Article(id=1322169057420365882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=1770048000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159268001, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159268001, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159268001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159268001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1241, endPage=1248, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322169057617498171, articleId=1322169057420365882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Interpretation of the best practice guideline for the "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)", columnId=1322164987112575032, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper evaluated and interpreted the best practice guideline of "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)" released by the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario in Canada in October 2024.The guideline covered three themes:prevention,assessment and management,so as to provide important basis for the whole-process care of diabetic foot ulcers.

, authors=Ning GAO1, Yanhui SUN1, Yajuan YANG1, Wenjing LIU1, Dan YANG2, Ran CHEN2, Jingyuan ZHANG2, Jiayining SHAO2, Meng WANG2, Meng SUN2, Hongzhan JIANG2, Chunyan ZHU1, Peng GUO1, Xin CUI1, Na LIU1, Runxi TIAN1, authorsList=Ning GAO, Yanhui SUN, Yajuan YANG, Wenjing LIU, Dan YANG, Ran CHEN, Jingyuan ZHANG, Jiayining SHAO, Meng WANG, Meng SUN, Hongzhan JIANG, Chunyan ZHU, Peng GUO, Xin CUI, Na LIU, Runxi TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Runxi TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TIAN Runxi, E-mail:
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对加拿大安大略注册护士协会于2024年10月发布的《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》最佳实践指南进行评价和解读,指南包括预防、评估和管理3个主题,为糖尿病足溃疡的全过程护理提供了重要依据。

, authors=高宁1, 孙艳慧1, 杨亚娟1, 刘文静1, 杨丹2, 陈冉2, 张静渊2, 邵佳伊宁2, 王蒙2, 孙萌2, 江鸿展2, 朱春艳1, 郭鹏1, 崔欣1, 刘娜1, 田润溪1, *, *, authorsList=高宁, 孙艳慧, 杨亚娟, 刘文静, 杨丹, 陈冉, 张静渊, 邵佳伊宁, 王蒙, 孙萌, 江鸿展, 朱春艳, 郭鹏, 崔欣, 刘娜, 田润溪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田润溪, authorNote=

高宁,副主任护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
田润溪,E-mail:
TIAN Runxi, E-mail:
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diabetes[EB/OL].[2025-05-06].https://iwgdfguidelines.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IWGDF-2023-03-Classification-Guideline., articleTitle=Guidelines on the classification of foot ulcers in people with diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530811501462265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=3657, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=SCHAPER N C, VAN NETTEN J J, APELQVIST J, journalName=Diabetes Metab Res Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHAPER N C,VAN NETTEN J J,APELQVIST J,et al.Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease[J].Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2024,40(3):3657., articleTitle=Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530811568571130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Health Quality Ontario(HQO), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Health Quality Ontario(HQO).Update and action care plan[EB/OL].