Article(id=1322168572818866975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168481081049284, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749484800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-10, revisedDate=1768752000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159152464, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159152464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159152464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159152464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168481081049284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='1425', pageEnd='1616', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159130592, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159130592, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1579, endPage=1585, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168573028582176, articleId=1322168572818866975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Application progress on just-in-time adaptive interventions in the management of diabetic patients, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article reviewed the concept,theoretical basis,current research status,and application of just-in-time adaptive intervention(JITAI) in diabetic patients,and provides future prospects.It aims to offering references for improving the prognosis of diabetic patients.

, authors=Qiaoyu LIU1, 2, Jiewei HUANG1, 2, authorsList=Qiaoyu LIU, Jiewei HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiewei HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168573317989153, articleId=1322168572818866975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=即时适配干预在糖尿病病人管理中的应用进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对即时适配干预(just-in-time adaptive intervention,JITAI)的概念、理论依据、研究现状、在糖尿病病人中的应用进行综述,并展望未来,以期为改善糖尿病病人的预后提供参考。

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刘荞瑀,护士,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄洁微,E-mail:
HUANG Jiewei, E-mail:
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刘荞瑀,护士,硕士研究生在读

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刘荞瑀,护士,硕士研究生在读

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即时适配干预在糖尿病病人管理中的应用进展
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刘荞瑀 1, 2 , 黄洁微 1, 2, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(9): 1579-1585
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (9) : 1579 -1585
即时适配干预在糖尿病病人管理中的应用进展
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刘荞瑀,护士,硕士研究生在读

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刘荞瑀1, 2, 黄洁微1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1暨南大学护理学院,广东 510632
  • 2暨南大学附属第一医院
通讯作者:
黄洁微,E-mail:
HUANG Jiewei, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘荞瑀,护士,硕士研究生在读

Application progress on just-in-time adaptive interventions in the management of diabetic patients
Qiaoyu LIU1, 2, Jiewei HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632 China
  • 2The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.021
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对即时适配干预(just-in-time adaptive intervention,JITAI)的概念、理论依据、研究现状、在糖尿病病人中的应用进行综述,并展望未来,以期为改善糖尿病病人的预后提供参考。

糖尿病  /  即时适配干预  /  自我管理  /  综述

This article reviewed the concept,theoretical basis,current research status,and application of just-in-time adaptive intervention(JITAI) in diabetic patients,and provides future prospects.It aims to offering references for improving the prognosis of diabetic patients.

diabetes  /  just-in-time adaptive intervention  /  self-management  /  review
刘荞瑀, 黄洁微. 即时适配干预在糖尿病病人管理中的应用进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1579 -1585 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.021
Qiaoyu LIU, Jiewei HUANG. Application progress on just-in-time adaptive interventions in the management of diabetic patients[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1579 -1585 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.021
糖尿病是一种代谢性疾病,其常见表现是血糖水平升高,由多种病因导致胰岛素分泌和作用紊乱,进而使各种组织和器官损伤或功能障碍,极大地影响病人的生活质量[1-2]。国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)数据显示,至2045年全球20~79岁的糖尿病患病人数将达到7.83亿人,据统计至2021年已有超过670万人死于糖尿病并发症[3]。尽管有研究显示良好的糖尿病管理对延缓或减少并发症的发生发展具有重要意义[4],但管理的情况仍然不理想。因此,不少国内外研究者针对这一问题,利用移动健康技术[5-6]、医院-社区-病人三级联动健康教育[7-8]、强化自我效能感的心理干预[9-10]等多种传统干预手段对糖尿病病人展开了研究,但结果显示存在病人参与度低,血糖水平控制不佳等问题。