Article(id=1322169084616233231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749916800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-15, revisedDate=1774713600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159274486, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159274486, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159274486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159274486, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1339, endPage=1347, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322169086524641552, articleId=1322169084616233231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research on the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning based on the Q methodology, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning based on the Q methodology.

Methods

Using the Q methodology,by constructing Q samples,selecting P samples,conducting Q sorting and Q analysis,the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning was sorted and classified.

Results

A total of 25 patients with advanced cancer were included.Their participating attitudes towards advance care planning were classified into four types:guidance need type,active participation type,family-centered type,and cultural avoidance type.

Conclusions

The participating attitudes of each type of patients towards advance care planning were different.Targeted intervention measures could be formulated based on the relevant attitudes types.

, authors=Qingyi LI1, 2, Yanlei SHENG1, 2, Luhong HU2, Lisi ZHU2, Yang YANG2, Jie LI2, Xinyu LIU1, 2, Qianyun WANG2, Yanli WU2, authorsList=Qingyi LI, Yanlei SHENG, Luhong HU, Lisi ZHU, Yang YANG, Jie LI, Xinyu LIU, Qianyun WANG, Yanli WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Luhong HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HU Luhong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322169087124427027, articleId=1322169084616233231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=基于Q方法的晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划参与态度研究, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索晚期癌症病人参与预立医疗照护计划的态度。

方法

结合Q方法,通过构建Q样本、选择P样本,进行Q排序、Q分析,对晚期癌症病人参与预立医疗照护计划的态度进行排序与分类。

结果

纳入25例晚期癌症病人,对于预立医疗照护计划参与态度分为指导需求型、主动参与型、家庭中心型、文化回避型4类。

结论

各类型病人参与预立医疗照护计划态度不同,可根据相关态度类型制定针对性的干预措施。

, authors=李清怡1, 2, 盛艳蕾1, 2, 胡露红2, *, *, 朱利思2, 杨阳2, 李洁2, 刘馨语1, 2, 王倩云2, 吴燕丽2, authorsList=李清怡, 盛艳蕾, 胡露红, 朱利思, 杨阳, 李洁, 刘馨语, 王倩云, 吴燕丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡露红, authorNote=

李清怡,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡露红,E-mail:
HU Luhong, E-mail:
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planning for older people with cancer and its implications in Asia:highlighting the mental capacity and relational autonomy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530879235276977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=7, pageStart=814, pageEnd=823, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=YEOH L H, TAN B, RHEE J, journalName=The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YEOH L H,TAN B,RHEE J,et al.Attitudes and perceptions on advance care planning among Chinese-speaking older australians[J].The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care,2024,41(7):814-823., articleTitle=Attitudes and perceptions on advance care planning among Chinese-speaking older australians, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530879298191538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=50, issue=9, pageStart=976, pageEnd=989, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=CHENG S Y, LIN C P, CHAN H Y, journalName=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHENG S Y,LIN C P,CHAN H Y,et al.Advance care planning in Asian culture[J].Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology,2020,50(9):976-989., articleTitle=Advance care planning in Asian culture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530879361106099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=25, issue=4, pageStart=362, pageEnd=386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=JOHNSON S, BUTOW P, KERRIDGE I, journalName=Psycho-Oncology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOHNSON S,BUTOW P,KERRIDGE I,et al.Advance care planning for cancer patients:a systematic review of perceptions and experiences of patients,families,and healthcare providers[J].Psycho-Oncology,2016,25(4):362-386., articleTitle=Advance care planning for cancer patients:a systematic review of perceptions and experiences of patients,families,and healthcare providers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530879436603572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=8, pageStart=1181, pageEnd=1185, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=BAR-SELA G, BAGON S, MITNIK I, journalName=Journal of Geriatric Oncology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAR-SELA G,BAGON S,MITNIK I,et al.The perception and attitudes of Israeli cancer patients regarding advance care planning[J].Journal of Geriatric Oncology,2021,12(8):1181-1185., articleTitle=The perception and attitudes of Israeli cancer patients regarding advance care planning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530879549849781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=20, issue=7, pageStart=191, pageEnd=193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=王文, 曹秀莉, 刘丽娟, journalName=心理月刊, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王文,曹秀莉,刘丽娟.叙事护理与安宁疗护对晚期恶性肿瘤患者生活质量的影响[J].心理月刊,2025,20(7):191-193., articleTitle=叙事护理与安宁疗护对晚期恶性肿瘤患者生活质量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530879642124470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=1, pageStart=62, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=JIAO N X, HUSSIN N A M, journalName=Journal of Patient Experience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIAO N X,HUSSIN N A M.End-of-life communication among Chinese elderly in a Malaysian nursing home[J].Journal of Patient Experience,2020,7(1):62-70., articleTitle=End-of-life 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figureFileSmall=kpGjolv2S/bsYOgkgEjgtg==, figureFileBig=A0ptmqXiz1YaHgkJlNApIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530873778487436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Q陈述排序图, figureFileSmall=kpGjolv2S/bsYOgkgEjgtg==, figureFileBig=A0ptmqXiz1YaHgkJlNApIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530873870762125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Interview outline

