Article(id=1322168967062475157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168481081049284, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=1773763200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159246459, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159246459, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159246459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159246459, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168481081049284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='1425', pageEnd='1616', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159130592, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159130592, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1586, endPage=1591, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168967259607446, articleId=1322168967062475157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema using multimodal technologies, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article systematically reviewed the latest research advances in multimodal technologies for BCRL assessment,including imaging,biophysical,molecular biological,and symptomatological approaches.It provided an in-depth analysis of the fundamental principles,clinical application value,and limitations of various technologies,and further explores the prospects for integrated application of multimodal technologies in early detection and diagnosis of BCRL.The aim is to provide solid theoretical foundations and practical guidance for implementing precision-based,personalized care.

, authors=Liyao SU1, Yancheng WANG1, Yongmei JIN2, authorsList=Liyao SU, Yancheng WANG, Yongmei JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongmei JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168967523848599, articleId=1322168967062475157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=多模态技术评估乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综述影像学、生物物理学、分子生物学及症状学等多模态技术在乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估中的研究进展,深入剖析各类技术的基本原理、临床应用价值及其局限性,并进一步探讨多模态技术在乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿早期检测与诊断中的整合应用前景,旨在为实施精准化、个性化护理提供了坚实的理论依据和实践指导。

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苏丽垚,硕士研究生在读

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金咏梅,E-mail:
JIN Yongmei, E-mail:
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多模态技术评估乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的研究进展
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苏丽垚 1 , 王燕橙 1 , 金咏梅 2, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(9): 1586-1591
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (9) : 1586 -1591
多模态技术评估乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的研究进展
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苏丽垚1, 王燕橙1, 金咏梅2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学研究生院,上海 201203
  • 2上海中医药大学附属第七人民医院
通讯作者:
金咏梅,E-mail:
JIN Yongmei, E-mail:
作者简介:

苏丽垚,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema using multimodal technologies
Liyao SU1, Yancheng WANG1, Yongmei JIN2
Affiliations
  • 1Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203 China
  • 2The Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.022
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综述影像学、生物物理学、分子生物学及症状学等多模态技术在乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估中的研究进展,深入剖析各类技术的基本原理、临床应用价值及其局限性,并进一步探讨多模态技术在乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿早期检测与诊断中的整合应用前景,旨在为实施精准化、个性化护理提供了坚实的理论依据和实践指导。

乳腺癌  /  淋巴水肿  /  多模态技术  /  早期检测  /  精准护理  /  综述

This article systematically reviewed the latest research advances in multimodal technologies for BCRL assessment,including imaging,biophysical,molecular biological,and symptomatological approaches.It provided an in-depth analysis of the fundamental principles,clinical application value,and limitations of various technologies,and further explores the prospects for integrated application of multimodal technologies in early detection and diagnosis of BCRL.The aim is to provide solid theoretical foundations and practical guidance for implementing precision-based,personalized care.