除此以外,干预过程中还容易出现干预不充分、不适配等情况[11]。但随着近年来交叉学科的发展,护理领域引入了计算机科学的前沿技术,构建了即时适配干预策略(just-in-time adaptive intervention,JITAI)[12],通过可穿戴设备、智能程序、生态瞬时评估、自我报告等技术评估个体最需要或最适宜接受干预的时机,并根据实时反馈和瞬时评估调整干预的类型、强度和频率,具有即时性、适配性、动态性、精准性和高适用性等特点。这一干预策略不仅弥补了传统干预的低参与度、干预不充分、不适配等缺点,还能产生更显著的个性化精准干预效果[13]。因此,对JITAI的概念、理论基础、研究现状以及其在糖尿病管理中的应用进行综述,并展望未来,以期为改善糖尿病病人的预后提供参考。
JITAI是一种微随机试验设计,实时监测和调整个人、特定和不断变化的环境,目标是在个人最需要和最有可能接受的时机提供精准的支持[14]。JITAI的结局包括近端结局和远端结局,近端结局是阶段性目标,远端结局是干预的最终目标,有适配变量、决策点、干预选项和决策规则4个组分[11,15]。
适配变量是动态评估病人状态的指标,主要用于触发干预时机,有基线适配变量、过程适配变量、生理指标、行为活动指标、心理指标和情境指标等适应变量。以糖尿病病人为例,基线适配变量是病人疾病最初特征,过程适配变量是干预过程监测的指标(如实时血糖水平),生理指标即血糖水平,行为活动指标即活动量,心理指标即抑郁量表评分,情境指标即社会支持水平。
决策点是根据适配变量值确定的是否实施干预的时间点,即个体最适宜或最需接受干预的时机[11]。如1例糖尿病病人餐后2 h血糖为20 mmol/L,识别到此时是病人最需接受干预的时机,即决策点。
干预选项是系统提供的干预行动或策略,并根据病人需求、目标和情境灵活调整。实施方式分为主动干预和被动干预。如1例糖尿病病人血糖偏高,在决策点提供信息推送饮食和运动建议等主动干预或医护人员根据系统数据采取措施等被动干预。
决策规则是何时为谁提供何种最佳干预选项的标准化规则。如1例糖尿病病人餐后血糖偏高且久坐时,系统将会推送运动提醒,决策规则即为糖尿病病人在高血糖且久坐时提供运动的干预选项。
微随机试验是根据理论、个体行为和当前环境确定干预过程中的决策点,对参与者进行随机分组,确定各干预组分的因果效应[16],既能分析不同个体同一干预选项间的结果,还可分析同一个体在不同决策点干预的差异。
健康信念模型是干预个体知觉、态度和信念等来改变个体行为,包括以下6个核心部分[17-18]。1)感知易感性:对所患疾病或面临风险的主观评估;2)感知严重性:对疾病或健康问题导致生理、心理及社会后果的严重程度评估;3)感知益处:采取某健康行为后个体获得的积极信念;4)感知障碍:对采取健康行为时可能遇到困难、成本或负面影响的评估;5)感知自我效能:相信自身完成并维持某种健康行为的能力;6)行动线索:触发个体采取健康行为的相关因素。
保护动机理论主要关注个体面对健康威胁时的评估过程,包括威胁评估和应对评估[19]。威胁评估包括严重性和易感性,应对评估包括反应效能和自我效能[20]。
计划行为理论的核心是行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制[21]。行为态度是个体对行为结果的评价;主观规范是个体感知家人对行为改变的看法;知觉行为控制是个体对自己能否改变行为的自信程度[22]。
信息-动机-行为模型是一种能有效促进病人行为改变、提升病人健康状态的理论模型[23]。该模型认为不健康行为的改变需要满足信息、动机、行为技能3个条件。1)信息指与不健康行为或健康行为的相关知识,是个体改变的前提;2)动机包括内在驱动因素和外在驱动因素,内在驱动是个体对改变不健康行为的态度与信念;外在因素则是社会支持等,动机是促使个体改变的动力;3)行为技能是实施改变不健康行为所具备的能力与外界环境支持,是改变的直接因素[24]。
生态瞬时评估是在自然环境中对受试者的实时行为和体验进行重复采样,实时评估受试者的健康行为,具有时效性和生态性的特点[25]。生态瞬时评估最初对病人的评估通常依赖于书面日记、电话等病人的回顾性自我报告,回忆偏倚较大。随着移动技术的发展,生态瞬时评估发展到使用生物传感器技术来定期评估受试者或受试者生活中的特定事件[26]。传统形式的生态瞬时评估最初用于成瘾物质的研究,随后吴静将生态瞬时评估引入护理领域,生态瞬时评估运用于JITAI中能更精确地捕捉个体的实时行为、情境信息、情绪、意识等,克服回顾性自我报告的局限性。
JITAI更多用于预防不良健康结局,已在多个健康行为改变领域进行实施和试点测试,如减少有害物质的使用、改善心理健康和促进身体活动等领域。
有害物质是指烟草、酒精等。减少有害物质的使用不仅有利于个体的身心健康,还可以给家庭和社会减轻负担[27]。