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序号内容
1您可以讲讲您患病的经历吗?什么时候确诊的?当时有什么感受?
2您曾经听说或了解过预立医疗照护计划吗?如果有,可以请您向我描述一下什么是预立医疗照护计划吗?
3您曾经参与过预立医疗照护计划吗?如果有,可以请您分享一下相关经历吗?
4自您被诊断以来,您有没有想过在生命的最后阶段希望得到什么样的医疗照护?
5您知道目前疾病终末期病人的临终医疗决策通常是如何形成的吗?您认为病人在此过程中可能扮演什么样的角色?
6与目前疾病终末期病人临终医疗决策的形成方式相比,预立医疗照护计划的优点或缺点是什么?
7哪些因素会促进或阻碍您参与预立医疗照护计划呢?
8您未来会选择尝试预立医疗照护计划吗?为什么?
9有什么问题是我没有问到而您想补充说明的吗?
), ArticleFig(id=1322530873929482382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

访谈提纲

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号内容
1您可以讲讲您患病的经历吗?什么时候确诊的?当时有什么感受?
2您曾经听说或了解过预立医疗照护计划吗?如果有,可以请您向我描述一下什么是预立医疗照护计划吗?
3您曾经参与过预立医疗照护计划吗?如果有,可以请您分享一下相关经历吗?
4自您被诊断以来,您有没有想过在生命的最后阶段希望得到什么样的医疗照护?
5您知道目前疾病终末期病人的临终医疗决策通常是如何形成的吗?您认为病人在此过程中可能扮演什么样的角色?
6与目前疾病终末期病人临终医疗决策的形成方式相比,预立医疗照护计划的优点或缺点是什么?
7哪些因素会促进或阻碍您参与预立医疗照护计划呢?
8您未来会选择尝试预立医疗照护计划吗?为什么?
9有什么问题是我没有问到而您想补充说明的吗?
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874000785551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The Q statement of participating attitudes of patients with advanced cancer towards advance care planning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号Q陈述
1我想进行预立医疗照护计划,但不知道如何开始
2应该尽早讨论预立医疗照护计划,为未来做准备
3预立医疗照护计划的讨论时机应该由我和家属共同决定
4过早讨论预立医疗照护计划可能不必要,因为未来具有不确定性
5预立医疗照护计划最好在疾病晚期讨论
6过早谈论预立医疗照护计划可能会引起家庭成员的不适
7目前缺乏讨论预立医疗照护计划相关话题的适宜条件
8我需要专业指导来帮助开始预立医疗照护计划讨论
9我想要进行预立医疗照护计划,希望主导我的医疗决策
10我想与家属、医务人员共同制订预立医疗照护计划
11我倾向于逐步了解病情信息,而不是一次性获知
12由医务人员主导医疗决策是最合适的
13我的医疗决策权应交给我的家属
14当我和家属就治疗问题产生分歧时,希望他们尊重我的决定
15我希望在预立医疗照护计划中明确指定医疗代理人
16预立医疗照护计划应该具有法律效力
17在生命终末阶段,我希望以舒适为主,不接受过度治疗
18即使生命到了终末阶段,我也希望接受积极治疗
19临终阶段的过度治疗可能增加我和家属的痛苦
20我希望明确生命支持治疗的使用意愿
21我希望制定疼痛管理方案
22我关注临终阶段的精神心理支持
23我想要接受死亡教育,帮助我更好地面对死亡
24我很少深入思考死亡相关话题
25死亡是一个令人不安的话题,我害怕讨论预立医疗照护计划
26死亡是自然过程,应该坦然面对
27宗教信仰影响我对死亡和预立医疗照护计划的看法
28死亡教育应该成为预立医疗照护计划的重要组成部分
29预立医疗照护计划可以减轻家属的经济负担
30预立医疗照护计划可以减少不必要的医疗资源使用
31预立医疗照护计划有助于我接受符合目标的治疗
32预立医疗照护计划能维护我的生命终末阶段的生活质量
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通
34预立医疗照护计划有助于减少家属的决策压力
35我担心预立医疗照护计划意愿可能无法得到充分执行
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论
38我担心文化传统会影响预立医疗照护计划的实施
39我需要更多医疗信息来支持预立医疗照护计划决策
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874067894416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划参与态度Q陈述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号Q陈述
1我想进行预立医疗照护计划,但不知道如何开始
2应该尽早讨论预立医疗照护计划,为未来做准备
3预立医疗照护计划的讨论时机应该由我和家属共同决定
4过早讨论预立医疗照护计划可能不必要,因为未来具有不确定性
5预立医疗照护计划最好在疾病晚期讨论
6过早谈论预立医疗照护计划可能会引起家庭成员的不适
7目前缺乏讨论预立医疗照护计划相关话题的适宜条件
8我需要专业指导来帮助开始预立医疗照护计划讨论
9我想要进行预立医疗照护计划,希望主导我的医疗决策
10我想与家属、医务人员共同制订预立医疗照护计划
11我倾向于逐步了解病情信息,而不是一次性获知
12由医务人员主导医疗决策是最合适的
13我的医疗决策权应交给我的家属
14当我和家属就治疗问题产生分歧时,希望他们尊重我的决定
15我希望在预立医疗照护计划中明确指定医疗代理人
16预立医疗照护计划应该具有法律效力
17在生命终末阶段,我希望以舒适为主,不接受过度治疗
18即使生命到了终末阶段,我也希望接受积极治疗
19临终阶段的过度治疗可能增加我和家属的痛苦
20我希望明确生命支持治疗的使用意愿
21我希望制定疼痛管理方案
22我关注临终阶段的精神心理支持
23我想要接受死亡教育,帮助我更好地面对死亡
24我很少深入思考死亡相关话题
25死亡是一个令人不安的话题,我害怕讨论预立医疗照护计划
26死亡是自然过程,应该坦然面对
27宗教信仰影响我对死亡和预立医疗照护计划的看法
28死亡教育应该成为预立医疗照护计划的重要组成部分
29预立医疗照护计划可以减轻家属的经济负担
30预立医疗照护计划可以减少不必要的医疗资源使用
31预立医疗照护计划有助于我接受符合目标的治疗
32预立医疗照护计划能维护我的生命终末阶段的生活质量
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通
34预立医疗照护计划有助于减少家属的决策压力
35我担心预立医疗照护计划意愿可能无法得到充分执行
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论
38我担心文化传统会影响预立医疗照护计划的实施
39我需要更多医疗信息来支持预立医疗照护计划决策
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874160169105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Factor eigenvalue and variance contribution rate

