Article(id=1322931608436748323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1779638400000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341074331, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341074331, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341074331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341074331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322931549481599694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='2001', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341060276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343118019, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940180335829530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940180335829531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2001, endPage=2012, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322931608612909092, articleId=1322931608436748323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Construction and evaluation of a frailty risk prediction model based on machine learning algorithms for the rural elderly, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the influencing factors of frailty among rural elderly people,and to construct,verify and compare frailty risk prediction models based on multiple machine learning algorithms,so as to provide a scientific basis for the early identification and precise prevention of frailty.

Methods

From July to September 2023,using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling strategy,a total of 1 366 elderly people from 13 rural areas were selected as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into the training set(n=957) and the internal validation set(n=409) at a ratio of 7∶3.In July 2024,a total of 491 rural elderly people were selected as the external validation set.In this study,whether frailty occurs was used as the dependent variable.Variable selection was completed through single-factor analysis and LASSO regression.Then five machine learning methods including random forest(RF),extreme gradient boosting algorithm(XGBoost),artificial neural network(ANN),support vector machine(SVM),and Logistic regression(LR) were used to construct the prediction model.The core evaluation indicators were sensitivity,specificity,area under the receiver operating characteristic curve,and classification accuracy rate.The clinical practicality of the model was evaluated by the decision curve analysis.The performance of each frailty risk prediction model was comprehensively evaluated to determine the optimal model.

Results

The incidence rate of frailty among rural elderly people was 27.4%.LASSO regression ultimately included sleep quality,depression status,anxiety status,fall risk and physical condition as key predictors.After internal and external verification and comprehensive evaluation by multiple indicators,the XGBoost model performed the best.

Conclusions

The incidence of frailty among rural elderly people is relatively high.There are numerous influencing factors.The frailty risk prediction model based on XGBoost algorithm has the best performance.It could provide a scientific and effective tool for frailty risk screening and precise intervention.It has high clinical application value.

, authors=Shan YU1, 2, Yajie CHE2, 3, SUBIYINVER·Maimaiti2, Mengyao WANG2, Yihui TONG2, Ping YAN2, 3, authorsList=Shan YU, Yajie CHE, SUBIYINVER·Maimaiti, Mengyao WANG, Yihui TONG, Ping YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322931610374516791, articleId=1322931608436748323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=基于机器学习算法的农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型的构建与评价, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

调查农村老年人发生衰弱的影响因素,并基于多种机器学习算法构建、验证与比较衰弱风险预测模型,为早期识别与精准预防衰弱提供科学依据。

方法

于2023年7月—9月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样策略,选取13个农村的1 366名老年人作为研究对象,按7∶3比例随机分为训练集957人和内部验证集409人;于2024年7月选取491名农村老年人作为外部验证集。以是否发生衰弱为因变量,通过单因素分析与LASSO回归完成变量筛选,进而运用随机森林、极限梯度提升算法、人工神经网络、支持向量机及Logistic回归分析5种机器学习方法构建预测模型。以灵敏度、特异度、受试者工作特征曲线下面积、分类准确率为核心评价指标,采用临床决策曲线评估模型的临床实用性,综合研判各衰弱风险预测模型性能,确定最优模型。

结果

农村老年人衰弱发生率为27.4%。LASSO回归纳入睡眠质量、抑郁状况、焦虑状况、跌倒风险及躯体能力作为关键预测因子。经内部与外部验证及多指标综合评价,极限梯度提升算法模型表现最优。

结论

农村老年人衰弱发生率较高,影响因素较多。基于极限梯度提升算法构建的衰弱风险预测模型具有最佳性能,可为衰弱风险筛查及精准干预提供科学有效的工具,具备较高的临床应用价值。

, authors=于珊1, 2, 车雅洁2, 3, 苏比伊努尔·麦麦提2, 王梦瑶2, 仝逸辉2, 颜萍2, 3, *, *, authorsList=于珊, 车雅洁, 苏比伊努尔·麦麦提, 王梦瑶, 仝逸辉, 颜萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=颜萍, authorNote=

于珊,护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
颜萍,E-mail:
YAN Ping, E-mail:
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the training set and internal validation set for each model, figureFileSmall=jWn5Pss2AtBNFyp+ZWldhg==, figureFileBig=PAvDj2ZHkpPoAtOzn0aAqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931617244786802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各模型训练集和内部验证集的ROC曲线

(A为训练集;B为内部验证集)

, figureFileSmall=jWn5Pss2AtBNFyp+ZWldhg==, figureFileBig=PAvDj2ZHkpPoAtOzn0aAqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931617349644403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=PR curves of the training set and internal validation set for each model, figureFileSmall=DJfFCyWK9zKPc0qdsn+1Eg==, figureFileBig=Yo8CU8taF28kRh6VpfV10A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931617467084916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各模型训练集和内部验证集的PR曲线

(A为训练集;B为内部验证集)

, figureFileSmall=DJfFCyWK9zKPc0qdsn+1Eg==, figureFileBig=Yo8CU8taF28kRh6VpfV10A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931617555165301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Importance of variables of the training set in each model, figureFileSmall=R9zOajFFEirCsNkY8/hUGA==, figureFileBig=CpWXnaPWX8ahXHSn3HXEJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931617651634294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各模型训练集变量重要性

(注:色块颜色越深表示该变量对模型预测结果的贡献度越高)

