肌的互动性口腔活动、视听刺激及口腔卫生教育无干预67(37/30)
Yu等[33]中国RCT对神门、零点及唾液腺耳穴进行非侵入性针刺以增加唾液分泌安慰剂(假耳穴针刺)75(37/38)
Zeng等[34]中国RCT进行口腔运动、呼吸发声、吞咽练习、穴位及局部肌肉按摩参加等时长的轻度体力活动221(105/116)
Ting等[35]中国类试验口腔健康教育及言语、舌部、唾液腺及吞咽功能的口腔操自身对照529
Raj等[36]印度类试验包含表情肌、舌部、唾液腺及吞咽练习自身对照48
Rogus等[37]美国类试验使用口内压力传感器进行舌部抗阻按压训练,联合营养咨询自身对照56
Sakayori等[38]日本类试验口腔健康教育及面肌舌肌操、唾液腺按摩、构音训练与唱歌自身对照31
Agrawal等[39]美国RCT佩戴颈部设备对喉部施加渐进阻力,在阻力下完成唾液吞咽练习安慰剂38(28/10)
Onuki等[40]日本类试验提供健康指导手册并实施针对性的牙科治疗(如义齿修复、牙周治疗)42
吴丽贞等[41]中国类试验本土化多成分口腔操,含舌面练习、唾液腺按摩、口香糖及绕口令常规护理90(45/45)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931649075356296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者国家研究
设计
干预措施样本量(干预组/对照组,例)
干预组对照组
Cho等[7]韩国RCT使用弹性贴布固定于颈前部,进行抵抗性吞咽练习安慰剂24(12/12)
Kito等[13]日本RCT进食粗制食物的午餐聚会+口腔功能训练(舌头、颊肌、吞咽)+全身运动全身运动练习86(43/43)
Ibayashi等[8]日本RCT面部肌肉训练、舌头训练、唾液腺按摩、吞咽训练无干预54(26/28)
Jung等[9]韩国RCTApp指导的口腔运动+全身运动训练非APP干预/无干预76(25/25/26)
Kashiwazaki等[14]日本RCT使用咀嚼专用口香糖(硬度递增)进行训练安慰剂211(107/104)
Kashiwazaki等[15]日本RCT使用咀嚼专用口香糖(硬度递增)进行训练安慰剂117(61/56)
Ki等[10]韩国RCTApp指导的口腔健康教育+自我管理无干预40(20/20)
Kim等[16]韩国RCT使用递增硬度的咀嚼训练器进行训练无干预37(18/19)
Lee等[17]韩国RCTApp指导的口腔功能训练+健康教育非APP干预/无干预73(22/25/26)
Lee等[18]韩国RCT舌压训练器(IOPI)进行舌抗阻训练无干预74(30/22/22)
Kim等[19]韩国RCT唇部拉伸、舌部拉伸、颊部拉伸,以及针对咀嚼和吞咽功能的练习口腔训练+咀嚼胶/无干预96(38/39/19)
Ohara等[20]日本RCT口腔健康讲座+口腔自我护理指导(口腔功能锻炼、唾液腺按摩)一般口腔健康信息邮件38(21/17)
Park等[21]韩国RCT咀嚼抗阻训练联合神经肌肉电刺激单纯咀嚼训练35(18/17)