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因子特征值方差贡献率(%)累计方差贡献率(%)
116.291 33333
28.579 61851
33.893 21667
42.626 3572
52.146 7476
61.937 0480
71.655 3383
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874227277970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

因子特征值与方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子特征值方差贡献率(%)累计方差贡献率(%)
116.291 33333
28.579 61851
33.893 21667
42.626 3572
52.146 7476
61.937 0480
71.655 3383
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874315358355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Q statements corresponding to the extreme values of factor 1

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序号条目得分(分)
8我认为需要专业指导来帮助开始预立医疗照护计划讨论+4
39我需要更多医疗信息来支持预立医疗照护计划决策+4
12由医务人员主导医疗决策是最合适的+3
20我希望明确生命支持治疗的使用意愿+3
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通+3
27宗教信仰影响我对死亡和预立医疗照护计划的看法-3
35我担心预立医疗照护计划意愿可能无法得到充分执行-3
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担-3
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论-4
38我担心文化传统会影响预立医疗照护计划的实施-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874403438740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

因子1极值对应的Q陈述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号条目得分(分)
8我认为需要专业指导来帮助开始预立医疗照护计划讨论+4
39我需要更多医疗信息来支持预立医疗照护计划决策+4
12由医务人员主导医疗决策是最合适的+3
20我希望明确生命支持治疗的使用意愿+3
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通+3
27宗教信仰影响我对死亡和预立医疗照护计划的看法-3
35我担心预立医疗照护计划意愿可能无法得到充分执行-3
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担-3
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论-4
38我担心文化传统会影响预立医疗照护计划的实施-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874529267861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Q statements corresponding to the extreme values of factor 2

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序号条目得分(分)
1我想进行预立医疗照护计划,但不知道如何开始+4
9我想要进行预立医疗照护计划,希望主导我的医疗决策+4
2我认为应该尽早讨论预立医疗照护计划,为未来做准备+3
15我希望在预立医疗照护计划中明确指定医疗代理人+3
17在生命终末阶段,我希望以舒适为主,不接受过度治疗+3
7我认为目前缺乏讨论预立医疗照护计划相关话题的适宜条件-3
8我认为需要专业指导来帮助开始预立医疗照护计划讨论-3
18即使生命到了终末阶段,我也希望接受积极治疗-3
24我很少深入思考死亡相关话题-4
25死亡是一个令人不安的话题,我害怕讨论预立医疗照护计划-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874596376726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