[2025-05-06].https://www.hqontario.ca., articleTitle=Update and action care plan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530811635679995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=535, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=OBILOR H N, ACHORE M, WOO K, journalName=Can J Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OBILOR H N,ACHORE M,WOO K.Use of information communication technology tools in diabetic foot ulcer prevention programs:a scoping review[J].Can J Diabetes,2022,46(5):535., articleTitle=Use of information communication technology tools in diabetic foot ulcer prevention programs:a scoping review, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530796947227247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530796959810160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, companyId=1322530796947227247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530796968198769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, companyId=1322530796947227247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京中医药大学东直门医院,北京;100700)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322530797064667762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530797073056371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, companyId=1322530797064667762, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Beijing Universiry of Chinese Medicine), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530797081444980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, companyId=1322530797064667762, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京中医药大学)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530807089054418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evidence items and recommendation strength of "Diabetic foot ulcers: prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)"

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主题分类内容推荐强度
筛查良好实践声明1)医疗服务提供者根据风险分层,定期对糖尿病病人进行糖尿病足筛查,是一种良好的实践不适用
自我管理良好实践声明2)对存在糖尿病足溃疡风险或已患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人(及其照护者),医疗服务提供者应支持并教育他们进行自我管理以预防和管理足溃疡,是一种良好的实践不适用
推荐意见3)在提供自我管理支持时,专家组推荐医疗服务提供者使用针对存在糖尿病足溃疡风险或已患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人及其照护者所定制的病人参与策略条件性推荐
推荐意见4)专家组推荐病人和/或照护者应进行自我筛查,以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡条件性推荐
伤口评估良好实践声明5)医疗服务提供者定期进行全面且一致的伤口评估并记录糖尿病足溃疡的存在和特征,是一种良好的实践不适用
伤口护理专业团队推荐意见6)专家组推荐,医疗服务机构成立伤口护理专科小组,为糖尿病足溃疡风险人群或病人提供支持条件性推荐
护理/治疗计划良好实践声明7)医疗服务提供者与糖尿病足溃疡病人及其照护者共同实施护理计划,包括基于证据的管理方案,这是一种良好的实践不适用
推荐意见8)专家组推荐医疗服务提供者将虚拟护理平台与面对面服务相结合,以补充所提供的糖尿病足护理服务条件性推荐
), ArticleFig(id=1322530807156163283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》证据条目及推荐强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题分类内容推荐强度
筛查良好实践声明1)医疗服务提供者根据风险分层,定期对糖尿病病人进行糖尿病足筛查,是一种良好的实践不适用
自我管理良好实践声明2)对存在糖尿病足溃疡风险或已患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人(及其照护者),医疗服务提供者应支持并教育他们进行自我管理以预防和管理足溃疡,是一种良好的实践不适用
推荐意见3)在提供自我管理支持时,专家组推荐医疗服务提供者使用针对存在糖尿病足溃疡风险或已患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人及其照护者所定制的病人参与策略条件性推荐
推荐意见4)专家组推荐病人和/或照护者应进行自我筛查,以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡条件性推荐
伤口评估良好实践声明5)医疗服务提供者定期进行全面且一致的伤口评估并记录糖尿病足溃疡的存在和特征,是一种良好的实践不适用
伤口护理专业团队推荐意见6)专家组推荐,医疗服务机构成立伤口护理专科小组,为糖尿病足溃疡风险人群或病人提供支持条件性推荐
护理/治疗计划良好实践声明7)医疗服务提供者与糖尿病足溃疡病人及其照护者共同实施护理计划,包括基于证据的管理方案,这是一种良好的实践不适用
推荐意见8)专家组推荐医疗服务提供者将虚拟护理平台与面对面服务相结合,以补充所提供的糖尿病足护理服务条件性推荐
), ArticleFig(id=1322530807240049364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Process indicators of "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)"

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题分类过程指标与其他机构指标一致性