breast cancer  /  lymphedema  /  multimodal technology  /  early detection  /  precision nursing  /  review
苏丽垚, 王燕橙, 金咏梅. 多模态技术评估乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1586 -1591 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.022
Liyao SU, Yancheng WANG, Yongmei JIN. Research progress on evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema using multimodal technologies[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1586 -1591 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.022
乳腺癌是女性中发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,其死亡率和健康相关生存质量的损害呈逐年上升趋势[1]。据国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)预测,到2050年,全球新发乳腺癌病例将突破320万例,较2022年增长约38%[2]。尽管随着精准医学的发展,病人5年生存率提升至89%,但治疗相关并发症的长期管理仍是肿瘤康复领域面临的重大挑战[3]。乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿(breast cancer-related lymphedema,BCRL)是乳腺癌综合治疗后最常见的慢性并发症之一,具有不可逆的病理进展特征和多维健康损害机制,对病人远期生活质量影响显著[4]。研究显示,约20.6%的病人在术后3年内出现BCRL[5],BCRL不仅表现为患肢肿胀和活动受限,还常伴随疼痛、反复感染及体像障碍等问题,导致病人焦虑、抑郁的发生率较健康人群高,严重削弱肿瘤治疗的整体效果[6-7]。BCRL的病理生理机制复杂,呈多维度、动态演变。手术和放疗所致的淋巴管断裂构成初始损伤因素,随后在转化生长因子-β/(TGF-β)/Smad信号通路的介导下,促纤维化微环境与脂肪细胞异常增生形成正反馈环路,进一步推动组织重塑和淋巴流体力学失衡的发生[8-9]。有研究还发现,Fms相关酪氨酸激酶4(fms-related tyrosine kinase 4,FLT4)基因突变及免疫检查点抑制剂的应用也可能参与BCRL的发生与发展[10-11]。这种高度异质性的病理机制亟须精准、高效的评估技术来实现BCRL的早期诊断与动态监测。然而,传统评估方式存在诸多局限,多数病人出现明显症状后才被确诊,从而错过最佳干预时机[12]。因此,新兴多模态评估体系整合不同技术原理,如结构影像、功能监测、分子标志物以及症状量表的方法,成为提升早期识别、精准分型和连续监测能力的关键策略。现系统梳理BCRL多模态评估技术的研究进展,重点围绕影像学模态、生物物理模态、分子生物学模态及症状学模态进行分类阐述,旨在为优化个体化护理路径提供科学依据和循证支持。
腋窝淋巴结清扫术作为乳腺癌根治性治疗的核心步骤,直接切断了上肢主要淋巴回流路径,导致淋巴引流受阻[13]。有队列研究表明,术中切除≥10枚淋巴结将使淋巴侧支循环建立的概率下降约58%[14]。辅助放疗在破坏肿瘤残留的同时,也会直接损伤术后新生的毛细淋巴管。临床病理学证据显示,≥20 Gy放疗照射使毛细淋巴管密度降至基线的23%,同时伴随管周纤维鞘增厚(82±14)μm,形成不可逆的管腔狭窄[15-16]。上述解剖学结构的代偿差异提示,BCRL评估工具需具备结构可视化功能,以识别淋巴回流障碍和关键狭窄部位。
在分子层面,BCRL呈现复杂的信号通路调控特征。术后并发症可通过激活Toll样受体4(TLR4)信号通路,诱导M1型巨噬细胞分泌白细胞介素(IL)-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α),进而降低淋巴管内皮紧密连接蛋白的表达,使淋巴管渗透性升高3.2倍[17-18]。此外,手术或放疗引发的机械性损伤会激活TGF-β通路,该通路促进成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化,加速胶原蛋白等细胞外基质的异常沉积,导致间质纤维化及淋巴回流阻断[19-20]。在遗传方面,FLT4基因突变会抑制淋巴管内皮细胞的迁移能力,修复效率下降至54%,进而延缓损伤后的组织重建[21-22]。这种分子分型的差异化提示,需开发基于生物标志物的风险评估工具,以指导精准化、个体化的干预策略。
亚临床期水肿的隐匿性和疾病高度异质性是BCRL临床评估的两大核心挑战。传统周径测量法对早期水肿敏感度不足。同时,BCRL在病程进展、症状表现和生理机制等方面的个体差异显著,导致单一评估手段难以全面捕捉疾病[23]。因此,评估工具的开发必须突破传统单维检测的局限,融合影像学结构分析、生物物理功能监测及分子标志物检测的多维评估体系,不仅有助于早期预警和精准分型,还为制定分阶段的护理路径提供了科学支持。