因子2极值对应的Q陈述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号条目得分(分)
1我想进行预立医疗照护计划,但不知道如何开始+4
9我想要进行预立医疗照护计划,希望主导我的医疗决策+4
2我认为应该尽早讨论预立医疗照护计划,为未来做准备+3
15我希望在预立医疗照护计划中明确指定医疗代理人+3
17在生命终末阶段,我希望以舒适为主,不接受过度治疗+3
7我认为目前缺乏讨论预立医疗照护计划相关话题的适宜条件-3
8我认为需要专业指导来帮助开始预立医疗照护计划讨论-3
18即使生命到了终末阶段,我也希望接受积极治疗-3
24我很少深入思考死亡相关话题-4
25死亡是一个令人不安的话题,我害怕讨论预立医疗照护计划-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874667679895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Q statements corresponding to the extreme values of factor 3

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序号条目得分(分)
10我想与家属、医务人员共同制订预立医疗照护计划+4
13我的医疗决策权应交给我的家属+4
3预立医疗照护计划的讨论时机应该由我和家属共同决定+3
4过早讨论预立医疗照护计划可能不必要,因为未来具有不确定性+3
6过早谈论预立医疗照护计划可能会引起家庭成员的不适+3
32预立医疗照护计划能维护我的生命终末阶段的生活质量-3
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通-3
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担-3
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论-4
39我需要更多医疗信息来支持预立医疗照护计划决策-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874738983064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

因子3极值对应的Q陈述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号条目得分(分)
10我想与家属、医务人员共同制订预立医疗照护计划+4
13我的医疗决策权应交给我的家属+4
3预立医疗照护计划的讨论时机应该由我和家属共同决定+3
4过早讨论预立医疗照护计划可能不必要,因为未来具有不确定性+3
6过早谈论预立医疗照护计划可能会引起家庭成员的不适+3
32预立医疗照护计划能维护我的生命终末阶段的生活质量-3
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通-3
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担-3
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论-4
39我需要更多医疗信息来支持预立医疗照护计划决策-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874818674841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Q statements corresponding to the extreme values of factor 4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号条目得分(分)
24我很少深入思考死亡相关话题+4
25死亡是一个令人不安的话题,我害怕讨论预立医疗照护计划+4
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担+3
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论+3
38我担心文化传统会影响预立医疗照护计划的实施+3
30预立医疗照护计划可以减少不必要的医疗资源使用-3
31预立医疗照护计划有助于我接受符合目标的治疗-3
32预立医疗照护计划能维护我的生命终末阶段的生活质量-3
19临终阶段的过度治疗可能增加我和家属的痛苦-4
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通-4
), ArticleFig(id=1322530874906755226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169084616233231, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

因子4极值对应的Q陈述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号条目得分(分)
24我很少深入思考死亡相关话题+4
25死亡是一个令人不安的话题,我害怕讨论预立医疗照护计划+4
36讨论预立医疗照护计划可能会加重我的心理负担+3
37我认为当前社会环境对死亡话题的接受度可能影响预立医疗照护计划讨论+3
38我担心文化传统会影响预立医疗照护计划的实施+3
30预立医疗照护计划可以减少不必要的医疗资源使用-3
31预立医疗照护计划有助于我接受符合目标的治疗-3
32预立医疗照护计划能维护我的生命终末阶段的生活质量-3
19临终阶段的过度治疗可能增加我和家属的痛苦-4
33预立医疗照护计划有利于促进医患沟通-4
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基于Q方法的晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划参与态度研究
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李清怡 1, 2 , 盛艳蕾 1, 2 , 胡露红 2, *, * , 朱利思 2 , 杨阳 2 , 李洁 2 , 刘馨语 1, 2 , 王倩云 2 , 吴燕丽 2
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(8): 1339-1347
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (8) : 1339 -1347
基于Q方法的晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划参与态度研究
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李清怡1, 2, 盛艳蕾1, 2, 胡露红2, *, * , 朱利思2, 杨阳2, 李洁2, 刘馨语1, 2, 王倩云2, 吴燕丽2
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院护理学院,湖北 430030
  • 2华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院
通讯作者:
胡露红,E-mail:
HU Luhong, E-mail:
作者简介:

李清怡,硕士研究生在读

Research on the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning based on the Q methodology
Qingyi LI1, 2, Yanlei SHENG1, 2, Luhong HU2 , Lisi ZHU2, Yang YANG2, Jie LI2, Xinyu LIU1, 2, Qianyun WANG2, Yanli WU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030 China
  • 2Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • Corresponding Author:
    HU Luhong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.014
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目的

探索晚期癌症病人参与预立医疗照护计划的态度。

方法

结合Q方法,通过构建Q样本、选择P样本,进行Q排序、Q分析,对晚期癌症病人参与预立医疗照护计划的态度进行排序与分类。

结果

纳入25例晚期癌症病人,对于预立医疗照护计划参与态度分为指导需求型、主动参与型、家庭中心型、文化回避型4类。

结论

各类型病人参与预立医疗照护计划态度不同,可根据相关态度类型制定针对性的干预措施。

晚期癌症  /  预立医疗照护计划  /  参与态度  /  安宁疗护  /  Q方法  /  质性研究
Objective

To explore the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning based on the Q methodology.