筛查良好实践声明接受糖尿病足溃疡风险筛查的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:接受糖尿病足溃疡风险筛查的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病护理的病人总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
自我管理良好实践声明接受预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:接受预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病护理病人的总人数
采用NQuIRE指标,与质量监测组织完全一致,与临床评价科学研究所部分一致
推荐意见接受糖尿病足溃疡全面评估的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:接受糖尿病足溃疡创面全面评估的糖尿病足溃疡病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病足溃疡护理病人的总人数
新指标
伤口评估良好实践声明已制定糖尿病足溃疡管理相关护理计划的病人人数百分比
分子:已制定与糖尿病足溃疡管理相关护理计划的病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病足溃疡护理病人的总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
护理/治疗计划良好实践声明报告进行自我筛查以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡的糖尿病病人比例
分子:报告进行自我筛查以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病病人总人数
新指标
推荐意见接受虚拟护理与面对面服务相结合以补充其糖尿病足护理服务的糖尿病病人的百分比
分子:接受虚拟护理与面对面服务以补充其糖尿病足护理服务的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病足护理服务病人总人数
与安大略省健康组织部分一致
), ArticleFig(id=1322530807307158229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》过程指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题分类过程指标与其他机构指标一致性
筛查良好实践声明接受糖尿病足溃疡风险筛查的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:接受糖尿病足溃疡风险筛查的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病护理的病人总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
自我管理良好实践声明接受预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:接受预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病护理病人的总人数
采用NQuIRE指标,与质量监测组织完全一致,与临床评价科学研究所部分一致
推荐意见接受糖尿病足溃疡全面评估的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:接受糖尿病足溃疡创面全面评估的糖尿病足溃疡病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病足溃疡护理病人的总人数
新指标
伤口评估良好实践声明已制定糖尿病足溃疡管理相关护理计划的病人人数百分比
分子:已制定与糖尿病足溃疡管理相关护理计划的病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病足溃疡护理病人的总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
护理/治疗计划良好实践声明报告进行自我筛查以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡的糖尿病病人比例
分子:报告进行自我筛查以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病病人总人数
新指标
推荐意见接受虚拟护理与面对面服务相结合以补充其糖尿病足护理服务的糖尿病病人的百分比
分子:接受虚拟护理与面对面服务以补充其糖尿病足护理服务的糖尿病病人人数
分母:接受糖尿病足护理服务病人总人数
与安大略省健康组织部分一致
), ArticleFig(id=1322530807374267094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Outcome indicators of "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)"

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局指标与其他机构指标一致性
1)出现一个或多个新的糖尿病足溃疡的人数百分比
分子:出现一个或多个新的糖尿病足溃疡人数
分母:接受护理且从未有过糖尿病足溃疡的糖尿病病人总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
与居民评估工具最小数据集完全一致
与卫生保健研究和质量机构、临床评价科学研究所部分一致
2)糖尿病足溃疡复发者所占百分比
分子:糖尿病足溃疡复发的人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡处于缓解期的总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
与卫生保健研究和质量机构、临床评价科学研究所、居民评估工具最小数据集部分一致
3)有证据表明伤口面积减少至少40%的糖尿病足溃疡病人的百分比
分子:有证据表明伤口面积减少至少40%的糖尿病足溃疡人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总数
采用NQuIRE指标
4)糖尿病足溃疡愈合者的百分比
分子:糖尿病足溃疡愈合人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总数
采用NQuIRE指标
5)报告生活质量有所改善的糖尿病足溃疡病人百分比
分子:报告生活质量有所改善的糖尿病足溃疡病人人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总数
与临床评价科学研究所、安大略省健康组织、质量测量合作组织、安大略省公共卫生局和加拿大统计局保持一致
6)报告在糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育后自我效能有所提高的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:报告在糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育后自我效能有所提高的人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病病人总人数
新指标
7)糖尿病足溃疡相关的下肢截肢率
分子:糖尿病足溃疡病人中下肢截肢的人数
分母:糖尿病足溃疡病人总人数
与卫生保健研究和质量机构完全一致