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Comparison of general information of rural elderly people between the non-frailty group and the frailty group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数无衰弱组(n=992)衰弱组(n=374)χ2值P
性别男675498(50.2)177(47.3)0.8980.343
女691494(49.8)197(52.7)
年龄60~64岁329232(23.4)97(25.9)7.3450.119
65~69岁380274(27.6)106(28.3)
70~74岁365272(27.4)93(24.9)
75~79岁172117(11.8)55(14.7)
≥80岁12097(9.8)23(6.2)
文化程度文盲407304(30.6)103(27.5)5.1640.160
小学651479(48.4)172(46.0)
初中267183(18.4)84(22.5)
高中及以上4126(2.6)15(4.0)
婚姻状况已婚1 063769(77.5)294(78.6)0.1670.666
未婚/离异/丧偶303223(22.5)80(21.4)
家庭构成与配偶居住517357(36.0)160(42.8)7.9010.048
与子女和配偶居住442341(34.4)101(27.0)
与子女居住313226(22.7)87(23.2)
其他9468(6.9)26(7.0)
家庭月收入<1 000元978727(73.3)251(67.1)5.0910.024
≥1 000元388265(26.7)123(32.9)
收入来源经营性收入12897(9.8)31(8.3)17.1340.001
工资性收入495389(39.2)106(28.3)
财产性收入10974(7.5)35(9.4)
转移性收入634432(43.5)202(54.0)
体质指数(BMI)消瘦4629(2.9)17(4.5)3.4070.333
标准446318(32.1)128(34.2)
超重479350(35.3)129(34.5)
肥胖395295(29.7)100(26.8)
是否吸烟否1 176864(87.1)312(83.4)3.0620.080
是190128(12.9)62(16.6)
是否饮酒否1 225893(90.0)332(88.8)0.4590.498
是14199(10.0)42(11.2)
自评健康状况非常好4436(3.6)8(2.2)9.0490.060
好433329(33.1)104(27.8)
一般498362(36.5)136(36.4)
差332226(22.9)106(28.3)
非常差5939(3.9)20(5.3)
营养状况正常1 122816(82.3)306(81.8)0.2750.872
存在营养风险219159(16.0)60(16.0)
营养不良2517(1.7)8(2.2)
共病程度轻度852631(63.6)221(59.1)2.3620.124
重度514361(36.4)153(40.9)
视力正常597477(48.1)120(32.1)28.257<0.001
下降769515(51.9)254(67.9)
听力正常705530(53.4)175(46.8)4.7890.029
下降661462(46.6)199(53.2)
握力正常675490(49.4)185(49.5)0.0010.982
下降691502(50.6)189(50.5)
小腿围正常747553(55.7)194(51.9)1.6450.200
下降619439(44.3)180(48.1)
SPPB优秀811591(59.6)220(58.8)8.2160.042
正常455340(34.3)115(30.7)
轻度受限8754(5.4)33(8.8)
严重受限137(0.7)6(1.7)
牙齿数量≤10颗572431(43.4)141(37.7)3.6880.158
11~20颗476336(33.9)140(37.4)
≥21颗318225(22.7)93(24.9)
是否佩戴假牙是882651(65.6)231(61.8)1.7690.183
否484341(34.4)143(38.2)
吞咽功能正常1 173865(87.2)308(82.4)5.2540.022
异常193127(12.8)66(17.6)
跌倒风险无713583(58.8)130(34.8)62.754<0.001
有653409(41.2)244(65.2)
睡眠质量正常910756(76.2)154(41.2)149.895<0.001
异常456236(23.8)220(58.8)
认知状况正常884640(64.5)244(65.2)0.0620.803
异常482352(35.5)130(34.8)
焦虑状况正常1 311981(98.9)330(88.2)87.760<0.001
中度3211(1.1)21(5.6)
重度230(0.0)23(6.2)
抑郁状况正常1 293967(97.5)326(87.2)57.118<0.001
异常7325(2.5)48(12.8)
社会支持水平低1410(1.0)4(1.0)0.317①
中等1 029737(74.3)292(78.1)
高323245(24.7)78(20.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931618452746368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