Methods

Using the Q methodology,by constructing Q samples,selecting P samples,conducting Q sorting and Q analysis,the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning was sorted and classified.

Results

A total of 25 patients with advanced cancer were included.Their participating attitudes towards advance care planning were classified into four types:guidance need type,active participation type,family-centered type,and cultural avoidance type.

Conclusions

The participating attitudes of each type of patients towards advance care planning were different.Targeted intervention measures could be formulated based on the relevant attitudes types.

advanced cancer  /  advance care planning  /  participating attitudes  /  palliative care  /  Q methodology  /  qualitative research
李清怡, 盛艳蕾, 胡露红, 朱利思, 杨阳, 李洁, 刘馨语, 王倩云, 吴燕丽. 基于Q方法的晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划参与态度研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1339 -1347 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.014
Qingyi LI, Yanlei SHENG, Luhong HU, Lisi ZHU, Yang YANG, Jie LI, Xinyu LIU, Qianyun WANG, Yanli WU. Research on the participating attitudes of advanced cancer patients towards advance care planning based on the Q methodology[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1339 -1347 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.014
2022年全球癌症统计数据显示,我国癌症新发病例482.47万例,死亡人数257.42万例,发病和死亡比例约占全球的24.2%和26.4%[1]。晚期癌症病人逐渐增多[2],优化临终治疗措施以改善病人生命末期的生活质量成为迫切需求[3]。然而,晚期癌症病人常面临复杂的临终决策困境,如治疗目标与预后的不确定性、文化差异导致的信息遮蔽以及病人与家属在治疗偏好上的分歧,均可能加剧病人的心理痛苦[4],损害其自主权与决策能力[5]。若缺乏事先沟通,病人的真实意愿可能被忽视,导致过度治疗或护理不足,进一步降低生命质量[6]。预立医疗照护计划(advance care planning,ACP)是指在病人清醒具有完全行为能力时,与其家属和医护人员沟通,为病情恶化无法做出医疗决策时预先设立医疗照护选择的过程[7]。预立医疗照护计划可提升疾病信息透明度及病人自主权,改善家庭沟通质量,并减少非必要治疗[8]。然而,目前国内针对晚期癌症病人参与预立医疗照护计划主观态度的研究较为匮乏,现有研究难以全面揭示该群体在这一问题上的真实想法与需求。鉴于此,深入探究我国晚期癌症病人参与预立医疗照护计划的主观态度十分必要。Q方法作为一种结合质性与量化分析的研究方法,能系统识别病人群体的态度类型及影响因素,为制订文化适配的预立医疗照护计划干预策略提供依据[9]。Q方法操作流程包括4个关键步骤,第1步为选取研究对象(P样本);第2步为构建研究语句集(Q样本),可通过文献、访谈等途径收集描述性语句或图片;第3步进行Q排序,研究对象按指示将Q样本在正态分布表中排序,可采用邮件、电话和实地访谈等形式;第4步使用专用软件(如PQ Method、Ken Q)或统计软件(如SPSS)分析排序数据并提取Q因子进行分析[10]。有研究表明,Q方法操作流程可以调动病人参与研究的积极性,有效促进临终或死亡相关话题的讨论,可以利用其作为谈话的开端[11]。本研究应用Q方法对晚期癌症病人不同主观描述进行分类和排序,探索其参与预立医疗照护计划态度,为晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划干预模式的构建提供参考。