与临床评价科学研究所、安大略省健康组织和经济合作与发展组织部分一致
8)对医疗服务提供者提供的自我管理支持感到满意糖尿病足溃疡病人百分比
分子:对医疗服务提供者提供的自我管理支持表示满意的糖尿病足溃疡病人人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总人数
与临床评价科学研究所、安大略省健康组织、质量测量合作组织部分一致
), ArticleFig(id=1322530807453958871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322169057420365882, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》结果指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局指标与其他机构指标一致性
1)出现一个或多个新的糖尿病足溃疡的人数百分比
分子:出现一个或多个新的糖尿病足溃疡人数
分母:接受护理且从未有过糖尿病足溃疡的糖尿病病人总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
与居民评估工具最小数据集完全一致
与卫生保健研究和质量机构、临床评价科学研究所部分一致
2)糖尿病足溃疡复发者所占百分比
分子:糖尿病足溃疡复发的人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡处于缓解期的总人数
采用NQuIRE指标
与卫生保健研究和质量机构、临床评价科学研究所、居民评估工具最小数据集部分一致
3)有证据表明伤口面积减少至少40%的糖尿病足溃疡病人的百分比
分子:有证据表明伤口面积减少至少40%的糖尿病足溃疡人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总数
采用NQuIRE指标
4)糖尿病足溃疡愈合者的百分比
分子:糖尿病足溃疡愈合人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总数
采用NQuIRE指标
5)报告生活质量有所改善的糖尿病足溃疡病人百分比
分子:报告生活质量有所改善的糖尿病足溃疡病人人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总数
与临床评价科学研究所、安大略省健康组织、质量测量合作组织、安大略省公共卫生局和加拿大统计局保持一致
6)报告在糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育后自我效能有所提高的糖尿病病人百分比
分子:报告在糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育后自我效能有所提高的人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病病人总人数
新指标
7)糖尿病足溃疡相关的下肢截肢率
分子:糖尿病足溃疡病人中下肢截肢的人数
分母:糖尿病足溃疡病人总人数
与卫生保健研究和质量机构完全一致
与临床评价科学研究所、安大略省健康组织和经济合作与发展组织部分一致
8)对医疗服务提供者提供的自我管理支持感到满意糖尿病足溃疡病人百分比
分子:对医疗服务提供者提供的自我管理支持表示满意的糖尿病足溃疡病人人数
分母:接受护理的糖尿病足溃疡病人总人数
与临床评价科学研究所、安大略省健康组织、质量测量合作组织部分一致
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《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》最佳实践指南解读
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高宁 1 , 孙艳慧 1 , 杨亚娟 1 , 刘文静 1 , 杨丹 2 , 陈冉 2 , 张静渊 2 , 邵佳伊宁 2 , 王蒙 2 , 孙萌 2 , 江鸿展 2 , 朱春艳 1 , 郭鹏 1 , 崔欣 1 , 刘娜 1 , 田润溪 1, *, *
护理研究 | 指南与共识 2026,40(8): 1241-1248
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护理研究 |指南与共识 2026 , 40 (8) : 1241 -1248
《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》最佳实践指南解读
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高宁1, 孙艳慧1, 杨亚娟1, 刘文静1, 杨丹2, 陈冉2, 张静渊2, 邵佳伊宁2, 王蒙2, 孙萌2, 江鸿展2, 朱春艳1, 郭鹏1, 崔欣1, 刘娜1, 田润溪1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学东直门医院,北京;100700
  • 2北京中医药大学
通讯作者:
田润溪,E-mail:
TIAN Runxi, E-mail:
作者简介:

高宁,副主任护师,硕士研究生

Interpretation of the best practice guideline for the "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)"
Ning GAO1, Yanhui SUN1, Yajuan YANG1, Wenjing LIU1, Dan YANG2, Ran CHEN2, Jingyuan ZHANG2, Jiayining SHAO2, Meng WANG2, Meng SUN2, Hongzhan JIANG2, Chunyan ZHU1, Peng GUO1, Xin CUI1, Na LIU1, Runxi TIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700 China
  • 2Beijing Universiry of Chinese Medicine
  • Corresponding Author:
    TIAN Runxi, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.001
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对加拿大安大略注册护士协会于2024年10月发布的《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》最佳实践指南进行评价和解读,指南包括预防、评估和管理3个主题,为糖尿病足溃疡的全过程护理提供了重要依据。

糖尿病  /  糖尿病足溃疡  /  预防  /  评估  /  管理  /  指南研究

This paper evaluated and interpreted the best practice guideline of "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)" released by the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario in Canada in October 2024.The guideline covered three themes:prevention,assessment and management,so as to provide important basis for the whole-process care of diabetic foot ulcers.

