Article(id=1322936956103041728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753286400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-24, revisedDate=1776614400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793342349315, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793342349315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793342349315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793342349315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322936901946179634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='10', pageStart='1617', pageEnd='1808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793342336403, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343127243, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940219045052525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940219045052526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1804, endPage=1808, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322936956308562625, articleId=1322936956103041728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on professional bereavement of hospice care nurses, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The influencing factors of professional bereavement,the development of theoretical models,and assessment tools were reviewed,with a view to provide a scientific basis for interventions on professional bereavement of hospice care nurses.

, authors=Xiaoyun QIAN1, 2, Yuxi ZHANG2, Lili XIA2, Sijun LIU1, authorsList=Xiaoyun QIAN, Yuxi ZHANG, Lili XIA, Sijun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sijun LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322936956765741763, articleId=1322936956103041728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=安宁疗护护士职业丧痛的研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对职业丧痛的影响因素、理论模型的发展、评估工具进行综述,以期为安宁疗护护士职业丧痛的干预提供科学依据。

, authors=钱晓云1, 2, 张玉玺2, 夏丽莉2, 刘思浚1, *, *, authorsList=钱晓云, 张玉玺, 夏丽莉, 刘思浚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘思浚, authorNote=

钱晓云,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘思浚,E-mail:
LIU Sijun, E-mail:
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钱晓云,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

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钱晓云,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

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安宁疗护护士职业丧痛的研究进展
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钱晓云 1, 2 , 张玉玺 2 , 夏丽莉 2 , 刘思浚 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(10): 1804-1808
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (10) : 1804 -1808
安宁疗护护士职业丧痛的研究进展
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钱晓云1, 2, 张玉玺2, 夏丽莉2, 刘思浚1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 210029
  • 2南京医科大学第一附属医院
通讯作者:
刘思浚,E-mail:
LIU Sijun, E-mail:
作者简介:

钱晓云,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on professional bereavement of hospice care nurses
Xiaoyun QIAN1, 2, Yuxi ZHANG2, Lili XIA2, Sijun LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Jiangsu 210029 China
  • 2The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.028
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对职业丧痛的影响因素、理论模型的发展、评估工具进行综述,以期为安宁疗护护士职业丧痛的干预提供科学依据。

安宁疗护  /  职业丧痛  /  护士  /  综述

The influencing factors of professional bereavement,the development of theoretical models,and assessment tools were reviewed,with a view to provide a scientific basis for interventions on professional bereavement of hospice care nurses.