Park等[22]韩国RCT舌部等长与等张收缩训练无干预40(20/20)
Park等[23]韩国RCT以70%最大呼气压为阈值进行抗阻呼气训练安慰剂24(12/12)
Poorjavad等[24]伊朗RCT仰卧位进行持续性(等长)和重复性(等张)抬头运动锻炼表面电刺激舌骨上肌群20(10/10)
Romalee等[25]中国RCT移动增强现实(MAR)口腔健康教育口腔讲座/无干预61(22/20/19)
Sayaca等[26]土耳其RCT阻力下进行颈部肌肉向心、稳定和离心收缩的结合等张练习Shaker练习(等长与等张颈屈肌收缩)50(25/25)
Shirobe等[27]日本RCT牙科专业人员指导下进行口腔操、开口、舌压、构音及咀嚼训练常规口腔门诊随访83(51/32)
Szynkiewicz等[28]美国RCT舌部动作的心理模拟(视觉和动觉想象)结合压舌板抗阻物理练习下颌抗阻拉伸/安慰剂29(7/8/7/7)
Takano等[29]日本RCT佩戴专用咬合板,进行最大力量的咬紧动作并维持安慰剂53(26/27)
Tani等[30]日本RCT居家进行咀嚼、舌部及吞咽训练在内的6项练习,由平板提供视频指导并自动记录纸质版练习和记录26(13/13)
Wakabayashi等[31]日本RCT进行舌部抗阻练习及手部阻力下的头前屈运动健康教育手册91(43/48)
Wu等[32]中国RCT结合强化吞咽肌的互动性口腔活动、视听刺激及口腔卫生教育无干预67(37/30)
Yu等[33]中国RCT对神门、零点及唾液腺耳穴进行非侵入性针刺以增加唾液分泌安慰剂(假耳穴针刺)75(37/38)
Zeng等[34]中国RCT进行口腔运动、呼吸发声、吞咽练习、穴位及局部肌肉按摩参加等时长的轻度体力活动221(105/116)
Ting等[35]中国类试验口腔健康教育及言语、舌部、唾液腺及吞咽功能的口腔操自身对照529
Raj等[36]印度类试验包含表情肌、舌部、唾液腺及吞咽练习自身对照48
Rogus等[37]美国类试验使用口内压力传感器进行舌部抗阻按压训练,联合营养咨询自身对照56
Sakayori等[38]日本类试验口腔健康教育及面肌舌肌操、唾液腺按摩、构音训练与唱歌自身对照31
Agrawal等[39]美国RCT佩戴颈部设备对喉部施加渐进阻力,在阻力下完成唾液吞咽练习安慰剂38(28/10)
Onuki等[40]日本类试验提供健康指导手册并实施针对性的牙科治疗(如义齿修复、牙周治疗)42
吴丽贞等[41]中国类试验本土化多成分口腔操,含舌面练习、唾液腺按摩、口香糖及绕口令常规护理90(45/45)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931649176019593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification and evaluation of outcome measures for non-pharmacological interventions in patients with oral frailty