无衰弱组与衰弱组农村老年人一般资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数无衰弱组(n=992)衰弱组(n=374)χ2值P
性别男675498(50.2)177(47.3)0.8980.343
女691494(49.8)197(52.7)
年龄60~64岁329232(23.4)97(25.9)7.3450.119
65~69岁380274(27.6)106(28.3)
70~74岁365272(27.4)93(24.9)
75~79岁172117(11.8)55(14.7)
≥80岁12097(9.8)23(6.2)
文化程度文盲407304(30.6)103(27.5)5.1640.160
小学651479(48.4)172(46.0)
初中267183(18.4)84(22.5)
高中及以上4126(2.6)15(4.0)
婚姻状况已婚1 063769(77.5)294(78.6)0.1670.666
未婚/离异/丧偶303223(22.5)80(21.4)
家庭构成与配偶居住517357(36.0)160(42.8)7.9010.048
与子女和配偶居住442341(34.4)101(27.0)
与子女居住313226(22.7)87(23.2)
其他9468(6.9)26(7.0)
家庭月收入<1 000元978727(73.3)251(67.1)5.0910.024
≥1 000元388265(26.7)123(32.9)
收入来源经营性收入12897(9.8)31(8.3)17.1340.001
工资性收入495389(39.2)106(28.3)
财产性收入10974(7.5)35(9.4)
转移性收入634432(43.5)202(54.0)
体质指数(BMI)消瘦4629(2.9)17(4.5)3.4070.333
标准446318(32.1)128(34.2)
超重479350(35.3)129(34.5)
肥胖395295(29.7)100(26.8)
是否吸烟否1 176864(87.1)312(83.4)3.0620.080
是190128(12.9)62(16.6)
是否饮酒否1 225893(90.0)332(88.8)0.4590.498
是14199(10.0)42(11.2)
自评健康状况非常好4436(3.6)8(2.2)9.0490.060
好433329(33.1)104(27.8)
一般498362(36.5)136(36.4)
差332226(22.9)106(28.3)
非常差5939(3.9)20(5.3)
营养状况正常1 122816(82.3)306(81.8)0.2750.872
存在营养风险219159(16.0)60(16.0)
营养不良2517(1.7)8(2.2)
共病程度轻度852631(63.6)221(59.1)2.3620.124
重度514361(36.4)153(40.9)
视力正常597477(48.1)120(32.1)28.257<0.001
下降769515(51.9)254(67.9)
听力正常705530(53.4)175(46.8)4.7890.029
下降661462(46.6)199(53.2)
握力正常675490(49.4)185(49.5)0.0010.982
下降691502(50.6)189(50.5)
小腿围正常747553(55.7)194(51.9)1.6450.200
下降619439(44.3)180(48.1)
SPPB优秀811591(59.6)220(58.8)8.2160.042
正常455340(34.3)115(30.7)
轻度受限8754(5.4)33(8.8)
严重受限137(0.7)6(1.7)
牙齿数量≤10颗572431(43.4)141(37.7)3.6880.158
11~20颗476336(33.9)140(37.4)
≥21颗318225(22.7)93(24.9)
是否佩戴假牙是882651(65.6)231(61.8)1.7690.183
否484341(34.4)143(38.2)
吞咽功能正常1 173865(87.2)308(82.4)5.2540.022
异常193127(12.8)66(17.6)
跌倒风险无713583(58.8)130(34.8)62.754<0.001
有653409(41.2)244(65.2)
睡眠质量正常910756(76.2)154(41.2)149.895<0.001
异常456236(23.8)220(58.8)
认知状况正常884640(64.5)244(65.2)0.0620.803
异常482352(35.5)130(34.8)
焦虑状况正常1 311981(98.9)330(88.2)87.760<0.001
中度3211(1.1)21(5.6)
重度230(0.0)23(6.2)
抑郁状况正常1 293967(97.5)326(87.2)57.118<0.001
异常7325(2.5)48(12.8)
社会支持水平低1410(1.0)4(1.0)0.317①
中等1 029737(74.3)292(78.1)
高323245(24.7)78(20.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931618549215361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation indicators of the training set and internal validation set for each model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型分类AUCAUPRC分类正确率灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值F1分数
RF训练集0.776
[0.752,0.799]
0.653
[0.623,0.683]
0.829
[0.804,0.852]
0.951
[0.935,0.964]
0.504
[0.471,0.537]
0.836
[0.811,0.859]
0.795
[0.757,0.830]
0.890
[0.872,0.906]
内部验证集0.783
[0.746,0.820]
0.668
[0.627,0.709]
0.819
[0.779,0.855]
0.963
[0.935,0.981]
0.438
[0.383,0.494]
0.819
[0.779,0.855]
0.817
[0.757,0.868]
0.885
[0.855,0.912]
XGBoost训练集0.835
[0.814,0.855]
0.718
[0.690,0.745]
0.835
[0.811,0.857]
0.947
[0.931,0.960]
0.538
[0.505,0.571]
0.845
[0.821,0.867]
0.792
[0.754,0.827]
0.893
[0.876,0.909]
内部验证集0.829
[0.793,0.865]
0.695
[0.653,0.737]
0.829
[0.789,0.865]
0.956
[0.928,0.976]
0.491
[0.436,0.546]
0.833
[0.792,0.870]
0.809
[0.748,0.862]
0.890
[0.860,0.917]
LR训练集0.806
[0.784,0.828]
0.635
[0.605,0.665]
0.815
[0.790,0.838]
0.940
[0.923,0.954]
0.485
[0.452,0.518]
0.829
[0.804,0.853]
0.751
[0.711,0.788]
0.881
[0.862,0.899]
内部验证集0.792
[0.754,0.830]
0.624
[0.582,0.666]
0.804
[0.763,0.842]
0.953
[0.924,0.974]
0.411
[0.357,0.467]
0.811
[0.769,0.849]
0.767
[0.704,0.822]
0.876
[0.845,0.904]
SVM训练集0.819
[0.798,0.840]
0.633
[0.603,0.663]
0.819
[0.794,0.842]
0.940
[0.923,0.954]
0.500
[0.467,0.533]
0.833
[0.808,0.856]
0.757
[0.717,0.794]
0.883
[0.864,0.901]
内部验证集0.827
[0.791,0.863]
0.633
[0.591,0.675]
0.804
[0.763,0.842]
0.953
[0.924,0.974]
0.411
[0.357,0.467]
0.811
[0.769,0.849]
0.767
[0.704,0.822]
0.876
[0.845,0.904]
ANN训练集0.842
[0.822,0.861]
0.733
[0.706,0.760]
0.836
[0.812,0.858]
0.947
[0.931,0.960]
0.542
[0.509,0.575]
0.846
[0.822,0.868]
0.793
[0.755,0.828]
0.893
[0.876,0.909]
内部验证集0.825
[0.789,0.861]
0.715
[0.674,0.756]
0.831
[0.791,0.867]
0.956
[0.928,0.976]
0.500
[0.445,0.555]
0.835
[0.794,0.872]
0.812
[0.752,0.864]
0.892
[0.862,0.918]
), ArticleFig(id=1322931618654072962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931608436748323, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各模型训练集与内部验证集评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型分类AUCAUPRC分类正确率灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值F1分数
RF训练集0.776
[0.752,0.799]
0.653
[0.623,0.683]
0.829
[0.804,0.852]
0.951
[0.935,0.964]
0.504
[0.471,0.537]
0.836
[0.811,0.859]
0.795
[0.757,0.830]
0.890
[0.872,0.906]
内部验证集0.783
[0.746,0.820]
0.668
[0.627,0.709]
0.819
[0.779,0.855]
0.963
[0.935,0.981]
0.438
[0.383,0.494]
0.819
[0.779,0.855]
0.817
[0.757,0.868]
0.885
[0.855,0.912]
XGBoost训练集0.835
[0.814,0.855]
0.718
[0.690,0.745]
0.835
[0.811,0.857]
0.947
[0.931,0.960]
0.538
[0.505,0.571]
0.845
[0.821,0.867]
0.792
[0.754,0.827]
0.893
[0.876,0.909]
内部验证集0.829
[0.793,0.865]
0.695
[0.653,0.737]
0.829
[0.789,0.865]
0.956
[0.928,0.976]
0.491
[0.436,0.546]
0.833
[0.792,0.870]
0.809
[0.748,0.862]
0.890
[0.860,0.917]
LR训练集0.806
[0.784,0.828]
0.635
[0.605,0.665]
0.815
[0.790,0.838]
0.940
[0.923,0.954]
0.485
[0.452,0.518]
0.829
[0.804,0.853]
0.751
[0.711,0.788]
0.881
[0.862,0.899]
内部验证集0.792
[0.754,0.830]
0.624
[0.582,0.666]
0.804
[0.763,0.842]
0.953
[0.924,0.974]
0.411
[0.357,0.467]
0.811
[0.769,0.849]
0.767
[0.704,0.822]
0.876
[0.845,0.904]
SVM训练集0.819
[0.798,0.840]
0.633
[0.603,0.663]
0.819
[0.794,0.842]
0.940
[0.923,0.954]
0.500
[0.467,0.533]
0.833
[0.808,0.856]
0.757
[0.717,0.794]
0.883
[0.864,0.901]
内部验证集0.827
[0.791,0.863]
0.633
[0.591,0.675]
0.804
[0.763,0.842]
0.953
[0.924,0.974]
0.411
[0.357,0.467]
0.811
[0.769,0.849]
0.767
[0.704,0.822]
0.876
[0.845,0.904]
ANN训练集0.842
[0.822,0.861]
0.733
[0.706,0.760]
0.836
[0.812,0.858]
0.947
[0.931,0.960]
0.542
[0.509,0.575]
0.846
[0.822,0.868]
0.793
[0.755,0.828]
0.893
[0.876,0.909]
内部验证集0.825
[0.789,0.861]
0.715
[0.674,0.756]
0.831
[0.791,0.867]
0.956
[0.928,0.976]
0.500
[0.445,0.555]
0.835
[0.794,0.872]
0.812
[0.752,0.864]
0.892
[0.862,0.918]
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Evaluation indicators of the external validation set for each model