hospice care  /  professional bereavement  /  nurses  /  review
钱晓云, 张玉玺, 夏丽莉, 刘思浚. 安宁疗护护士职业丧痛的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (10) : 1804 -1808 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.028
Xiaoyun QIAN, Yuxi ZHANG, Lili XIA, Sijun LIU. Research progress on professional bereavement of hospice care nurses[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (10) : 1804 -1808 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.028
安宁疗护(hospice care)是缓和医疗的重要组成部分,可以为生命末期病人及其家属和照护者提供全人照护,缓解病人身心痛苦、维护尊严以实现善终,提升家属和照护者生命质量[1]。已有数据显示,2022年全球新发癌症病例1 997.6万例,死亡974.4万例[2];我国新发癌症约482.47万例,死亡约257.42万例[3-4],疾病负担呈上升趋势。且研究结果显示,我国≥65岁老年人口占比已从2010年的8.9%增至2024年的15.6%,老龄化挑战严峻[5-6]。随着癌症负担加重和人口老龄化加速,安宁疗护的临床价值与社会意义日益受到重视[7]。在我国约54%的病人在医疗机构逝世[8],安宁疗护实践中护士常面临死亡与丧失,易引发职业丧痛(professional bereavement)[9]。近年来,安宁疗护护士职业心理健康问题逐渐受到关注[10],职业丧痛若不妥善处置,会引发负性结果,影响护士心理健康,降低职业满意度,增加离职意愿,甚至影响病人安宁疗护服务质量[11-15]。目前国内外研究多关注病人亲属丧痛反应,对安宁疗护护士职业丧痛关注较少,评估及支持不足。现对国内外安宁疗护护士职业丧痛情况进行综述,以期为安宁疗护护士的职业丧痛干预提供理论参考和实践指导。
职业丧痛与职业悲伤(professional grief)含义有所区别,但在目前研究中存在概念混用现象。职业悲伤是护士因病人死亡引发的情绪反应,包括悲伤、自责等[16]。职业丧痛指护士因病人死亡产生的丧失体验,与职业角色和情感投入相关[10],影响涉及认知、行为、生理等层面,甚至可引发免疫系统和内分泌变化。
在现代医学理念下,护患关系日益紧密,对病人健康状况的情感投入已成为一种趋势。尽管这种趋势加强了护患间的情感纽带,但对安宁疗护护士而言,其面对病人疾病、死亡等时需应对复杂情绪反应[17],与一般丧亲体验不同,职业丧痛具有职业特异性,表现为情感疏离、睡眠障碍和职业认同危机等[18],核心特征是对死亡场景的侵入性回忆和存在性焦虑,且与病人关系越密切,照护时间越长,丧痛情绪越强烈[19]。安宁疗护领域职业丧痛普遍存在[20],Papadatou等[21]通过对63名护理临终儿童的护士进行半结构化访谈发现,93%的护士在病人死亡后经历丧痛。护士在面对生死问题时易受到悲伤情绪影响[22],但这种情感脆弱性常被低估,未得到公众的广泛认知和接受[23]。
安宁疗护护士作为一线工作者,常处于充满压力和情绪波动的工作环境中,其往往与病人和家属建立长期关系,需持续为病人提供陪伴,关注病人日常需求,并向病人施以关怀,易出现职业倦怠、同情疲劳和职业丧痛等[24-26]。在安宁疗护环境中,个体因频繁接触死亡易遭受累积性丧痛[27],即短时间内连续遭遇多例病人逝世或未处理完先前丧痛又面临新的死亡事件,其特征包括抑郁、焦虑及身体疾病[28],还会导致情绪脱离、工作满意度降低和离职率增加[29]。
职业丧痛受个体与职业因素等综合影响[30-35],包括年龄、性别、职业经验、培训水平、临床工作领域差异、病人年龄特定性、个人丧亲经历、对死亡和临终的信念体系、对悲伤表达及情绪适当性的认知、与病人及其家属的情感纽带和认同感、划定职业角色与情感表达界限的能力、社会心理支持资源可及性、与死亡相关的自我评价及内疚感以及死亡过程质量,尤其是突然死亡、伴随痛苦或因并发症而非疾病本身的死亡。目前,职业丧痛研究成果主要来自欧洲和北美研究者,非西方地区研究有限[36],我国相关数据不足,职业丧痛常被边缘化或未被充分解决[37]。此外,因不同国家组织结构、政治环境、自然条件和社会文化背景存在差异,尚不清楚以上因素对我国安宁疗护工作者职业丧痛的影响情况。
美国精神病学家Kübler-Ross对安宁疗护和死亡研究有开创性贡献,其提出的五阶段哀伤模型包括否认、愤怒、讨价还价、抑郁和接受5个阶段,用于描述临终病人面对死亡的心理变化[38]。该模型于1997年在On death and dying一书中被系统阐述,对心理学、医学和安宁疗护领域影响深远。随后,此模型用于职业丧痛研究,作为理解个体面对病人死亡心理反应的理论框架。护士面对晚期病人死亡时,常承受高压力和焦虑,该模型有利于其识别和应对情绪。Naidoo[39]应用此模型分析重症监护室(ICU)护士面对病人死亡的心理轨迹,结果发现,33%的ICU护士因未妥善处理哀伤而出现职业倦怠,特别是在医疗目标与病人家属冲突时职业倦怠表现明显。Fallek等[40]针对198名跨专业医护人员(包括护士、医生、行政人员、技师等)开展哀伤处理工作坊,干预融合哀伤理论模型,提升了参与者处理病人死亡相关丧痛的能力,验证了医疗机构系统性支持项目的可行性与跨岗位适用性。五阶段哀伤模型可为识别护士哀伤反应提供结构化框架,在高压科室(如ICU、肿瘤科等)进行早期干预较为实用,但因框架固定,存在机械套用、忽视个体独特性的问题。
丹麦学者Papadatou[41]是最早研究护士职业丧痛的学者之一,其认为之前的悲伤和丧亲之痛模型设计重点是病人亲人对病人死亡的感受,非针对医疗专业人员设计,应用于安宁疗护护士适用性不佳,故于2000年开发了职业丧痛过程模型。该模型将丧痛过程解析为4个相互作用的维度,强调动态波动机制的作用。第1个维度是生活方式,涵盖个体信念体系、价值观对死亡的态度、以往的丧亲经历以及应对策略,影响对病人死亡的解读方式;第2个维度是职业规范,指工作环境的组织文化,包括机构目标、对疾病/死亡的集体认知、专业行为规范以及团队支持系统,塑造了表达或压抑悲伤的“合法性”空间;第3个维度是经历悲伤,表现为丧失体验,具体包括情感宣泄、认知反思或仪式化行为;第4个维度是避免/压抑悲伤,通过情感隔离、认知转移或社交回避等手段暂时脱离悲伤状态。该模型核心观点在于提出悲伤并非线性阶段,而是一个持续波动的过程,在“经历悲伤”与“避免或压抑悲伤”之间反复摇摆。约翰霍普金斯儿童中心(Johns Hopkins Children's Center)的儿科安宁疗护团队[42]为应对医护人员照护危重患儿的累积性丧痛,基于Papadatou职业丧痛过程模型实施丧亲辅导会,减轻了医护人员情感负荷。张正敏等[43]以Papadatou职业丧痛过程模型的避免/压抑哀伤维度为核心,结合我国文化语境中“情感抑制”的职业规范,构建本土化ICU护士职业死亡回避量表,其Cronbach's α系数为0.953,信效度良好。