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核心领域结局领域具体指标评估工具/方法频次(次)评估时点
死亡生存/死亡死亡率
生理/临床咀嚼功能咬合力咬合压力计、压力感受片13基线及干预后3、4、6、8、12、24周
咀嚼效率咀嚼混色法、咀嚼葡萄糖洗脱量9基线及干预后3、4、8、12、24周
咬肌厚度B超3基线及干预后4、6周
咬合接触面积压敏片1基线及干预后2周
吞咽功能吞咽效率重复吞咽唾液测试(RSST)、饮水试验、功能性经口摄食量表(FOIS)、吞咽功能评估量表(GUSS)8基线及干预后3、6、8、12、32周
舌压舌压测量仪(IOPI/JMS)13基线及干预后3、4、6、8、12、24周
舌肌厚度便携式超声2基线及干预后6、12周
舌肌电活动表面肌电图(sEMG)4基线及干预后2、4、6周
吞咽过程视频透视吞咽功能检查(VFSS)、咽部高分辨率测压2基线及干预后4、8周
口腔残留自制量表1基线及干预后4、8周
唾液功能唾液流速吐唾液收集法、每分钟毫升数/克重10基线及干预后2、4、6、8、12、24周
口腔湿润度口腔湿润度计1基线及干预后8周
唾液pHpH试纸1基线及干预后2周
口腔运动技能舌唇运动口腔轮替运动速率(ODK)8基线及干预后4、8、12、32周
唇力爱荷华口腔功能仪器(IOPI)、颊部扩张试验(CET)2基线及干预后8、32周
颊肌力颊肌力测量仪、IOPI1基线及干预后5周
口腔卫生状态牙菌斑细菌菌斑指数(O'Leary)/菌斑指数(PI)3基线及干预后5、6、24周
牙龈炎Löe-Silness牙龈指数2基线及干预后5、24周
舌苔覆盖Winkel舌苔指数4基线及干预后5、6、24周
口臭嗅觉测试1基线及干预后2周
一般结局体质指数、体脂率身体成分测试仪、体重秤、卷尺3基线及干预后4、12周
衰弱状态Kihon衰弱筛查量表、骨质疏松性骨折研究衰弱指数(SOF)2基线及干预后12周
营养微型营养评定量表(MNA)、简单自我报告饮食问卷(BDHQ)3基线及干预后4、12周
生活影响咀嚼感受咀嚼体验5级李克特量表、自制问卷3基线及干预后6、12周
吞咽感受进食感受吞咽筛查量表(EAT-10)、5级李克特量表4基线及干预后6周
口干感受主观口干程度视觉模拟评分(VAS)、自制问卷、口腔干燥量表(XI)6基线及干预后2、6、8、24、32周
味觉体验味觉阈值梯度溶液味觉测试1基线及干预后12周
口腔健康与行为知识自制的知识问卷2基线及干预后5、24周
自我效能口腔健康自我效能量表(GSEOH)、自制问卷2基线及干预后2周
口腔健康状况口腔健康评估量表(OHAT)1基线及干预后12周
身体功能握力、步行速度、起立-行走测试握力器、秒表2基线及干预后4、12周
活动能力日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)、工具性日常生活活动能力量表(IADL)、Barthel指数2基线及干预后6、12周
认知功能认知状态简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、简易认知评估(Mini-cog)4基线及干预后4、6、12周
生活质量口腔健康相关生活质量吞咽相关生活质量量表(SWAL-QoL)、口腔健康影响程度量表(OHIP-14)、老年人口腔健康评价指数(GOHAI)8基线及干预后4、5、6、8、12、32周
个人环境社会支持感知社会支持多维量表(MSPSS)1基线及干预后6周
资源使用医疗费用/资源消耗再入院率统计调查1干预结束后
住院天数统计调查1干预结束后
费用统计调查1干预结束后
不良事件不良事件肺炎肺炎率1干预结束后
误吸自我报告2干预结束后
副作用不适感或损伤自我报告2干预过程中
), ArticleFig(id=1322931649264099978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931641823404630, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