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模型AUCAUPRC分类正确率灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值F1分数
RF0.780[0.736,0.824]0.569[0.522,0.616]0.749[0.709,0.787]0.767[0.690,0.834]0.743[0.698,0.785]0.833[0.779,0.878]0.626[0.575,0.676]0.799[0.738,0.852]
XGBoost0.797[0.754,0.840]0.601[0.554,0.648]0.692[0.650,0.732]0.679[0.601,0.751]0.765[0.721,0.806]0.815[0.744,0.873]0.549[0.497,0.600]0.741[0.664,0.809]
LR0.762[0.717,0.807]0.576[0.529,0.623]0.756[0.716,0.794]0.777[0.701,0.842]0.717[0.668,0.763]0.834[0.781,0.879]0.636[0.584,0.686]0.805[0.745,0.857]
SVM0.751[0.705,0.797]0.556[0.509,0.603]0.752[0.712,0.790]0.770[0.693,0.836]0.735[0.689,0.778]0.833[0.779,0.878]0.629[0.577,0.679]0.801[0.741,0.854]
ANN0.676[0.628,0.724]0.458[0.412,0.504]0.690[0.648,0.731]0.695[0.616,0.768]0.682[0.633,0.729]0.801[0.729,0.862]0.549[0.497,0.600]0.744[0.667,0.812]
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各模型外部验证集的评价指标

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模型AUCAUPRC分类正确率灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值F1分数
RF0.780[0.736,0.824]0.569[0.522,0.616]0.749[0.709,0.787]0.767[0.690,0.834]0.743[0.698,0.785]0.833[0.779,0.878]0.626[0.575,0.676]0.799[0.738,0.852]
XGBoost0.797[0.754,0.840]0.601[0.554,0.648]0.692[0.650,0.732]0.679[0.601,0.751]0.765[0.721,0.806]0.815[0.744,0.873]0.549[0.497,0.600]0.741[0.664,0.809]
LR0.762[0.717,0.807]0.576[0.529,0.623]0.756[0.716,0.794]0.777[0.701,0.842]0.717[0.668,0.763]0.834[0.781,0.879]0.636[0.584,0.686]0.805[0.745,0.857]
SVM0.751[0.705,0.797]0.556[0.509,0.603]0.752[0.712,0.790]0.770[0.693,0.836]0.735[0.689,0.778]0.833[0.779,0.878]0.629[0.577,0.679]0.801[0.741,0.854]
ANN0.676[0.628,0.724]0.458[0.412,0.504]0.690[0.648,0.731]0.695[0.616,0.768]0.682[0.633,0.729]0.801[0.729,0.862]0.549[0.497,0.600]0.744[0.667,0.812]
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基于机器学习算法的农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型的构建与评价
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于珊 1, 2 , 车雅洁 2, 3 , 苏比伊努尔·麦麦提 2 , 王梦瑶 2 , 仝逸辉 2 , 颜萍 2, 3, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(12): 2001-2012
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (12) : 2001 -2012
基于机器学习算法的农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型的构建与评价
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于珊1, 2, 车雅洁2, 3, 苏比伊努尔·麦麦提2, 王梦瑶2, 仝逸辉2, 颜萍2, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆医科大学第五附属医院,新疆 830011
  • 2新疆医科大学护理学院
  • 3新疆区域人群疾病与健康照护研究中心
通讯作者:
颜萍,E-mail:
YAN Ping, E-mail:
作者简介:

于珊,护师,硕士研究生

Construction and evaluation of a frailty risk prediction model based on machine learning algorithms for the rural elderly
Shan YU1, 2, Yajie CHE2, 3, SUBIYINVER·Maimaiti2, Mengyao WANG2, Yihui TONG2, Ping YAN2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang 830011 China
  • 2School of Nursing,Xinjiang Medical University
  • 3Health Care Research Center for Xinjiang Regional Population
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.001
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目的