采用目的抽样法,选取2024年11月—2025年1月湖北省武汉市某三级甲等医院肿瘤科就诊的晚期癌症病人作为研究样本,包含肺癌、结肠癌、食管癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、甲状腺癌病人。纳入标准:年龄≥18岁,有自主决策权且知晓病情,能独立或在调查者的帮助下填写研究问卷;经病理组织学或临床诊断为恶性肿瘤,分期为Ⅳ期;知情同意,自愿参加本研究。排除标准:合并其他严重躯体疾病或精神病;处于疾病急性期,病情危重。从年龄、性别、文化程度、月收入及对预立医疗照护计划的了解等考虑,保证样本的最大差异。样本量遵循饱和的原则,直到没有收集到新的信息描述研究主题时数据收集停止[12]。本研究最终访谈19例病人,其中男11例,女8例;年龄20~40岁6例,41~60岁8例,61~80岁5例;居住在城镇12例,居住在农村7例;婚姻状况:已婚14例,未婚3例,离异/丧偶2例;文化程度:初中及以下6例,高中8例,专科及以上5例;家庭人均月收入2 001~4 000元5例,4 001~6 000元10例,6 000元以上4例;治疗方式:免疫治疗3例,靶向治疗4例,放疗6例,化疗6例。
对Q陈述进行Q排序的受试对象,又称之为P样本。P样本纳入及排除标准同质性研究,采用目的抽样法,选取2025年2月—5月湖北省武汉市某三级甲等医院肿瘤科就诊的晚期癌症病人作为P样本。P样本量通常为Q陈述的1/3~1/2,通常不超过Q陈述条目[13]。本研究纳入P样本29例,有效样本25例。本研究已经获得华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院伦理委员会审批(伦理号:TJ-IRB202407104),所有研究对象均自愿参与并签署知情同意书。
Q陈述可以从相关文献、媒体、采访和非正式对话等材料中衍生出来。确保不同的元素在Q集合中都得到生动体现,目前利用访谈法和文献法开发Q集合是Q方法研究中的常见做法[14]。本研究Q样本通过半结构化访谈及文献回顾生成,访谈提纲见表1。对19例病人进行访谈,探究其对预立医疗照护计划的态度、观点及看法,每次访谈时间为30~60 min,在访谈过程中研究者保持中立,不对病人的观点发表自己的看法,对有价值的回答进行及时追问以获取更多信息。访谈结束后将录音信息转录为文字并提炼成简洁的Q陈述。系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、CINAHL、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库及中国生物医学文献数据库,检索时限为建库至2025年1月30日。以主题词与自由词相结合的方式进行检索,英文检索词为:“advance care planning/advance medical planning/advance health care planning/advance directive/living wills”“terminal cancer/advanced cancer/cancer patients”“needs/attitude/experience”。中文检索词为:“预立医疗照护计划/预立医疗自主计划/预前照护计划/生前预嘱/预先指示/预先医疗指示/预立指示”“晚期癌症/癌症病人”和“需求/体验/态度”等。根据检索结果提炼并补充Q陈述,整合访谈资料及文献检索结果,邀请2名安宁疗护专家审核并反复修改,最终生成晚期癌症病人预立医疗照护计划态度Q陈述39条。将Q陈述条目编号,分别打印在39张卡片(4 cm×8 cm)上,随机排列以备用。
按照9级分类方式,制作准正态分布表,见图1,将Q陈述分为最同意、不确定/中立及最不同意3种,指导病人充分阅读并理解Q陈述,并根据条目认可程度将Q陈述逐一排列在相应表格中。完成Q排序后,研究者逐一询问受试者对极值陈述的理由。
采用SPSS 27.0软件及Ken-Q分析软件对数据进行统计分析。首先,使用SPSS 27.0软件对研究数据进行KMO检验和Bartlett's球形检验,以确保其满足因子分析的前提条件;随后,将数据录入Ken-Q分析软件进行统计分析。1)因子分析。采用主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)提取因子,保留特征值>1、累计方差贡献率≥40%的因子[15],为了便于解释和命名因子,对提取的因子以最大方差法进行因子旋转,使因子分类更加清晰。2)计算因子载荷量及分类。因子载荷量可以反映受试者(P样本)与因子之间相关强度,其绝对值越大,表明其统计学意义越显著,受试者与因子之间的相关性越强。根据Q方法因子载荷量计算公式,将因子载荷量>因子个数/n(n为Q陈述数量)作为分类标准。每个因子至少反映2例受试者的观点,若受试者被同时归类到2个或以上因子类别中,在后续数据分析中需删除该受试者。3)计算因子分数。经过因子分析、因子旋转后,Ken-Q分析软件可自动计算各因子在各条目(Q陈述)的分值,进行排列,形成因子数列,从而得到各类型的理想化排序。