口腔衰弱病人非药物干预结局指标分类及其评估

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核心领域结局领域具体指标评估工具/方法频次(次)评估时点
死亡生存/死亡死亡率
生理/临床咀嚼功能咬合力咬合压力计、压力感受片13基线及干预后3、4、6、8、12、24周
咀嚼效率咀嚼混色法、咀嚼葡萄糖洗脱量9基线及干预后3、4、8、12、24周
咬肌厚度B超3基线及干预后4、6周
咬合接触面积压敏片1基线及干预后2周
吞咽功能吞咽效率重复吞咽唾液测试(RSST)、饮水试验、功能性经口摄食量表(FOIS)、吞咽功能评估量表(GUSS)8基线及干预后3、6、8、12、32周
舌压舌压测量仪(IOPI/JMS)13基线及干预后3、4、6、8、12、24周
舌肌厚度便携式超声2基线及干预后6、12周
舌肌电活动表面肌电图(sEMG)4基线及干预后2、4、6周
吞咽过程视频透视吞咽功能检查(VFSS)、咽部高分辨率测压2基线及干预后4、8周
口腔残留自制量表1基线及干预后4、8周
唾液功能唾液流速吐唾液收集法、每分钟毫升数/克重10基线及干预后2、4、6、8、12、24周
口腔湿润度口腔湿润度计1基线及干预后8周
唾液pHpH试纸1基线及干预后2周
口腔运动技能舌唇运动口腔轮替运动速率(ODK)8基线及干预后4、8、12、32周
唇力爱荷华口腔功能仪器(IOPI)、颊部扩张试验(CET)2基线及干预后8、32周
颊肌力颊肌力测量仪、IOPI1基线及干预后5周
口腔卫生状态牙菌斑细菌菌斑指数(O'Leary)/菌斑指数(PI)3基线及干预后5、6、24周
牙龈炎Löe-Silness牙龈指数2基线及干预后5、24周
舌苔覆盖Winkel舌苔指数4基线及干预后5、6、24周
口臭嗅觉测试1基线及干预后2周
一般结局体质指数、体脂率身体成分测试仪、体重秤、卷尺3基线及干预后4、12周
衰弱状态Kihon衰弱筛查量表、骨质疏松性骨折研究衰弱指数(SOF)2基线及干预后12周
营养微型营养评定量表(MNA)、简单自我报告饮食问卷(BDHQ)3基线及干预后4、12周
生活影响咀嚼感受咀嚼体验5级李克特量表、自制问卷3基线及干预后6、12周
吞咽感受进食感受吞咽筛查量表(EAT-10)、5级李克特量表4基线及干预后6周
口干感受主观口干程度视觉模拟评分(VAS)、自制问卷、口腔干燥量表(XI)6基线及干预后2、6、8、24、32周
味觉体验味觉阈值梯度溶液味觉测试1基线及干预后12周
口腔健康与行为知识自制的知识问卷2基线及干预后5、24周
自我效能口腔健康自我效能量表(GSEOH)、自制问卷2基线及干预后2周
口腔健康状况口腔健康评估量表(OHAT)1基线及干预后12周
身体功能握力、步行速度、起立-行走测试握力器、秒表2基线及干预后4、12周
活动能力日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)、工具性日常生活活动能力量表(IADL)、Barthel指数2基线及干预后6、12周
认知功能认知状态简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、简易认知评估(Mini-cog)4基线及干预后4、6、12周
生活质量口腔健康相关生活质量吞咽相关生活质量量表(SWAL-QoL)、口腔健康影响程度量表(OHIP-14)、老年人口腔健康评价指数(GOHAI)8基线及干预后4、5、6、8、12、32周
个人环境社会支持感知社会支持多维量表(MSPSS)1基线及干预后6周
资源使用医疗费用/资源消耗再入院率统计调查1干预结束后
住院天数统计调查1干预结束后
费用统计调查1干预结束后
不良事件不良事件肺炎肺炎率1干预结束后
误吸自我报告2干预结束后
副作用不适感或损伤自我报告2干预过程中
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老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究结局指标的范围综述
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吴昊琪 1 , 兰元梅 2 , 陈天超 2 , 冯悦颖 2 , 吴欣娟 1, 2, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(12): 2154-2161
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (12) : 2154 -2161
老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究结局指标的范围综述
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吴昊琪1, 兰元梅2, 陈天超2, 冯悦颖2, 吴欣娟1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院;北京协和医学院护理学院,北京 100144
  • 2中国医学科学院 北京协和医院
通讯作者:
吴欣娟,E-mail:
WU Xinjuan, E-mail:
作者简介:

吴昊琪,硕士研究生

Outcome indicators in non-pharmacological intervention studies on elderly patients with oral frailty:a scoping review
Haoqi WU1, Yuanmei LAN2, Tianchao CHEN2, Yueying FENG2, Xinjuan WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144 China
  • 2Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.021
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目的

系统梳理老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究中使用的结局指标,为制定老年口腔衰弱非药物干预方案及其效果评价体系提供循证依据。

方法

系统检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库中的相关文献,检索时限为建库至2025年12月31日。对纳入文献进行数据提取,重点分析结局指标类型及其对应测量工具。

结果

共纳入33篇文献,其中英文文献32篇,中文文献1篇。提取结局指标42项,依据有效性试验核心结局指标分类框架归纳为5个核心领域和19个结局领域。

结论

老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究在结局指标选择上缺乏统一标准,建议建立核心结局指标集,推动口腔衰弱干预研究的标准化发展,未来研究应注重以病人为中心的结局指标及干预效果的长期追踪。

老年人  /  口腔衰弱  /  非药物干预  /  结局指标  /  范围综述
Objective

To systematically review the outcome indicators used in non-pharmacological intervention studies for elderly patients with oral frailty,so as to provide evidence-based support for developing non-pharmacological intervention protocols and their effectiveness evaluation systems for oral frailty in older adults.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library,SinoMed,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP databases for relevant literature,with the search period extending from database inception to December 31, 2025.Data were extracted from the included studies,with a focus on analyzing the types of outcome indicators and their corresponding measurement tools.