调查农村老年人发生衰弱的影响因素,并基于多种机器学习算法构建、验证与比较衰弱风险预测模型,为早期识别与精准预防衰弱提供科学依据。

方法

于2023年7月—9月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样策略,选取13个农村的1 366名老年人作为研究对象,按7∶3比例随机分为训练集957人和内部验证集409人;于2024年7月选取491名农村老年人作为外部验证集。以是否发生衰弱为因变量,通过单因素分析与LASSO回归完成变量筛选,进而运用随机森林、极限梯度提升算法、人工神经网络、支持向量机及Logistic回归分析5种机器学习方法构建预测模型。以灵敏度、特异度、受试者工作特征曲线下面积、分类准确率为核心评价指标,采用临床决策曲线评估模型的临床实用性,综合研判各衰弱风险预测模型性能,确定最优模型。

结果

农村老年人衰弱发生率为27.4%。LASSO回归纳入睡眠质量、抑郁状况、焦虑状况、跌倒风险及躯体能力作为关键预测因子。经内部与外部验证及多指标综合评价,极限梯度提升算法模型表现最优。

结论

农村老年人衰弱发生率较高,影响因素较多。基于极限梯度提升算法构建的衰弱风险预测模型具有最佳性能,可为衰弱风险筛查及精准干预提供科学有效的工具,具备较高的临床应用价值。

老年人  /  农村  /  衰弱  /  预测模型  /  机器学习
Objective

To investigate the influencing factors of frailty among rural elderly people,and to construct,verify and compare frailty risk prediction models based on multiple machine learning algorithms,so as to provide a scientific basis for the early identification and precise prevention of frailty.

Methods

From July to September 2023,using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling strategy,a total of 1 366 elderly people from 13 rural areas were selected as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into the training set(n=957) and the internal validation set(n=409) at a ratio of 7∶3.In July 2024,a total of 491 rural elderly people were selected as the external validation set.In this study,whether frailty occurs was used as the dependent variable.Variable selection was completed through single-factor analysis and LASSO regression.Then five machine learning methods including random forest(RF),extreme gradient boosting algorithm(XGBoost),artificial neural network(ANN),support vector machine(SVM),and Logistic regression(LR) were used to construct the prediction model.The core evaluation indicators were sensitivity,specificity,area under the receiver operating characteristic curve,and classification accuracy rate.The clinical practicality of the model was evaluated by the decision curve analysis.The performance of each frailty risk prediction model was comprehensively evaluated to determine the optimal model.

Results

The incidence rate of frailty among rural elderly people was 27.4%.LASSO regression ultimately included sleep quality,depression status,anxiety status,fall risk and physical condition as key predictors.After internal and external verification and comprehensive evaluation by multiple indicators,the XGBoost model performed the best.

Conclusions

The incidence of frailty among rural elderly people is relatively high.There are numerous influencing factors.The frailty risk prediction model based on XGBoost algorithm has the best performance.It could provide a scientific and effective tool for frailty risk screening and precise intervention.It has high clinical application value.