Stroebe双过程模型(dual process model of coping with bereavement,DPM)[44]是解释人们应对丧亲之痛的理论框架,其核心观点为个体面对失去会经历损失导向(loss-oriented)和恢复导向(restoration-oriented)两种相互作用的应对过程,二者以一种“振荡”(oscillation)方式动态进行,如护士面临病人去世,既要面对悲伤,又要处理文书工作交接。该模型不仅解释了个体应对策略,还强调动态过程和个体差异的重要性[45]。尽管DPM在安宁疗护领域应用研究取得一定进展,但仍面临挑战,还需在不同文化背景下验证其适用性以及更有效地评估个体在“振荡”过程中的适应性。
Sanders[46]于1985年编制GEI,Lev等[47]于1993年修订形成修订版悲伤体验量表(RGEI),包含忧郁、压力及罪恶感、存在关注、身体症状4个维度,共22个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,从“完全不认同”至“完全认同”依次计1~5分,总分22~110分,得分越高代表悲伤程度越高;量表Cronbach's α系数为0.93。2010年,曾慧嘉等[48]对GEI进行翻译及跨文化调适,形成中文修订版GEI,用于对癌症末期病人家属进行测评。左倩倩等[49-50]将RGEI应用于安宁疗护护士,结果显示量表在该群体中有良好的内部一致性。
Prigerson等[51]于1995年编制ICG,最初用于评估丧亲者的复杂悲伤。量表包含19个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,从“从未”至“总是”依次计0~4分,总分0~76分,得分越高代表症状越严重,总分>25分认为具备复杂悲伤;量表Cronbach's α系数为0.94。目前,ICG已被翻译为挪威语、意大利语、日语等多个版本,多用于安宁疗护领域丧亲者评估[52]。2015年,李梅等[53]将ICG汉化,显示出良好的信效度。Rahmani等[54]将ICG应用于伊朗护士,但目前尚未检索到专门针对安宁疗护护士的验证结果。
Chen等[55]于2022年开发并验证了PBS,用于评估医护工作者因病人死亡引发的职业丧痛反应及长期适应性变化。PBS由短期丧痛反应子量表(PBS-SBR)与累积性全局改变子量表(PBS-AGC)2个子量表构成。PBS-SBR用于评估医护人员在病人去世1周内的职业丧痛水平,包含挫折与创伤、内疚、悲伤、感动4个维度,共17个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,从“根本没有”至“非常强烈”依次计0~4分,总分0~68分,得分越高表示丧痛程度越深;量表Cronbach's α系数为0.960。PBS-AGC用于评价医务人员因病人死亡累积悲伤致个人或职业生活的改变程度,包括新见解、接受局限性、死亡相关的焦虑增加、受病人死亡的影响减少、应对病人死亡能力提升5个维度,共15个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,从“没有”至“有/总是”依次计1~5分,总分15~75分,总分越高表示个人或职业生活改变越大;量表Cronbach's α系数为0.943。因2个子量表测量侧重点不同,会影响对不同人群差异性的评估。未来研究可分别应用子量表研究特定专业群体的特异性结果指标,降低量表复杂性。
Betriana等[56]编制了GSSN,王宇等[57]对GSSN进行汉化。该量表用于测量经历过病人死亡的护士职业悲伤水平,包括情感、认知、行为、生理4个维度,共17个条目,分为2个子量表,悲伤特点子量表共7个条目,悲伤状态子量表共10个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,总分被分为3个水平,<48.46分为正常水平,48.46~58.85分为高水平,>58.85分为严重;量表Cronbach's α系数为0.813,重测信度为0.915,量表水平的内容效度指数为0.980,为临床快速识别护士悲伤状态提供了可靠依据,尤其适用于急诊科、肿瘤科等死亡高暴露科室。
冯如芝等[58]于2023年编制PGS-MPS,用于评估医学研究生在临床实习、病人死亡暴露后的心理反应,识别需干预的高风险人群,为医学院校心理支持体系提供了评估工具。该量表包括情感反应、生理与认知反应、被剥夺的悲伤3个维度,共41个条目,量表模型拟合度均通过严格验证,可为医学教育领域的心理健康干预提供重要依据。目前,PGS-MPS仅在护理研究生中进行了验证,针对安宁疗护领域护士的适用性尚需进一步研究。
目前,我国职业丧痛领域研究尚处起步阶段,现有评估工具多基于亲属丧痛理论制定,忽视了职业的特殊性。安宁疗护护士面临的职业丧痛受个体与职业等多方面因素影响,现有的丧痛评估量表主要针对病人家属、医学研究生、临床医护人员等群体制定,针对安宁疗护护士的评估工具较少。未来应进一步研发符合我国国情的安宁疗护护士职业丧痛评估工具,为精确识别其职业丧痛状况、制定本土化的干预策略提供科学依据。

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2026年第40卷第10期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.028
  • 接收时间:2025-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24
  • 修回日期:2026-04-20
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    1南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 210029
    2南京医科大学第一附属医院

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刘思浚,E-mail:
LIU Sijun, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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