Results

A total of 33 studies were included,comprising 32 English-language and 1 Chinese-language publication.Forty-two outcome indicators were extracted and categorized into 5 core domains and 19 outcome domains based on the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials(COMET) classification framework.

Conclusions

There is a lack of standardized criteria for selecting outcome indicators in non-pharmacological intervention studies for elderly patients with oral frailty.It is recommended to establish a core outcome set to promote the standardization of oral frailty intervention research. Future studies should emphasize patient-centered outcome indicators and the long-term follow-up of intervention effects.

older adults  /  oral frailty  /  non-pharmacological intervention  /  outcome indicators  /  scoping review
吴昊琪, 兰元梅, 陈天超, 冯悦颖, 吴欣娟. 老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究结局指标的范围综述. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (12) : 2154 -2161 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.021
Haoqi WU, Yuanmei LAN, Tianchao CHEN, Yueying FENG, Xinjuan WU. Outcome indicators in non-pharmacological intervention studies on elderly patients with oral frailty:a scoping review[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (12) : 2154 -2161 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.021
随着人口老龄化加剧,我国老年群体的健康问题日益凸显,口腔衰弱(oral frailty,OF)作为老年综合征的组成部分已成为关注重点和研究热点[1]。口腔衰弱病人由于口腔功能下降,常出现咀嚼困难、吞咽困难、唾液分泌减少及口腔运动技能下降等症状[2]。我国老年人口腔衰弱患病率约为40.2%[3],且与营养不良、身体衰弱、跌倒、死亡风险等密切相关,降低了个体生存质量,增加了对长期照护的需求[4-6]。由于口腔衰弱处于可逆的早期阶段,及时进行非药物干预可有效延缓甚至逆转其进展[2]。近年来,针对口腔衰弱的非药物干预措施日益受到重视,涵盖咀嚼抗阻训练、舌压训练、吞咽肌力训练、口腔健康教育等多种干预形式[7-10]。随着干预研究的增多,如何科学评价干预效果成为研究者和临床工作者共同关注的问题。结局指标直接反映干预效果,是评价干预措施有效性的核心依据。然而,当前相关研究存在结局指标异质性大、效果评价不统一等问题,制约了高质量干预方案的形成和推广。因此,本研究采用范围综述的方法,系统检索和分析老年口腔衰弱病人非药物干预研究中使用的结局指标,以期为制定口腔衰弱非药物干预方案及构建标准化效果评价体系提供循证依据。
以乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI)的范围综述指南为方法学框架[11],依照PCC原则明确研究问题,研究对象(participants)为具有口腔衰弱症状或被确诊为口腔衰弱的老年人;概念(concept)为非药物干预措施及其结局指标;情境(context)为社区或机构环境中进行非药物干预。核心研究问题:1)老年口腔衰弱非药物干预的主要结局指标及对应的测量工具是什么?2)结局指标的分类情况?3)干预周期和效果评估时点如何设置?