the elderly  /  rural areas  /  frailty  /  prediction model  /  machine learning
于珊, 车雅洁, 苏比伊努尔·麦麦提, 王梦瑶, 仝逸辉, 颜萍. 基于机器学习算法的农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型的构建与评价. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (12) : 2001 -2012 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.001
Shan YU, Yajie CHE, SUBIYINVER·Maimaiti, Mengyao WANG, Yihui TONG, Ping YAN. Construction and evaluation of a frailty risk prediction model based on machine learning algorithms for the rural elderly[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (12) : 2001 -2012 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.001
我国作为全球老年人口规模较大的国家,老龄化形势日趋严峻。截至2024年年末,我国60岁及以上人口已达 3.10亿人,占全国总人口的22.0%[1]。当前我国人口老龄化呈现明显的城乡分化特征,农村地区老龄化程度明显高于城市地区,且农村老年人整体健康状况普遍较差[2-3]。衰弱作为一种与增龄密切相关且最具有临床意义的老年综合征,具有一定的动态性、可逆性及多维性[4]。因此,精准识别并早期预警衰弱风险,对改善老年人整体健康状况、提高生活质量以及减轻社会养老负担具有重要的现实意义。风险预测可识别高风险个体,实现精准预防,是延缓老年人衰弱进程的首要环节,其精准度与科学性直接影响后续系统性干预措施和管理策略的制定[5]。国外关于老年人衰弱的研究起步较早,巴西[6]、日本[7]、意大利[8]、新加坡[9]等国已研发衰弱风险预测模型。由于我国与上述国家在社会人口学特征、经济水平、医疗保障覆盖率、养老资源配置及老年人生活方式、基础疾病谱等方面的差异,其模型在我国的适用性仍需验证。国内的研究虽已取得一定进展[10-12],尚存在以下不足:一是模型构建多依赖传统统计方法(如Logistic回归),难以处理变量间非线性交互作用;二是部分研究采用单一机器学习算法,泛化能力较弱;三是抽样方法以便利抽样为主,且多数模型未开展外部验证,导致模型的临床推广与应用价值受限。因此,本研究基于Gobbens衰弱整合模式理论[13]筛选潜在风险因素,采用多种机器学习算法进行模型构建与效能评估,通过内部与外部双重验证,择优建立适用于农村老年人的衰弱风险预测模型,旨在为后期开展精准评估、健康教育及制定个性化干预措施提供科学依据。
纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;具有农村户籍,且每年在当地居住时间不少于6个月;具备基本的认知沟通能力,可顺利完成调查;对研究内容知情同意,自愿参与并签署知情同意书。排除标准:患有严重精神类疾病、重度失能且无法配合完成调查者[14]。本研究已通过新疆医科大学伦理委员会审批(批号:XJYKDXR 20220725029)。
采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,构建“地区-县-乡-村-个体”抽样框架,以2023年7月—9月为调查周期,选取来自13个农村社区的老年人为研究对象。第1阶段(地区层):依据南疆、北疆及中部三大地理片区进行划分,综合考虑地理环境、人口规模及经济水平等因素,从每个层级中随机抽取1个地级市(州);第2阶段[县(区)层]:以所选地级市(州)的全部县(区)作为抽样总体,通过概率比例规模抽样随机确定3个县(区)作为调查点;第3阶段(乡镇层):在每个抽中的县(区)中,以所有乡(镇)为抽样框,随机抽取1个乡(镇);第4阶段(村居层):在每个入选乡(镇)中,以全部村(居)委会为抽样框,随机抽取3~5个村(居)委会;第5阶段(个体层):以抽中村(居)委会的户籍名单为抽样框,运用系统随机抽样法,从各村(居)委会满足纳入标准的老年人中抽取50~100人纳入本次研究。
于2024年7月进行抽样,从上述已抽取的3个县(区)中随机选定1个县(区)作为抽样区域;为避免样本重叠,本阶段排除2023年已调查的村(居)委会,随机选取3~5个村(居)委会,对其中所有符合条件的老年人进行整群抽取。
以衰弱患病率作为结局指标,依据横断面研究设计的样本量计算公式进行估算:N=(t21-α/2Q)/E2P,取α=0.05,则t1-α/2=1.96,E=0.1。参照Zhao等[15]研究结果,我国农村老年人衰弱患病率为23.7%,即P=23.7%,则Q=76.3%,计算需要1 237人,考虑10%~15%无效样本,最终确定样本量为1 360~1 422人。本研究2023年7月—9月共收集有效样本量1 366人,按照分配原则采用7∶3比例纳入957人为训练集,纳入409人为内部验证集;2024年7月共收集有效样本量491人纳入外部验证集,符合样本量要求。
由课题组自行编制一般情况调查表[14],调查内容涵盖老年人的年龄、性别、婚姻状况、文化程度等项目。
采用FRAIL量表评定老年人是否衰弱。该量表由国际营养与老龄化协会提出[16],并在《老年人衰弱预防中国专家共识(2022)》[4]中推荐使用,共5个条目。回答“是”计1分,“否”计0分,总分0~5分,得分0~2分为无衰弱,3~5分为衰弱。该量表Cronbach' s α系数为0.826[17]。本研究测得该量表Cronbach' s α系数为0.730。
1)视力与听力:采用“健康档案核验+自我报告”评估视/听力下降。健康档案:近1年检查报告显示“视力<0.5”“听力筛查未通过”或有视/听力疾病诊断,判定为下降。自我报告:视力回答问题“您能看清书报标准字体吗?”“能看清”为正常,“看不清/完全看不见”为下降;听力回答“您日常交流、听电视/电话/门铃如何?”“能正常听清”为正常,“交流困难/完全听不见”为下降。档案或自我报告任一异常即判定为下降。2)微型营养评定简表(Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form,MNA-SF):由Rubenstein等[18]制定,共6个条目,总分0~14分,≥12分为营养状况正常,8~11分为存在营养风险,0~7分为营养不良,得分越高提示营养状况越好[14]。本研究中测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.737。3)查尔森合并症指数(Charlson Comorbidity Index,CCI)[19]:根据疾病种类与严重程度进行加权赋分,其中脑血管病、结缔组织病、糖尿病、轻微肝脏疾病、冠心病、周围性血管疾病、消化性溃疡、充血性心力衰竭、慢性肺病各计1分;淋巴瘤、白血病、痴呆、近5年内恶性肿瘤、偏瘫、伴器官损害糖尿病、中重度肾脏疾病各计2分;中重度肝脏疾病计3分;艾滋病、转移性实体肿瘤各计6分。总分≥2分为重度共病,0~1分为轻度共病,得分越高提示合并疾病种类越多、病情越复杂[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.757。