本研究中特征值>1的因子共7个,累计方差贡献率为83%(>50%),见表3。因此,首先保留因子1~因子7。确定保留因子数目后,采用最大方差法进行旋转,以获得P样本对应的因子载荷量,因子载荷量可以代表P样本与因子之间的相关性,一般认为符合如下公式者表示该因子较为显著:因子载荷量≥2.58÷Q样本条目数。本研究Q样本条目数为39,代入公式计算,因子载荷量的显著性界值为0.41,对应的P样本较为显著,即在某Q因子下,该成员的Q排序结果因子荷载量≥0.41,或者≤-0.41时,该成员就可以被归类到此Q因子类型下。基于此方法,后3个因子仅反映1例P样本的观点,因此,本研究最终决定萃取前4个因子进入后续的因子旋转和分析步骤之中。
共7个排序者的观念映射到因子1中,分别为 P6、P13、P15、P16、P20、P22、P24,年龄集中在41~60岁。Q排序结果正向得分较高的条目及负向得分较高的条目见表4。这一类病人表现出显著的专业依赖性,将医疗决策视为需要专业指导的技术过程;其次,强调决策的信息基础,体现审慎的决策态度;保持对医疗系统的信任,将预立医疗照护计划视为医患协作的桥梁。值得注意的是,该群体不认为宗教信仰会影响决策,不担心预立医疗照护计划执行效力问题,不认为讨论预立医疗照护计划会造成心理负担,对社会环境接受度和文化传统影响的担忧程度较低。如“在做决定之前,我希望医生能详细解释每种治疗方案的利弊,最好能给我一些书面资料参考”“我对这些医疗选择不太懂,如果我清晰地知道我疾病可能的走向,那我也许会和亲人谈论这一类问题”。
共4个排序者的观念映射到因子2中,分别为P3、P14、P21、P23;2例年龄为20~40岁,3例为专科及以上学历,均为女性,均为城镇居住者。正向得分较高的条目与负向得分较高的条目见表5。这一类病人对医疗自主权有强烈主张与灵活开放的决策态度,他们高度重视多方协作,强调决策的规范性和法律保障,并坚持以人为本的医疗理念;同时,他们表现出主动寻求预立医疗照护计划的意愿和明确的医疗代理意识。总之,他们认同预立医疗照护计划的价值,既坚持个人意愿又尊重医疗建议;注重决策的规范性和可执行性,而非仅停留在意愿层面;表现出对生命质量的理性认知,避免过度医疗的极端倾向。如“我想与家属、医务人员共同制订预立医疗照护计划,但我担心到了疾病末期提前说好的护理计划还是没用”。
共3个排序者的观念映射到因子3中,分别为P2、P7、P19;特点为年龄较大、农村居民、初中及以下文化程度。Q排序结果正向得分较高的条目及负向得分较高的条目见表6。该群体认同将医疗决策权委托给家属,并倾向于通过家庭会议形式制订预立医疗照护计划;他们坚持由家庭成员共同商定讨论时机,对过早开展预立医疗照护计划讨论持谨慎态度,既考虑家庭成员的情感舒适度,也顾及未来状况的不确定性。值得注意的是,该群体对预立医疗照护计划的某些潜在效益持保留态度,特别是质疑其对生命终末阶段生活质量的保障作用,也不认同预立医疗照护计划会促进医患沟通的观点。在心理层面,他们更倾向于认为预立医疗照护计划讨论可能带来心理压力,同时对社会环境接受度的担忧较低,但较重视获取额外的医疗信息,将其作为参与预立医疗计划决策的重要部分。如“这种医疗决定不是我自己能做的,得全家人一起商量。我儿子是学医的,女儿照顾我最细心,他们最了解我的情况。等下次家庭聚会时,我们会一起讨论这个问题,到时候再跟医生沟通最后的决定。现在单独跟我说这些,我很难马上做决定”。总的来说,这一类人注重维护家庭成员的心理舒适度,以家庭为决策单元的整体性思维,将医疗选择视为家庭共同事务。
共2个排序者的观念映射到因子4中,分别为P1、P25;均为初中及以下文化程度,来自农村地区。Q排序结果正向得分较高的条目及负向得分较高的条目见表7。这类群体对预立医疗照护计划讨论深度不安,刻意避免思考死亡相关议题。这种态度主要源于3个层面的顾虑:社会环境对死亡话题接受度的限制、文化传统带来的实施障碍以及对个人心理承受力的考量。同时,该群体不仅否定预立医疗照护计划在优化医疗资源使用、确保治疗目标和维护生命质量方面的作用,更质疑预立医疗照护计划促进医患沟通的价值,不认同过度治疗会增加痛苦的说法。如“咱们能不能别说这些不吉利的事?我现在就想好好治病。我们老家有讲究,活着的时候谈身后事会折寿的。这些事等真到那天再说吧,现在提起来心里特别不舒服”。总的来说,这一类人将死亡讨论视为社会文化中的“禁区”,尽量回避对相关话题的讨论,因此,将其态度类型命名为文化回避型。