文献纳入标准:1)研究对象为≥60岁,符合口腔衰弱诊断标准或存在口腔衰弱核心症状(包括咀嚼困难、吞咽障碍、口干、舌运动能力下降等);2)干预措施为非药物性干预,包括但不限于口腔运动训练、舌压训练、咀嚼训练、吞咽训练、口腔健康教育、数字化干预等;3)报告了至少一项与口腔健康、口腔功能或干预目标相关的结局指标;4)研究设计为随机对照试验(RCT)、类试验研究。文献排除标准:1)重复发表或无法获取全文;2)未明确干预内容或结局指标。
系统检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库中的相关文献,检索时限为建库至2025年12月31日。采用主题词和自由词结合布尔运算符的方式进行检索。中文检索词为:“口腔衰弱/咀嚼/吞咽/口干/唾液分泌/口腔运动/口腔活动/口腔健康”“老年人/老人/老龄”“干预/试验/训练/锻炼”。英文检索词包括older adults、aging、elder、oral frailty、swallow、chew、exercises、interventions等。
以PubMed数据库为例,检索式为:("oral frailty"[Title/Abstract] OR"mastication"[MeSH Terms] OR "deglutition disorders"[MeSH Terms] OR "swallow*"[Title/Abstract] OR "chew*"[Title/Abstract] OR "oral movement*"[Title/Abstract] OR "dry mouth"[Title/Abstract] OR "xerostomia"[Title/Abstract])AND("aged"[Mesh] OR elderly[Title/Abstract] OR older adult*[Title/Abstract] OR aging[Title/Abstract] OR aged people[Title/Abstract] OR older[Title/Abstract] OR elder[Title/Abstract])AND (exercise*[Title/Abstract] OR intervention*[Title/Abstract] OR train*[Title/Abstract] OR activit*[Title/Abstract] OR non-pharmacological intervention*[Title/Abstract] OR treat*[Title/Abstract] OR therap*[Title/Abstract])AND(randomized controlled trial[Publication Type] OR clinical trial[Publication Type] OR randomized[Title/Abstract] OR randomised[Title/Abstract] OR quasi[Title/Abstract] OR experiment[Title/Abstract])。
将检索到的文献题录导入EndNote文献管理软件进行去重处理,由2名经过循证护理学培训的研究人员独立按照预先设定的纳入与排除标准,对题目和摘要进行初筛,阅读全文后再次筛选,交叉核对结果,若有异议,则由第3名研究人员进行裁定,确定最终纳入文献。提取数据由2名研究者独立进行,提取内容包括作者、发表年份、国家、研究设计类型、样本量、干预类型、结局指标、测量工具等。
采用Dodd等[12]提出的有效性试验核心结局指标分类框架对提取的结局指标进行分类与归纳,包括死亡、生理/临床、生活影响、资源使用、不良事件五大核心领域。鉴于口腔衰弱研究的高度专科性,本研究在保留五大核心领域的基础上,参考日本老年牙医学会提出的口腔衰弱诊断框架[2],对二级结局领域进行定制化调整。
初步检索获得文献12 812篇,其中英文文献12 130篇,中文文献682篇。去除重复文献2 698篇后,对10 114篇文献进行标题和摘要筛选,排除明显不相关文献9 960篇。对剩余154篇文献进行全文阅读复筛,并追踪其参考文献,最终纳入33篇文献[7-10,13-41]。文献筛选流程图见图1。
纳入文献中英文文献32篇,中文文献1篇,发表时间为2008—2025年;其中27篇为RCT,6篇为类试验研究;发表地区以亚洲为主,其中日本11篇,韩国10篇,中国6篇;样本量为20~529例。纳入文献基本特征见表1。
分析汇总结局指标共42项,出现141次,除“死亡”核心领域,其余4个核心领域均有报告,涵盖19个结局领域,见表2。各结局指标最低使用频次为1次,最高使用频次为13次。所有纳入研究均报告了至少1项指标,单个研究最多报告了11项指标。结局指标的制订多围绕“生理/临床”展开,对于“死亡”“资源使用”的评价较少。