常用的戒烟方式是药物治疗和电子烟替代治疗,但研究表明电子烟替代治疗和药物治疗的经济成本高,可行性、可接受性较低,因此低收入群体的吸烟率较高收入高约12%[28]。不少研究者为了帮助低收入群体戒烟,采用移动医疗的方式来调整和测试戒烟干预措施的有效性[29]。Landais等[30]基于信息-动机-行为理论针对低收入戒烟群体的特点个性化定制滚动式适应性干预,通过同伴分享经验和专家传递知识强化该群体戒烟动机,利用奖励机制提升该人群的自我效能感,指导个体选择健康饮食或体育活动等低成本的尼古丁替代疗法等。较其他研究的优势是:参与者可以根据自身情况灵活选择戒烟节奏,最终研究结束时显示得到高达50%低收入者戒烟,较互联网干预8%的戒烟率有了大幅提升[31],认为滚动式适应性干预比互联网干预更有效。与Landais等[30]结果不同,Yang等[32]认为基于互联网的JITAI较适应性滚动组干预更有效、更完善。Landais等[30]的研究仅根据低收入群体特点定制干预措施,而Yang等[32]的研究通过自我报告和研究经验确定高压力等脆弱时刻为适应变量,通过生物传感器监测脆弱时刻达到决策点阈值触发呼吸、想法、感觉、接受和渴望等正念激励策略或尼古丁贴片干预选项,最终研究达到38%的戒烟率。更重要的是,受试者表示对该干预设计有较高的接受性,并认为该方式有更强的可行性与推广性。分析两者分歧的原因:首先,Landais等[30]关注重点低收入老年群体,老年人退休后时间较年轻人多,接受干预的机会也更多,面对繁忙工作的年轻人接受该干预的可能性较小。而Yang等[32]的JITAI有广泛性、灵活性等特点,不受时间、地点的限制,因此可纳入的人群更多。其次,Landais等[30]在干预过程中忽略了压力这一关键因素,Yang等[32]则通过穿戴传感器检测压力等级和吸烟行为等脆弱时刻,通过数据分析应用程序发送正念等措施帮助戒烟。虽然两者的干预措施都有效,但JITAI的设计更广泛、灵活和个性,此外,还有研究也证明了该干预的可行性和可接受性[33-34]。
Walters等[35-37]均开发了JITAI的应用程序,通过经验、既往研究和自我报告确定饮酒冲动、消极情绪和酒精可及性等饮酒风险因素为适配变量,利用生物传感器或智能应用程序生态瞬时评估以上风险因素适配变量。Walters等[35]设计在即时监测到的高饮酒风险决策点向分为不同饮酒风险等级的无家可归者个性化匹配饮酒目标,如低饮酒风险个体将收到从事健康行为的1级消息;针对即将饮酒风险的个体将收到2级信息,即保持清醒的饮酒目标;高即将饮酒风险个体将收到3级或4级的专注动机、避开易引发饮酒想法的人或地点的消息提醒。Bae等[36]则设计应用程序预测年轻人酗酒事件的发生,Lee等[37]设计的应用程序旨在减少在校大学生的饮酒频率。虽然以上研究的人群不尽相同,但研究结果均表明JITAI应用程序降低饮酒行为的可行性与有效性,但不少研究对象认为干预措施缺少个性化、传感器捕捉饮酒风险适配变量的能力有限、生态瞬时评估收集数据频繁致参与者负担重等,提示研究者还要不断优化JITAI技术。
相关研究表明,导致不良心理健康结局的主要原因是压力[38],因此旨在减轻压力的JITAI不断出现,其有效性得到了显现。Schenkel等[39]研究表明,JITAI基于智能应用程序能减轻个体压力,而Carlozzi等[40-41]则完善Schenkel等[39]研究,适配变量由提前佩戴生物传感器获得的活动与睡眠数据确定,生态瞬时评估评分监测决策点,即时推送活动或情绪等激励信息,结果表明JITAI较传统压力管理更具个性性和精准性。此外,Tauseef等[42-43]研究证明JITAI在有自杀倾向个体身上能产生更大的即时效应。但是目前JITAI更多应用在减轻压力和改善消极情绪方面,在自杀方面探讨较少,未来研究者可以深入探究JITAI对预防自杀的效果。
每天身体活动有利于保持健康,因此旨在促进身体活动、减少久坐的JITAI持续出现。Hardeman等[44]研究证明了JITAI对减少久坐、促进身体活动的有效性。Robles等[45]的研究还针对黑人群体开发了一款根据日期、时间和天气情况定制的应用程序,结果表明黑人群体对推送的个性化身体活动建议接受度较高,但研究对象代表性较差。研究者未来需关注更多更广泛人群,提高不同人群对JITAI的使用。
JITAI在减少有害物质的使用、改善心理健康和促进身体活动等方面展现出了极强的有效性,而酒精和烟草等有害物质的使用、不足的身体活动和不良情绪等也是导致糖尿病的关键因素[46]。不少研究者在糖尿病病人饮食、运动、心理等方面开展研究,利用JITAI帮助糖尿病病人走出管理疾病的困境。