周径测量法作为最基础、最广泛应用的评估工具之一,依据国际淋巴学会(International Society of Lymphology,ISL)标准,通过对比健患侧的肢体周径差对淋巴水肿进行初步筛查与诊断[24]。然而,由于操作标准化不足,不同医疗中心间的诊断一致性仅为68%[25]。为解决该问题,钟可芳等[26]开发了改良测量尺,通过规范测量部位和肢体姿态,将一致性提高至84%。但仍有研究表明,该方法对早期水肿的识别能力有限,其诊断阈值通常为≥5%的体积变化,而早期淋巴液瘀滞所引起的肢体变化往往低于此阈值,导致漏诊风险显著[27]。
体积置换法利用阿基米德原理和肢体排开空气体积变化,包括水置换法和空气置换法两类。其中,水置换法能精准检测出高达0.5%的细微肢体体积变化,无创、无辐射,且病人舒适度评分普遍达8分以上[28];但该方法操作耗时,且不适用于存在开放性伤口的病人,限制了其临床推广。以Perometer为代表的空气置换法则可实现动态体积监测,自动生成趋势分析图及风险预警提示,提升临床决策效率[29];但该设备对环境干扰较为敏感,需每个月校准1次以保证测量精度。在基层医疗机构中,受限于设备成本和技术依从性,定期校准的可行性较低,影响结果的可靠性。
生物电阻抗分析可在临床症状出现前6个月检测到亚临床期水肿,通过评估组织内液体分布异常,识别潜在的淋巴引流障碍,为早期干预争取时间[30]。Shah等[31]研究进一步证实,生物电阻抗分析在亚临床BCRL检测中具有高敏感性与低变异性。有循证证据表明,生物电阻抗分析监测结合预防性干预措施,可显著降低慢性BCRL的发生率[32]。然而,Dylke等[33]指出,生物电阻抗分析结果易受静脉回流障碍等非淋巴因素影响,可能导致假阳性。此外,不同人群的身体成分不同导致电阻抗阈值存在差异,这在一定程度上限制了生物电阻抗分析在不同地区和种族中的推广应用[34]。
诺曼问卷最初基于对256例乳腺癌术后病人的电话随访研究开发,通过Likert 5级评分法结合周径测量进行淋巴水肿风险分层评估[35]。随后,刘瑾等[36]完成了该问卷的汉化与本土化修订,形成中文版诺曼问卷(Chinese-Norman Questionnaire,C-NQ),并纳入328例病人验证其应用效果;研究结果显示,C-NQ在中国人群中的效度良好(r=0.63),适用于BCRL的初步筛查;但相较原版问卷,敏感性降低约12%。该问卷较为依赖病人对患肢大小差异的主观感知,评估结果易受文化背景、教育水平及疾病认知程度等因素的影响,存在一定的偏倚风险。
BCLE-SEI由56个条目组成,涵盖BCRL的生理与心理多维症状评估维度[37]。一项随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)应用该量表评估“The-Optimal-Lymph-Flow”项目对术后淋巴水肿症状的干预效果,结果显示,BCLE-SEI能够敏感反映干预前后的症状变化,为干预疗效评估提供了重要依据[38]。中文版量表的信效度较好,Cronbach's α系数为0.93~0.97,表明该量表具备较好的内部一致性,能够准确评估BCRL症状及其对生活质量的影响[39]。已有研究将BCLE-SEI纳入乳腺癌术后管理流程,结合预防措施和分级干预策略使用,有助于降低淋巴水肿的发生率。
淋巴闪烁造影被广泛认为是评估BCRL的“金标准”[40],其通过放射性示踪剂显像技术可在临床症状出现前6~12个月检测出淋巴回流异常,为干预措施提供关键时间窗。Jung等[41]研究证实,淋巴闪烁造影不仅可评估淋巴系统功能状态,还可辅助判断治疗效果及预后趋势。然而,Devoogdt等[42]研究指出,在无明显症状的病人中,21%~35%存在淋巴闪烁造影图像结构异常,但实际无淋巴功能障碍,提示其假阳性率偏高,可能导致过度干预或误诊。此外,该技术操作流程复杂,对设备和人员经验依赖性强,限制了其在常规临床中的广泛应用。
MRI具备高分辨率和多序列成像能力,能够清晰描绘淋巴管的解剖结构、周围组织的纤维化程度及软组织间的液体分布情况[43]。相较淋巴闪烁造影,MRI在图像质量、淋巴水肿检出率以及软组织微结构变化的敏感性方面更具优势[44]。此外,MRI还可通过功能成像技术监测淋巴液流动,为评估淋巴功能状态提供更多信息。然而,Mayrovitz[45]研究指出,12%~15%的乳腺癌病人因接受放疗后植入金属标志物或心脏起搏器而无法接受MRI检查,在一定程度上限制了其适用范围。
红外三维成像技术通过红外传感器阵列以每秒15帧速率捕捉患肢表面形态变化,并结合多视角图像重建与深度学习算法,实现肢体体积变化的三维量化分析。美国一项乳腺综合中心的研究首次验证该技术与传统卷尺法测量结果高度相关,且操作简便、耗时较短[46]。尽管如此,该设备成本较高,单次检测费用约为传统方法的3~5倍,限制了其在基层医疗机构中的推广应用。一项多中心研究发现,同一病人使用不同品牌红外设备进行体积测量时,结果差异可达5%~8%,影响分期判断的一致性[47]。此外,红外三维成像主要反映肢体表面轮廓和总体积变化,因此不宜作为淋巴水肿监视的唯一依据[48]。
尽管传统影像与物理测量方法在BCRL评估中应用广泛,但其对疾病本质的动态分析变化反映有限。近年来,血清生物标志物作为淋巴功能异常的早期预警信号备受关注。可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体-3(sVEGFR-3)是淋巴管生成的关键调控因子,其血清水平变化与淋巴系统功能密切相关[49]。Kuonqui等[50]研究表明,术前VEGFR-3信号通路功能基线差异或激活异常可能显著增加BCRL发生风险。动物模型和初步临床研究也显示,发生BCRL的病人血清sVEGFR-3水平较未发生者高约1.5倍。