diabetes mellitus  /  diabetic foot ulcer  /  prevention  /  assessment  /  management  /  guideline research
高宁, 孙艳慧, 杨亚娟, 刘文静, 杨丹, 陈冉, 张静渊, 邵佳伊宁, 王蒙, 孙萌, 江鸿展, 朱春艳, 郭鹏, 崔欣, 刘娜, 田润溪. 《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》最佳实践指南解读. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1241 -1248 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.001
Ning GAO, Yanhui SUN, Yajuan YANG, Wenjing LIU, Dan YANG, Ran CHEN, Jingyuan ZHANG, Jiayining SHAO, Meng WANG, Meng SUN, Hongzhan JIANG, Chunyan ZHU, Peng GUO, Xin CUI, Na LIU, Runxi TIAN. Interpretation of the best practice guideline for the "Diabetic foot ulcers:prevention,assessment and management(3rd edition)"[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1241 -1248 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.001
全球20~79岁糖尿病病人有4.63亿例,预计到2030年将增加到5.78亿例[1]。糖尿病足溃疡(diabetic foot ulcer,DFU)是糖尿病一种常见、严重且具有挑战性的慢性并发症,是糖尿病病人在周围神经病变、血管病变、足结构异常和关节活动障碍等因素的综合作用下发生的足部皮肤破溃,可在此基础上合并软组织甚至骨组织的感染[2-3]。据估计,19%~34%的糖尿病病人可能罹患糖尿病足溃疡,大约20%的糖尿病足溃疡病人需要进行下肢截肢,包括小截肢(脚踝以下)和大截肢(脚踝以上)[4]。因此,预防、评估和管理糖尿病病人足溃疡至关重要,加拿大安大略注册护士协会(Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario,RNAO)一直致力于糖尿病足的护理,2024年10月发布《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》[5]最佳实践指南,该指南取代并整合了RNAO发布的《减少糖尿病病人足部并发症(第1版)》[6]和《糖尿病足溃疡评估和管理(第2版)》[7]最佳实践指南。本研究对指南的主要内容进行解读,以期为我国糖尿病足的临床实践提供参考依据。
本研究所解读的指南由RNAO发布。该协会自1925年成立以来,已发展成为北美地区首个获得国际护士会相关认证的专业护理组织。RNAO在国际护理领域具有显著的学术影响力,其通过建立名为最佳实践组织(Best Practice Spotlight Organization,BPSO)的国际分支机构,推动其循证指南在全球范围内的实施与应用[7]。根据功能定位的不同,BPSO可分为学术型与服务型两类,前者致力于将循证护理的理念融入护理高等教育及科研工作;后者则更侧重于在循证护理服务在临床环境中落地指南建议,以系统性地提升护理服务质量。2015年北京中医药大学护理学院和北京中医药大学东直门医院成功申请成为我国第1个BPSO研究中心和BPSO应用中心,并于2021年成为RNAO-BPSO我国第1个HOST研究中心和应用中心。