饮食管理是糖尿病管理的重要切入口,而JITAI通过管理食物成分摄入可以达到有效控制血糖的目标。如Hilmarsdóttir等[47]通过移动应用程序监测饮食、活动、压力和血脂等来触发正向激励、信息指导等个性化干预,结果表明糖尿病病人能基于智能应用程序的JITAI在6个月内养成合理的饮食、生活方式。但该研究的应用程序不是专门为糖尿病病人所设计,参与的糖尿病病人较少,是否能够推广还需研究者深入探讨。此外,该应用程序需要手动输入活动数据等,对个体的自律有所考验,坚持全程研究的个体较少,未来需要研究者使用更智能的程序主动与被动收集数据来监测糖尿病病人的各项数据。Kamei等[48]的系统评价中对可穿戴设备和智能程序的有效性进行了回顾,结果显示佩戴可穿戴设备远程监测血糖、饮食的糖尿病病人比未佩戴可穿戴设备进行监测的病人血糖控制得更好,从实时饮食摄入等方面的反馈中获益更多。孕前肥胖和孕中体重增加被证明是妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的重要危险因素[49]。而Sparks等[50]的研究显示,运用精确响应算法识别妊娠期糖尿病的风险等级有助于降低妊娠期糖尿病发展的风险。该研究利用蓝牙连接的智能应用程序与设备中的实时信息监测不同风险等级妊娠期糖尿病病人的体重、营养、活动等数据,在医师的监控下针对不同情况的妊娠期糖尿病病人推送个性化的干预选项,如为从事高压工作、活动较多、高热量饮食的个体推送间隔减少相关高热量食物摄入的警告弹窗提示选项,持续评估妊娠期糖尿病病人对营养、活动等不同干预措施的阳性血糖反应,以实时调整目标设定和自我调节等多个行为改变干预措施,以达到控制妊娠期血糖的目标,但该研究的研究人群是妊娠24周行妊娠期糖尿病检测后确诊的病人,孕前或孕早期的个体开始JITAI较少,后续研究者可对孕早期个体干预以此减少妊娠期糖尿病发生风险。尽管上述研究都证明了实时反馈干预对于糖尿病饮食管理的有效性,但Sparks等[50]的研究在Hilmarsdóttir等[47-48]研究基础上进行改进,根据个体接受干预措施的阳性血糖反应作为适配变量,以阳性血糖变化幅度为决策点调整干预方式、剂量和强度。Sparks等[50]的研究展现出了JITAI较其他移动技术更强大的即时性和适配性两大优势,在饮食管理中展现出独特优势,为后续研究者提供了新的探究方向。
适度的运动对于预防或延缓糖尿病并发症至关重要,而JITAI在运动管理中的有效性已得到证实。Novak等[51]利用Fitbit 活动追踪器检测到的特定身体活动为适配变量,在检测到特定身体活动持续一定时间的决策点触发活动方式与强度的建议,如检测到病人久坐30 min系统会在该决策点触发起身活动的干预选项,警告弹窗和短信提醒促进糖尿病病人做出持续的活动方式、强度的改变。Hietbrink等[52]的研究在Novak等[51]的基础上进行了完善,研究表明基于生态瞬时评估驱动的JITAI能达到病人维持轻中度剧烈身体活动的远端目标。该研究根据慢性病病人健康生活方式的促进因素与障碍因素为依据确定个体的活动、位置、情绪、整体状况,当天的天气和渴望等变量为适配变量,根据病人对生态瞬时评估问题的回答确定决策点,并给予培养技能、激励、促进反思和提供鼓励等个性化干预选项,结果表明糖尿病病人对JITAI有较高的接受性,但部分病人表示生态瞬时评估的问题还需要根据个体特殊性进行改进,比如完善评估方法得到准确的决策点、利用强化学习提供个性化建议、整合多种干预策略等。尽管上述研究的适配变量不一致,但结果都说明了JITAI在运动管理中有较高的可行性与可接受性。该研究也提示研究者未来在进行JITAI研究时确定适配变量要综合考量多个因素,尽可能地纳入更丰富的适配变量,旨在为研究对象提供更准备的干预。此外,受试者对生态瞬时评估的问题存在分歧,部分受试者认为问题多、耗时长,偏向回答社会理想的答案,因此对系统推送的干预选项信任度低,对干预措施的依从性也随之降低;还有部分受试者希望开放式回答问题等。未来研究者应综上问题完善JITAI的设计,以获得更好的干预效果。
糖尿病病人易出现焦虑、抑郁等消极情绪,而JITAI在改善焦虑、抑郁等消极情绪的有效性已得到证实。Teepe等[53]对市面上众多的JITAI应用程序进行了检测,发现大多数的程序都以脆弱性和接受性状态为适配变量,大多数都使用自我报告获得活动、情绪、无益的信念等的数据触发决策点提供避免在家、倾听音乐等干预选项。研究发现大多数应用程序仅使用自我报告来测量适配变量,不足以充分利用JITAI的潜力。尽管有少数应用程序使用了生物传感器测量适配变量,但仅将其作为JITAI的一部分,未充分利用该功能来定制干预选项,提示未来研究者应充分利用自我报告和传感器的功能,对个体进行实时测量并定制干预方式、时间、强度等。Bögemann等[54]的研究调查JITAI对心理弹性的作用,与Teepe等[53]研究中的应用程序不同,该研究以心理压力和生理压力为适配变量,在两者较高的时刻触发干预选项,结果显示随着JITAI干预个体压力源状况逐渐降低。Bögemann等[54]的研究是一项多中心研究,有丰富的数据支撑,能为未来的研究提供信息。虽然上述研究都证实了JITAI在改善焦虑、抑郁情绪中的有效性,但缺乏对糖尿病病人特定群体的研究。Hilmarsdóttir等[47]的研究结果显示,数字化的个性化干预改善糖尿病病人的焦虑抑郁情绪效果不佳,适应性还需要进一步探讨。但Hermanns等[55]对Hilmarsdóttir等[47]的观点进行了反驳,该综述聚焦于糖尿病病人,将血糖控制与不良情绪相关联,以保持良好的血糖水平从而达到改善病人情绪的目标,结果表明JITAI对血糖控制不良病人的消极情绪有更好的改善效果。分析两项研究结果不一致的原因:Hilmarsdóttir等[47]仅仅采用数字化技术干预,而Hermanns等[55]概述的研究普遍是通过研究数据和理论支撑确定病人的血糖、行为、情绪等为适配变量,以生态瞬时评估触发个性化干预选项以此来改善病人情绪。但Hermanns等[55]的回顾性概述还存在缺点,该作者未叙述针对不同病人推送的具体个性化干预选项,完整性欠缺,因此未来研究应注重对整体JITAI设计的叙述。后续研究还发现了JITAI比数字化干预有更突出的改善消极情绪的效果[56],均证明了JITAI在糖尿病管理中的优势。