指导需求型病人以中等教育水平为主,多为中年人,中年病人处于家庭责任与健康风险的双重压力下,可能更倾向于寻求专业支持以平衡多方需求[16]。该类型中城镇居住者占比较高,可能反映城市医疗资源的可及性对病人决策模式的影响。与专业决策型相比,指导需求型病人虽同样依赖专业意见,但表现出更强的信息获取主动性,提示其决策模式更接近知情委托而非被动接受。针对该类型病人,应开发预立医疗照护计划决策辅助工具,本研究显示该群体对医疗信息和专业指导的需求最为突出。护患双方对于疾病和治疗若存在较大信息认知差距,则不利于治疗和干预的顺利进行[17]。医护人员可开发或采用可视化预后工具(如生存曲线图)并结合共享决策技术,与家属讨论病人的病情预后和潜在发展轨迹,介绍预立医疗照护计划对病人和家庭的益处以及维持治愈性治疗的缺点等[18]。但需注意我国病人对“生存期预估”的敏感性,医护人员应考虑对预立医疗照护计划构建具有文化敏感性的干预方案,尊重传统观念及价值观,既要如实告知疾病情况,也要保持积极态度,同时引导病人思考未来的医疗选择[19]。
主动参与型病人文化程度较高,较年轻,女性、城镇居住者较多。教育资源和信息获取能力可以影响病人的自主决策意愿,较高的教育水平使他们具备更强的信息处理和分析能力,倾向于主动参与医疗决策过程;年轻病人通常处于事业上升期,思想较为开放,对自身健康和医疗决策有着较高的关注度和参与热情。主动参与型病人往往对疾病和治疗方案有着深入的了解需求,他们不仅希望获取专业意见,更渴望参与决策的各个环节,与医护人员共同探讨最适合自己的治疗方案。针对主动参与型病人,医护人员应充分利用其教育优势,加强沟通与引导。要鼓励病人积极表达自己的想法和意愿,尊重他们的决策权利,在决策过程中给予充分的支持和指导。在制定治疗方案时,医护人员可以与病人一起分析各种方案的利弊,共同权衡风险和收益,让病人真正成为医疗决策的主体。
家庭中心型病人呈现典型的传统家庭决策特征。该群体中农村居民比例较高,文化程度较低者较多,年龄较大,认为必须与家人的价值观和需求保持一致,并共同做出与家人的价值观一致的决策,与Dutta等[20]研究结果类似。与西方文化强调个人自主权不同,我国家庭成员在医疗决策中的参与度较高,病人的个人意愿可能与家庭利益发生冲突[21]。我国病人在临终决策中普遍存在“家本位”思想,倾向于将家庭意见置于个人意愿之上[22],尤其是老年病人,将临终护理的决策权交给其家人,他们往往不会参与预立医疗照护计划。同时,当聊到生死等话题,我国病人往往会采用间接沟通以缓解家属的不适[23],甚至不愿表达可能让家属担忧的话题[24]。既往研究指出,不同的启动人及时间点谈论预立医疗照护计划可能会引发不同程度恐惧和痛苦,预立医疗照护计划在病人和家人以及卫生专业人员之间存在双向关系[25]。因此,针对家庭中心型病人,需创新家庭会议形式。传统西方预立医疗照护计划家庭会议强调病人自主表达[26],这类病人更关注讨论时机和家属舒适度。因此,建议采用分阶段家庭准备模式,先通过单独访谈评估家属接受度,再引入叙事护理,用其他家庭的成功案例引导讨论[27],减少直接讨论带来的关系张力。
文化回避型病人的人口学特征为文化程度较低,且来自农村地区。病人对预立医疗照护计划较为回避,认为只有当自己的健康状况发生重大变化或有失去决策能力的风险时,才应该考虑预立医疗照护计划,提早谈论死亡会给亲人带来不适,与Jiao等[28]研究结果一致。该群体对死亡话题的回避不仅源于传统文化的影响,更与医疗信息理解困难密切相关[24]。因此,单纯的文化适应策略可能效果有限,需要结合基础医疗知识普及。针对文化回避型病人,需要构建特殊的预立医疗照护计划沟通路径,这类病人虽然排斥讨论死亡,但对舒适护理的接受度相对较高。
预立医疗照护计划是一个动态变化的过程,其讨论时机可以是健康状态、疾病早期或病情变化时,癌症晚期是讨论预立医疗照护计划不可避免的时间点。本研究表明,在晚期癌症病人中实施预立医疗照护计划具有一定可行性。晚期病人对预立医疗照护计划的参与态度可分为指导需求型、主动参与型、家庭中心型及文化回避型,医务人员在帮助病人进行预立医疗照护计划讨论时,应注意甄别病人的决策类型,根据不同类型给予个性化支持,帮助病人做出符合其价值观的高质量预立医疗照护计划决策。本研究采用目的抽样法,研究对象的代表性有限;其次,仅探讨了病人的观点,病人家属及医务人员的观点对预立医疗照护计划的实施同样重要。今后应在多中心、大样本的晚期癌症人群中进一步探讨不同参与态度类型的分布,调查利益相关方预立医疗照护计划实施的态度及其作用。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.014
  • 接收时间:2025-06-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-15
  • 修回日期:2026-03-29
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院护理学院,湖北 430030
    2华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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