RNAO于2004年发布了《减少糖尿病病人足部并发症》,2013年发布了《糖尿病足溃疡评估和管理(第2版)》。在此基础上,2024年10月《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》发布,这部指南发布的目的是为护士、跨专业团队成员、有糖尿病足溃疡风险或患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人及其照顾者提供关于糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理的循证推荐,涉及5个主题,包括筛查、自我管理、伤口评估、伤口护理专业团队、护理/治疗计划,共8条证据,其中良好实践声明4条,推荐意见4条。良好实践声明和推荐意见都提供了关于应(或不应)采取的行动/干预的全面指导,只是开发方式不同。良好实践声明被认为是非常有益的,即实施该行动的好处具有高度的确定性[9],应被解释为强推荐。需要注意的是,良好实践声明的提出并非由于证据的缺乏,也不是基于专家意见。然而,分级推荐是基于通过系统评价过程发现的一系列证据的直接或间接联系而形成的[10]。通过考虑证据的确定性、价值观和偏好、健康公平,可将推荐分为强推荐或条件性推荐。对每项推荐所依据的证据讨论主要包括益处与危害、价值观和偏好、健康公平、专家小组推荐理由、实施推荐、辅助资料。
邀请3名英语较好且接受临床指南研究和评估工具(Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation,AGREE Ⅱ)培训的研究生,并请1名循证护理专家作为指导,使用AGREE Ⅱ对指南的真实性和可行性进行书面评价。该工具包括范围和目的、参与人员、制定的严谨性、清晰性、应用性和编辑的独立性6个领域,共23个条目,每个条目计1~7分,1分为很不同意,7分为很同意[11]。需对各领域得分进行标化百分比计算,根据6个领域的标化百分比情况,将指南的推荐等级分为3个等级:A级为强烈推荐,指南6个领域标化百分比均大于60%,大多数条目得分较高(5~7分);B级为推荐,大多数领域(≥3个)标化百分比为30%~60%,低分条目(1~4分)和高分条目(5~7分)数量大体相当;C级为不推荐,标化百分比小于30%的领域≥3个,大多数条目得分较低(1~4分)。
该指南详细描述了目的、问题以及适用人群,参与人员全面地涵盖了利益相关人群。指南制定过程中进行了严谨且完整的检索过程、证据的纳入及排除过程、推荐意见形成过程、外部专家评审过程等,最终形成的推荐意见基于证据且语言阐述清晰明确。同时,指南还推荐了循证实践的工具,公示了利益冲突声明。指南在质量评价的6个领域得分较好,整体质量评价平均得分为6分,评价小组成员一致推荐指南在修改完善后使用。
范围和目的领域是指概括性地评估指南的核心目的、有关人群以及所针对的公告卫生问题[12]。本领域标化百分比为100.00%,该指南详细说明了第3版指南的目的是为护士、跨专业团队成员、有糖尿病足溃疡风险或患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人及其照顾者提供关于糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理的循证推荐。该指南适用于有糖尿病足溃疡风险或患有糖尿病足溃疡的成年人(即18岁以上)及其照顾者。指南中确定了4个PICO研究问题,专家小组对每个推荐问题的潜在结果进行头脑风暴和优先级排序,由专家小组确定优先实践领域,为系统评价提供指导,并为随后形成指南推荐意见提供信息。
参与人员领域是评价指南在其开发过程中涉及的专业人员、收集目标人群(病人、公众等)的观点意愿、明确指南使用者方面的质量[12]。本领域标化百分比为96.00%,该指南详细陈述了指南小组成员的组成。跨专业专家小组包括1例有既往史的病人,以及在管理、临床、教育、研究和政策等所有实践领域拥有专业知识和经验的专家,他们来自不同的医疗服务组织和学术机构,但未详细说明如何考虑和收集目标人群(病人、公众)的观点和意愿。指南中明确了该最佳实践指南的适用范围,说明指南供护士、跨专业团队成员、有糖尿病足溃疡风险或患有糖尿病足溃疡的成年人(18岁及以上)及其照顾者,在医疗保健的各阶段以及所有实践领域中使用。