4)匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI):由Buysse等[20]制定,共18个条目,分为7个维度,每个维度采用0~3分的4级评分法,总分0~21分,≥11分为睡眠质量差,6~10分为睡眠质量中等,≤5分为睡眠质量良好,得分越高提示睡眠问题越突出[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.748。5)进食评估工具(Eating Assessment Tool,EAT-10):由Belafsky等[21]制定,共10个条目,采用0~4分的5级评分法,总分0~40分,≥3分为吞咽异常,≤2分为正常,得分越高提示吞咽困难症状越严重[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.824。6)简易精神状态检查表(Minimum Mental State Examination,MMSE):由Katzman等[22]制定,共30个条目,总分0~30分,按文化程度划分异常界值,初中及以上≤24分、小学组≤20分、文盲组≤17分为认知异常[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.762。7)老年人跌倒风险自评量表(Self-rated Fall Risk Questionnaire,FRQ):由苏清清等[23]汉化,共12个条目,总分0~14分,≥4分判定为存在跌倒风险,得分越高提示跌倒风险越高。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.689。
采用社会支持评定量表(Social Support Rating Scale,SSRS),由肖水源[24]制定,共10个条目,总分为12~64分,≥45分为高水平,23~44分为中等水平,≤22分为低水平,得分越高提示社会支持水平越高[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.774。
1)简版老年抑郁量表(Geriatric Depression Scale-15,GDS-15):由Sheikh等[25]制定,共15个条目,总分0~15分,≥10分为中重度,5~9分为轻度,0~4分为正常,得分越高提示抑郁症状越显著[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.791。2)广泛性焦虑量表(Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7,GAD-7):由Spitzer等[26]制定,共7个条目,采用0~3分的4级评分法,总分0~21分,≥15分为重度,10~14分为中度,0~9分为正常,得分越高提示焦虑症状越显著[14]。本研究测得量表Cronbach's α系数为0.915。
1)简易躯体能力测试(Short Physical Performance Battery,SPPB):由Guralnik等[27]制定,包括平衡测试、4 m步行速度、5次坐站试验3项内容,总分0~12分,≥10分为运动能力优秀,7~9分为正常,4~6分为轻度受限,0~3分为运动能力严重受限[14]。2)握力:受试者以优势手紧握握力计连续测量3次,每次间隔不少于15 s,取最大值作为最终结果;判定标准参考《中国肌肉减少症诊疗指南(2024版)》[28],女性≥18 kg、男性≥28 kg为正常。3)小腿围:受试者取坐位并屈膝屈髋呈90°,使用无弹性软尺测量小腿最膨隆处周径,连续测量2次取平均值;判定标准参考《中国肌肉减少症诊疗指南(2024版)》[28],女性≥33 cm、男性≥34 cm为正常。
研究团队编制统一的研究者指导手册,对当地基层医务工作者及团队成员开展标准化培训,统一量表测评、体格测量及数据记录的操作规范;通过与基层社区工作人员、医务工作者协作,依托当地村卫生院搭建调查场地,保障调查空间的独立性,减少外界干扰;为参与调查的老年人发放礼品,以提升其参与积极性,保障问卷调查的完整性与数据质量[14]。采用双人双录入模式,若发现遗漏选项,立即电话咨询。本研究共发放问卷1 468份,回收有效问卷1 366份,有效回收率为93.1%。
采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,R4.3.3进行构建及评价模型。
将数据缺失≥10%的样本视为无效样本予以剔除;缺失<10%的样本按数据类型进行缺失值填补,连续变量缺失值处理方法采用均数代替法,分类变量采用多重插补法,减少因缺失数据导致的偏差。
符合正态分布的定量资料采用t检验、方差分析,非正态分布的定量资料采用秩和检验;定性资料采用χ2检验,当理论频数<5时,采用Fisher精确概率法。将单因素分析有统计学意义的变量调用glmnet包基于LASSO回归筛选变量。所有检验均为双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
采用R4.3.3 xgboost程序包、e1071程序包、randomForest程序包、nnet程序包及stats程序包分别构建极限梯度提升算法(XGBoost)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)、人工神经网络(ANN)及Logistic回归分析(LR)模型。
通过Bootstrap法进行模型内部验证,空间验证法进行外部验证。区分度采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)、精确率-召回率曲线(PR)下的面积(AUPRC);校准度采用Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验;分类性能采用分类正确率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、F1分数;临床获益性采用决策曲线分析(DCA)。综合内部/外部验证结果,优先选取AUC及AUPRC值最高、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验拟合度最优,且分类正确率、灵敏度、特异度等分类性能指标均衡的模型作为最佳衰弱风险预测模型。所有检验均为双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
农村老年人年龄60~100(69.76±6.46)岁;女691人(50.6%);已婚1 063人(77.8%);衰弱发生率为27.4%,女性衰弱发生率为28.5%,男性衰弱发生率为26.2%。农村老年人发生衰弱影响因素的单因素分析见表1。
以是否衰弱(否=0,是=1)为因变量,将单因素分析中组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)的指标作为自变量重新编码,纳入LASSO回归模型,以Lambda.1se=0.025 2时筛选出变量集,睡眠质量、焦虑状况、抑郁状况、SPPB及跌倒风险作为最佳特征集用于后续预测模型的构建,详见图1、图2。
对训练集和验证集各变量进行比较。结果显示,除视力、握力及自评健康状况外,两组其他变量比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),基线可比。基于LR、SVM、RF、ANN及XGBoost的5种机器学习算法构建农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型并对模型进行内部验证、外部验证及效能评估。综合各项指标来看,XGBoost模型在农村老年人衰弱预测模型任务中展现出最佳的整体性能,详见表2、表3、图3~图7。对最优模型XGboost模型变量特征重要性排序结果见图8,决策曲线见图9。