炎症相关因子(如IL-6)亦被证实在BCRL进展中发挥重要作用。IL-6水平升高常提示局部炎症反应加剧,可能参与促进组织纤维化和淋巴回流障碍的形成[51]。Vang[52]的研究表明,一系列血浆细胞因子及趋化因子可作为识别BCRL高风险病人的潜在生物标志物。进一步研究发现,血清IL-6水平与患肢肿胀程度呈正相关,提示其可作为反映水肿严重程度及疾病进展的参考指标[53]。
在遗传层面,FLT4基因突变可引起VEGFR-3受体酪氨酸激酶结构异常,导致淋巴管内皮细胞迁移能力下降约54%,显著增加BCRL的发生风险[54]。通过术前进行靶向基因筛查可识别高危个体,进而实施个体化的预防性淋巴引流手术或干预方案。第二代高通量测序技术(next generation sequencing,NGS)的发展为FLT4等候选基因的突变筛查提供了高灵敏度和高特异性的检测手段,有望未来为BCRL的早期诊断和靶向治疗提供精准分子基础。
为实现BCRL的精准化与个体化管理,评估策略需紧密结合疾病的阶段性特征与病理异质性,依托分阶段路径设计与多模态数据整合,建立高效、科学的评估体系。在护理实践中,评估工具的合理选择应与干预措施紧密结合,从而最大程度改善病人的长期预后与生活质量。
术后早期是BCRL的亚临床阶段,病变尚未表现为明显水肿,护理目标以早期筛查与预防性干预为主[55]。该阶段建议联合使用BCLE-SEI与生物电阻抗分析工具,以提升敏感性与早期识别能力。Du等[38]的随机对照研究表明,基于BCLE-SEI联合生物电阻抗分析的阶梯式评估模式可将慢性BCRL的发生率降低42%(RR=0.58),生物电阻抗分析能检测尚未形成外观异常的淋巴引流障碍,而BCLE-SEI则可筛查出存在较高心理压力(OR=2.17)的高风险个体。临床实践中,护理人员可使用BCLE-SEI筛查焦虑评分≥4分的病人,安排专科护士每周开展心理支持干预。同时,结合生物电阻抗分析提供的实时电抗阻数据,动态监测肢体状态,辅助判断术后淋巴系统代偿与液体分布,提前实施预防性干预,如穿戴压迫套袖、功能锻炼指导等。
当病人进入确诊阶段,护理重点转向个体化方案制定,依赖淋巴水肿的分型特征开展分层管理。该阶段推荐淋巴闪烁造影与MRI联合应用,以实现功能与结构的互补评估。淋巴闪烁造影可动态显示淋巴回流障碍及阻断位点,辅助精准定位手法引流区域;MRI凭借高分辨率优势可区分组织纤维化与脂肪增生,为制定抗纤维化治疗或脂肪抽吸术方案提供依据[56]。研究表明,基于分型的干预可使纤维化型BCRL病人水肿体积缩小32%,脂肪增生型病人复发率下降41%[57]。护理措施需因型而异,对纤维化型病人应强化对抗纤维化药物的依从性管理,密切监测其不良反应;对脂肪增生型病人则需进行术前心理干预、术后伤口护理及康复训练,配合康复科制定个体化功能锻炼方案[58]。同时,护理团队可联合康复、营养等多学科制定综合干预计划,如结合低盐饮食与淋巴引流按摩,协同减轻间质压力,提升干预效果。
进入长期随访阶段后,护理重点应聚焦于疾病进展监测与病人自我管理能力的提升。红外三维成像通过深度学习算法与图像重建技术,精准评估肢体形态变化,可有效帮助护士动态评估肢体形态变化。结合血清标志物检测,可进一步识别高复发风险病人,实现个体化随访频率调整与健康教育干预。Vang等[59]研究显示,整合血浆细胞因子水平与近红外荧光淋巴成像可有效预测BCRL的发生与再发风险。针对高风险人群,护理人员应加强远程管理平台的使用,指导病人进行居家肢体周径测量、记录症状变化,并在复发倾向出现前即时调整护理策略。
本研究系统梳理了BCRL评估工具的研究进展,构建了涵盖结构-功能-分子三维度的综合评估框架,并提出了基于风险分层的分阶段、阶梯式评估路径。通过整合多模态数据,可为临床护理决策提供科学依据,推动BCRL管理模式的精细化转型。考虑到基层医疗机构资源有限,未来研究应聚焦于低成本、高灵敏度的简易评估工具开发,优化生物电阻抗分析使用策略、推广标准化周径测量方法,并加强远程评估系统建设。同时,需通过多学科协作团队整合专业资源,制定涵盖筛查-诊断-干预-随访全周期的标准化流程,推动管理策略从单一的症状缓解向精细化、预防为主的健康管理模式转变,推动医疗管理模式的创新发展。

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2026年第40卷第9期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.022
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
  • 修回日期:2026-03-18
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    1上海中医药大学研究生院,上海 201203
    2上海中医药大学附属第七人民医院

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金咏梅,E-mail:
JIN Yongmei, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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