严谨性领域是对指南制定的方法学的综合性评价,要求指南制定必须包括明确的证据检索策略、详细的证据质量等级评估过程、证据形成的推荐意见的方法学过程,同时还必须确保指南经过外部审查和定期更新[12],这个领域所含条目最多,是指南制定的核心环节。本领域标化百分比为93.00%,该指南在更新过程中详细描述了指南的构建步骤,并在官网补充了详细的检索策略与指南开发流程。对纳入的证据汇总形成了推荐建议和良好实践声明,并标注推荐强度。该指南运用质量和推荐强度分级系统(GRADE)评价证据质量,详细地记录和描述了基于GRADE系统形成推荐意见的过程,同时如果专家小组认为没有足够的证据提出建议(即研究数量有限和/或证据的确定性非常低),他们也可以选择不继续提出建议。该指南在制定推荐意见时考虑了对健康的效益、副作用以及风险因素。在指南形成阶段征求了外部专家的推荐意见,并给出了专家的具体信息,在指南完稿后送外部专家进行评审。该指南的背景信息虽然说明了这是一次更新,但缺乏关于未来如何进行更新的明确计划和步骤描述,这使得用户对后续版本的预期不够明确。
清晰性领域是对指南的语言、结构和表现形式的评价,包括3个条目,即推荐意见是否明确、是否清楚陈述不同的选择或卫生问题、主要推荐意见是否容易识别[12]。本领域标化百分比为96.60%,该指南中明确区分了推荐意见和良好实践声明,适用人群划分清晰,证据总结内容简明扼要,同时标明了证据来源,在实施护理计划过程中提供了面对面或线上虚拟保健平台两种选择。指南在文件的开篇部分提供了其推荐意见的概要,且在每条推荐意见后对该推荐进行了证据解释和说明,读者能够快速获取关键信息,必要时还可以及时查看指南的证据依据。
应用性涉及指南开发严谨性的4个方面,促进因素和障碍因素、提供实施推荐意见的工具、潜在的相关资源和监测审查标准[12]。本领域标化百分比为96.00%,指南中对推荐意见可能面临的阻碍因素和促进因素给予了相应的分析策略,提供了促进指南实施的工具社会行动框架(Social Movement Action Framework,SMA)和知识到行动框架(Knowlegdge-to-Action Framework,KTA),每条建议下都有实施工具资源,如自我筛查工具、糖尿病足评估工具、有减轻糖尿病病人的足底压力的装置等。指南的主要推荐意见中有明确的监控和审计的标准,并提供标准化的评估工具。
独立性领域主要评估指南的制定是否受到赞助方观点的影响、是否申明小组成员之间的利益冲突两方面的评价[12]。本领域标化百分比为100.00%,这项指南工作由安大略省政府资助,RNAO的所有工作都是独立于其资金来源而完成的。指南开发小组成员的利益冲突在官网均有公示。
采用SPSS 27.0软件对指南评价结果进行一致性检验,该方法可检测评估者内和评估者间的可靠性,评价结果通过计算组内相关系数(ICC)进行一致性检验,ICC值>0.80表示一致性较高,0.61~0.80表示一致性中等,0.41~0.60表示一致性一般,0.11~0.40为一致性较差,≤0.10为无一致性。经计算,本研究中3名评价员在各维度评分的ICC值均>0.8,显示评价者间一致性较好。
该指南涉及5个主题,共8条推荐意见,内容见表1。
该指南推荐了监测和评估最佳实践指南实施效果的医疗质量指标,包括结构、过程和结果[13]。为了支持卫生服务和学术组织的评估和质量改进,列出了过程和结果指标以及操作性定义、分子和分母,见表2和表3。
医疗服务提供者根据风险分层,定期对糖尿病病人进行糖尿病足筛查,是一种良好的实践。预防性糖尿病足筛查的目标是预防、早期发现和管理糖尿病病人足部并发症相关的体征和症状[14]。糖尿病足筛查对于护理糖尿病足溃疡已愈合的病人同样重要,因为1年内糖尿病足溃疡复发的可能性约为40%,3年内约为65%[15]。预防性糖尿病足筛查对于提示糖尿病足溃疡的早期风险、体征和症状以便及时预防和管理非常重要,并且能为医疗服务提供者提供一个基线数据,以便在将来发生糖尿病足溃疡时进行比较。糖尿病足筛查包括病史采集、足部视觉检查和评估以及进行脉搏和单丝纤维测试。