依赖数据整合、智能算法等多个计算机前沿技术,JITAI最终实现干预措施从“一刀切”到“量体裁衣”的转变,但在多项研究中都显现出不少问题。第一,多评估活动、睡眠等行为数据,缺少生理、生化等生物学数据评估;第二,干预措施缺少特异性;第三,生态瞬时评估对个体动态捕捉慢,评估频率高、模式化[57]。部分个体希望生态瞬时评估问题是开放式回答,部分个体希望是耗时较少的封闭式回答。就以上问题而言,后续研究者要优化JITAI设计。首先,未来可引入深度学习系统[58],不仅能深度学习个体活动、生理生化等多维数据构建独特JITAI评估体系,还能提升生态瞬时评估的捕捉速度与精度,实现精准的行为引导。其次,深度学习多维数据时要注意对隐私数据的保护,设计者可引入联邦机器学习技术[59],不仅能使干预选项的特异性提高,还能保护数据隐私安全。最后,JITAI设计和使用用户意见两条轨道并重,所以研究者指导受试者首次使用JITAI系统时采集个体对生态瞬时评估评估方式的意见,为个体匹配适当的评估方式。综上所述,相信融入深度学习、联邦学习等相关技术,JITAI能够更完善、有效,有望实现主动、精准的干预。
JITAI更多应用在戒烟、戒酒、促进身体活动等健康促进领域。近年来,高度灵活性、即时性的JITAI健康促进-疾病管理-康复支持的护理模式,帮助护理从传统思维转变到以病人为中心,高效推动护理工作开展,实现精准护理[60],使健康第一责任人的理念深入人心。从个人来说,虽然JITAI与移动健康技术结合使更多人参与到健康促进过程中,但老年群体参与度仍然不高,融入数字化时代仍然是个问题[61],提示未来研究者可引入语音引导、触觉反馈、简化应用程序等措施降低智能应用程序的使用门槛和操作复杂度,帮助老年人更顺利融入数字化时代。从社会来说,JITAI还可成为预测社会健康的指标。如管理部门整合糖尿病病人的活动、饮食、身体状况等多维度数据,联系糖尿病前期数据,生成区域化糖尿病风险预警,成为预测糖尿病发生发展的工具[62]。虽然JITAI在糖尿病管理领域已有许多研究,但护理研究者仍需深挖JITAI价值,以临床实践中的痛点、难点为着力点,把健康第一责任人从理念转变为行动。
将穿戴传感器、边缘计算、生成式人工智能等前沿技术与JITAI结合起来应用于护理领域,促进护理与多学科融合,颠覆传统研究视角,推动护理向整体健康转变。未来护理需与多学科融合更紧密,护理研究者要掌握相关算法等核心技术,还要吸纳计算机专业人才,与计算机专业人才共建团队,完善组织框架,确保团队在工作中能为病人提供相应的技术服务。研究者不能仅停留在“血糖监测-胰岛素调节”上,更应充分发挥JITAI的即时性和适配性等优点实现疾病全轨迹管理,创新护理研究方向和维度要求。
JITAI是动态评估-实时干预-自适应调整的逻辑,实时监测和调整个人、环境提供最优健康支持。近年来JITAI的应用场景从吸烟、酗酒等不健康人群到精神疾病病人,再到吸毒等边缘群体,其干预展现出了强大的生命力,其有效性也得到验证。在护理领域,JITAI以数据为着力点,推动护理决策从“经验驱动”到“数据驱动”,极大提高了护理干预的精准性和预见性。提示临床工作者要与时俱进,加强理解和学习实时反馈、相关计算机决策模型等知识,同时还要深化以病人为中心的护理理念。由于护理与计算机科学等多学科的交叉融合,JITAI实现了精准整体护理并促进多学科融合发展,提示临床工作者需要主动学习,打破学科壁垒,创新研究维度,为国家护理事业发展提供新的发展机遇。此外,JITAI在国外应用得更广泛,国内应用较少,要在国内推广该干预方法,需要强大的经济与人才支撑,并需要在JITAI中融入我国中医学科的前沿技术与理论,开发本土化JITAI框架。此外,我国护理工作者应在护理实践中不断实现JITAI技术普惠性与文化适应性的双重突破,推进应用在多个疾病领域,为病人提供全轨迹的整体护理。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.021
  • 接收时间:2025-06-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10
  • 修回日期:2026-01-19
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    1暨南大学护理学院,广东 510632
    2暨南大学附属第一医院

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