本研究共纳入农村老年人1 366人,衰弱发生率为27.4%,这一结果高于Zhao等[15]在系统性综述及荟萃分析中报道的我国农村老年人衰弱发生率。原因分析如下:一方面可能与衰弱评估工具的选取差异有关,不同评估工具的信效度、测量要求及环境资源状况等存在一定差异[29];另一方面,农村地区医疗卫生保障能力相对较弱、老年人健康素养不足及健康信息获取不畅,亦是导致衰弱高发的重要原因[30]。偏远农村老年人受文化程度、经济状况及生活环境所限,健康行为与生活方式普遍欠佳,进一步增加了衰弱发生风险。加之我国农村地区老龄化明显高于城市,空巢老年人比例高、养老服务需求大,但养老资源短缺、机构建设滞后、服务水平不足等问题突出,共同推动了农村老年人衰弱风险上升[31]。因此,重视农村老年人的衰弱状况,开展早期筛查与识别,具有重要的公共卫生意义。建议在基层医疗卫生机构中积极推广衰弱评估工作,实现早发现、早干预、早治疗。针对衰弱前期和衰弱期的老年人,应制定包括营养支持、运动指导、慢性病管理等多维度的个性化健康管理方案,以延缓衰弱进程,改善老年人健康状况,提升生活质量,促进健康老龄化[4]。
本研究基于XGBoost模型的农村衰弱老年人风险预测模型显示,自变量重要性从高到低依次为睡眠质量、跌倒风险、抑郁状况、焦虑状况及躯体功能。
本研究结果显示,衰弱组老年人睡眠质量异常比例达58.8%。睡眠质量异常可引发激素分泌失调(如代谢功能紊乱、胰岛素抵抗等)和激发炎症反应(如炎性细胞因子和白细胞介素-6水平升高),进而增加衰弱发生风险[32]。长期睡眠质量不佳还会导致老年人身体疲乏、精力减退,更易出现焦虑、抑郁、孤独等负面情绪,这与农村地区娱乐社交资源相对匮乏、老年人心理排解途径有限密切相关[33-34]。
本研究结果显示,衰弱组老年人存在跌倒风险比例达65.2%。骨骼肌减少症作为衰弱的核心特征,会导致平衡与步态稳定性下降,而跌倒后限制活动又加剧肌肉失用性萎缩[35]。农村老年人常因健康状况不佳、慢性病及药物副作用,导致跌倒风险更高,叠加农村环境中不平整路面、缺乏适老化改造(如防滑地面、扶手、充足照明)等因素,进一步增加跌倒发生概率[36]。一旦发生跌倒,农村医疗资源相对匮乏导致救治不及时,易引发骨折等严重后果,进而长期卧床、活动受限,快速肌肉流失与营养不足,推动衰弱进展;即使未发生跌倒,高跌倒风险带来的恐惧心理也会促使老年人主动减少活动,形成“恐惧-活动减少-功能减退”的闭环,加速衰弱[37]。
本研究结果显示,衰弱组老年人存在抑郁症状的比例达12.8%。长期抑郁可能会导致老年人神经内分泌系统失调,增加皮质醇等应激激素分泌,抑制免疫系统功能,降低机体抵抗力,加速身体机能衰退[38]。抑郁还会使老年人减少社交互动,丧失生活动力与兴趣,伴随消极自我认知和低自尊,加重孤独感和无助感。这种负面情绪会进一步削弱其主动参与体力活动、营养摄入及健康管理的意愿,导致肌肉量流失、功能衰弱等衰弱核心症状加重,而衰弱带来的身体机能下降、生理自理能力减退又单向强化抑郁老年人的无助感和消极认知,形成“抑郁-行为退缩-衰弱进展-抑郁加剧”的恶性循环[39]。
本研究结果显示,衰弱组老年人存在焦虑状况的比例达11.8%。研究表明,长期焦虑会持续激活老年人下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴与交感神经系统,导致肾上腺素、皮质醇等应激激素及白细胞介素-6等炎症因子的升高,既抑制免疫功能,又直接损伤骨骼肌细胞,引发肌肉量流失与肌力下降[40]。同时,应激激素会影响睡眠质量及营养吸收,进一步削弱老年人身体储备能力,增加衰弱风险[41]。此外,焦虑情绪伴随的过度担忧、恐惧及自卑等负面思维模式,会降低老年人参与田间劳动、日常锻炼及社交活动的意愿,导致机体抵抗力减弱,促进衰弱发展。
本研究结果显示,衰弱组老年人躯体功能受限比例达10.4%。农村地区生活环境复杂性和适老化改造的缺乏可能导致农村老年人因担心摔倒而减少日常活动,这种“活动回避”行为可能引发骨骼肌减少和骨代谢失衡,进一步促进骨量流失和肌肉功能下降[42-43]。步伐较慢的农村老年人通常参与的有氧运动较少,心肺功能较弱,身体疲劳感明显。此外,农村老年人常需从事一定的体力性劳动,下肢力量不足不仅影响劳动能力和自理能力,还可因长期依赖他人协助导致身体机能进一步退化。
本研究基于Gobbens衰弱整合模型理论,从社会人口学特征、生理健康状况、心理健康状况及社会支持状况等多个维度探讨了农村老年人衰弱的潜在风险因素。为构建适用于农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型,本研究采用RF、SVM、XGBoost、LR及ANN机器学习算法构建模型。为确保模型具有良好的稳健性和泛化能力,本研究采取内部验证与外部验证相结合的策略,并通过多种综合评价指标,从不同层面全面衡量模型的性能表现。衰弱发病机制复杂,与社会人口学特征、社会因素、心理状态、生理健康以及医疗水平等多因素有关[4]。目前我国农村老年人衰弱风险预测模型研究较少且缺乏外部验证,衰弱发病机制复杂、地区风险因素差异大,国外模型适用性需审慎验证,而模型泛化能力(跨数据集稳定表现)是实际应用的核心前提[11]。本研究基于XGBoost构建模型在多指标维度表现卓越,尤其在外部验证集上稳定出色,泛化能力强,对农村老年人衰弱预测具有重要意义。
XGBoost性能最优源于其算法特性:一是以“梯度提升决策树+正则化”捕捉风险因素的非线性关联,同时通过正则化抑制过拟合,适配多维度因素的复杂作用;二是支持缺失值自动处理,适配农村调研数据的少量缺失;三是精准学习特征重要性,减少无关特征干扰,这也是其外部验证稳定的关键。同时,为推动模型落地,未来可探索2类转化形式:一是针对农村基层医疗条件,将模型核心指标转化为轻量化纸质评分工具,按风险赋值分级,配套“风险-干预”速查表,快速完成问询评估;二是对有信息化条件的机构,将模型嵌入电子健康档案系统,实现数据自动抓取、实时预测及个性化干预方案生成。这两类形式可解决农村老年人衰弱识别与干预痛点,衔接《老年人衰弱预防中国专家共识(2022)》,为区域政策制定、多中心数据整合提供标准化工具,提升模型公共卫生价值。
本研究结果显示,农村老年人衰弱发生率较高,睡眠质量、抑郁状况、焦虑状况、跌倒风险及躯体功能是农村老年人发生衰弱的主要影响因素。提示基层社区卫生服务机构应结合上述危险因素,定期开展老年人衰弱筛查工作,并制定具有针对性的干预措施。干预措施应着重于优化经济保障、加强基层医疗服务及提供适老化服务,以预防或延缓衰弱的进程,进而有效提高老年人的生活质量,并积极应对健康老龄化的挑战。本研究存在一定的局限性:属于横断面研究,预测因子以“状态型”变量为主,可能影响模型解释力;数据收集跨时1年,受医疗资源调配、健康意识变化等影响可能存在时间漂移。尽管本研究进行了外部验证,但未完全模拟多中心、大样本的临床环境,模型在我国不同地域农村人群中的普适性仍需进一步验证。未来将通过前瞻性设计补充变量、扩大多区域样本、开展多中心临床验证,进一步提升模型的科学性与推广价值。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2026-05-25
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    1新疆医科大学第五附属医院,新疆 830011
    2新疆医科大学护理学院
    3新疆区域人群疾病与健康照护研究中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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