口腔衰弱是涉及咀嚼、吞咽、唾液分泌、口腔运动等多个功能的协同衰退[2],结局指标的多样化反映了其多维性与复杂性。本研究汇总的结局指标从口腔生理功能到口腔感觉体验,再到整体健康与安全性,共同构建起评估干预效果的立体框架。咬合力和舌压是评估临床/生理的主要指标,也是使用频次最高的单项指标,二者均以客观、可量化的方式捕捉口腔肌肉功能的动态变化[42]。在生活影响的核心领域中,使用频次最多的指标是生活质量,SWAL-QoL、OHIP-14和GOHAI是纳入研究中常用的口腔相关生活质量评估工具。随着医学模式转变,干预的重点不仅强调生理功能的改善,更强调病人生活质量的提升。在资源使用与不良事件领域,再入院率、肺炎及误吸是评估重点,这些指标直接关联老年口腔衰弱病人的安全性与长期预后。尤其在口腔功能下降时,误吸作为隐匿性高危事件,其发生率变化可敏感反映干预对吞咽动作及气道保护能力的改善效果[43]。
本研究发现,即使是同一结局指标,不同研究采用的测量工具和操作方法也存在较大差异,导致研究结果难以直接比较。以舌压测量为例,JMS舌压计和IOPI均被广泛使用,但两者的测量原理、探头设计和评估位点存在差异,前者多用于测量舌体整体压力[13],后者可分别测量舌前部和舌后部压力[9,18];部分研究测量最大舌压[14,30],部分研究测量持续舌压或吞咽时舌压[28],这些方法学差异使得不同研究的绝对值缺乏可比性。
唾液流速的测量同样缺乏统一标准。本研究纳入的文献中,部分研究采用吐唾法收集唾液并以容量或克重表示[8,15,20],部分研究采用试纸条湿润程度表示[10,38];测试时间为1~10 min[10,36],是否进行刺激性收集也不一致。标准化测量的缺失不仅增加了研究结果的异质性,更削弱了跨研究证据整合的科学基础。
本研究纳入的文献聚焦于口腔生理功能的客观评估,临床/生理领域客观指标的使用频次最高,占总使用频次的60%以上。这些客观指标虽能精确量化口腔功能的即时变化,但无法全面反映干预对病人日常生活的实际影响,生活影响领域相关指标使用频次偏低。病人报告结局是评价干预临床意义的重要维度,能够直接反映病人对自身健康状态的感知和评价[44]。部分文献虽采用了口腔相关生活质量量表[9,17,34-35],但总体应用比例仍然偏低。有文献报道,病人的客观指标显著改善而主观感受无明显变化[9,17],提示两类指标反映的信息维度不同,单纯依赖客观指标可能遗漏对病人真正重要的结局信息。另外,口腔衰弱可导致病人的身心功能恶化,而本研究纳入文献忽略了心理状态及社会参与等关键维度。有调查发现,口腔衰弱与社会支持密切相关[45],且口腔衰弱病人常伴有社会功能减退、抑郁等不良情感体验[46]。然而,纳入的文献中,仅1篇文献[10]涉及社会支持的评估,未检索到有文献将抑郁、焦虑或社会参与度作为结局指标。
本研究纳入文献中有31篇文献[7-10,13-27,29-36,38-41]采用干预前基线与干预结束即刻评估设计,有2篇文献[28,37]设置了中期评估点,观察到干预效果随时间呈非线性变化的趋势。干预期间设置多时点评估,有助于揭示干预效果的时间动态特征,可为确定最佳干预周期提供依据。另外,纳入文献的随访时间普遍较短,仅有4项研究[19,25,32,37]关注干预效果的持续性,设置了干预后的随访评估。口腔衰弱作为一种慢性退行性状态,干预效果的持久性对于临床应用至关重要。干预后设置随访时间,如1个月、3个月甚至更长时间的评估时点,可以更全面地评估干预的长期效益,帮助研究者了解干预效果衰减的关键时间节点,识别强化干预的关键窗口期。
未来研究应加强结局报告的规范,完整报告结局指标的定义、测量方法、评估时点等信息,提高研究的透明度和可重复性。在结局指标选取上采用多维度评价体系,除器官水平的口腔功能指标,还需要关注以病人主观体验为中心的指标及不良事件相关结局,同时纳入干预安全性、成本效益等伦理和经济学考量。护理人员是口腔衰弱管理的重要力量,未来可开发护理人员可及的评估工具,探索智能化、数字化的评估手段,推动口腔衰弱筛查向基层延伸。
本范围综述系统梳理了33篇口腔衰弱非药物干预研究文献,通过对结局指标的提取、归纳与分析,总结出五大核心领域和19个结局领域。当前研究在指标选择、测量方法及评估时点设计上存在明显异质性,提示未来应建立口腔衰弱核心结局指标集,推动口腔衰弱干预研究的标准化发展,以支撑高质量干预研究与精准临床实践。本研究也存在一定局限性:仅纳入中英文文献,可能遗漏其他语种发表的相关研究;未对纳入文献进行质量评价,无法判断各研究的偏倚风险。未来研究可考虑扩大检索范围,纳入更多语种和研究类型,通过专家论证等方式,构建更完善的结局领域。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.021
  • 接收时间:2026-02-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-04
  • 修回日期:2026-05-22
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    1中国医学科学院;北京协和医学院护理学院,北京 100144
    2中国医学科学院 北京协和医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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