对存在糖尿病足溃疡风险或已患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人(及其照护者),医疗服务提供者应支持并教育他们进行自我管理,以预防和管理足溃疡。自我护理行为包括充足的营养和水分、体育活动、监测血糖水平、每日足部检查及选择合适的鞋子、解决问题的能力、坚持服药、安排医疗预约、掌握健康的应对技巧以及采取降低风险的行为[16-18]。在提供自我管理支持时,专家组推荐医疗服务提供者使用针对存在糖尿病足溃疡风险或已患有糖尿病足溃疡的病人及其照护者所定制的病人参与策略。指南纳入研究中[19-28],干预措施主要集中在提供各种病人参与策略的糖尿病足溃疡自我管理教育上,包括个体化或以病人和家庭为中心的护理、病人进行足部护理实践的实操课程、心理教育、重点咨询以及动机访谈。由研究人员、足病医生、护士、心理学家和(或)拥有营养学硕士研究生学位的医疗服务提供者,在医院、社区医疗保健中心以及老年人服务机构的多种护理环境中实施。专家组推荐病人和(或)照护者应进行自我筛查,以预防和管理糖尿病足溃疡。证据中的干预措施包括使用带/不带提醒功能的糖尿病足镜进行足部自我筛查,或使用红外线温度计进行每日足部温度监测[29-30]。
当糖尿病病人出现糖尿病足溃疡的症状和体征时,进行全面且一致的伤口评估,并记录糖尿病足溃疡的存在和特征是良好实践的一部分。应使用一致的方法进行定期、持续的综合伤口评估,在实施护理计划之前完成评估是实践的标准[31]。根据组织政策定期进行全面的伤口评估,并每次都使用相同的评估工具。世界糖尿病足联盟(International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot,IWGDF)的系统评价发现了28种糖尿病足溃疡分类和评分系统,这表明可以根据不同的情境为不同人群使用不同的工具。评价指标包括医务人员之间的沟通指示、临床预测溃疡结果、评估感染的糖尿病足溃疡、评估有外周动脉疾病的病人以及对不同人群的结果进行统计[32]。有关糖尿病足分类工具,指南中均提供了详细的资源获取途径。
专家组推荐医疗服务机构成立伤口护理专科小组为糖尿病足溃疡风险人群或病人提供支持。专门的伤口护理团队由两个或两个以上来自不同专业背景的专业医务人员组成,他们拥有护理糖尿病足溃疡风险或患有糖尿病足溃疡的人所需的能力和实践范围(根据病人风险等级调整)。该团队的成员可以直接照顾糖尿病足溃疡病人,也可以在需要时进行咨询帮助。专业的医务人员在下肢评估、预防和管理方面接受过教育、培训并具有该方面能力。IWGDF推荐,应由专业医务人员提供至少3个级别的足部护理管理[33],通常一个团队包括护士、足科医生、不同专业的医生等。
医疗服务提供者与糖尿病足溃疡病人及其照护者共同实施护理计划,包括基于证据的管理方案,这是一种良好的实践。就指南而言,护理计划是由病人、照护者和医疗服务提供者共同创建和维护的书面或电子计划,该计划概述了个人的短期和长期需求、目标和协调要求,并明确了计划的每个部分由谁负责[34]。专家组推荐医疗服务提供者将虚拟护理平台与面对面服务相结合,以补充所提供的糖尿病足护理服务。指南中虚拟护理是指使用移动应用程序、远程干预和社交媒体提供糖尿病足护理服务。虚拟照护服务的理论基础通常包括教育信息的呈现、教育教学的跟进、咨询、自我照护实践(包括监控或提醒)、远程监控、问题解决、激励和沟通[35]。证据表明,使用虚拟护理平台结合面对面服务提供糖尿病足护理可能会提高自我效能和筛查率,但对糖尿病足溃疡发生和复发的影响尚不确定。
糖尿病足是导致我国糖尿病病人致残、致死的严重慢性并发症之一,提供适宜的糖尿病足护理方案对防治糖尿病足的发生具有重要的临床意义。糖尿病足作为一个医护人员高度关注的健康问题,国内外发布多部指南用于糖尿病足的预防、评估、管理和治疗,但涉及内容宽泛,不便于护理人员便捷使用。RNAO一直致力于护理最佳实践指南的研发和制定,在《减少糖尿病病人足部并发症(第1版)》和《糖尿病足溃疡评估和管理(第2版)》的基础上,同时借鉴了最新的证据,发布了《糖尿病足溃疡预防、评估和管理(第3版)》用于指导护理人员的临床实践,以促进糖尿病足的预防、评估和管理。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.001
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
  • 修回日期:2026-02-03
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    1北京中医药大学东直门医院,北京;100700
    2北京中医药大学

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