Article(id=1322168761780655065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168387082502716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159197516, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159197516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159197516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159197516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168387082502716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='6', pageStart='881', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159108180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159108180, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=894, endPage=905, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168762061673434, articleId=1322168761780655065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Machine learning model predicts risk of postoperative delirium in total hip replacement patients, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To predict the risk of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty using machine learning models.

Methods

A total of 622 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty in Ganzhou People's Hospital were selected as research subjects from January 2020 to December 2024.The Confusion Assessment Method(CAM) was used to assess postoperative delirium. The Boruta algorithm was employed to screen for important feature variables associated with postoperative delirium risk.Patients were randomly divided into training set(442 cases) and testing set(180 cases) at 7∶3 ratio.Nine machine learning models were constructed,trained,and validated using ten-fold cross-validation.The area under the curve(AUC) of receiver operator characteristic was used to evaluate model performance and identify the best machine learning model.Decision curve analysis was used to assess the clinical utility of the model.The SHapley additive explanations(SHAP) method,including bar plots,summary plots,dependence plots,and force plots,was used to interpret and visualize the machine learning models.

Results

The incidence of postoperative delirium among the 622 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty was 30.87%.The Boruta algorithm identified nine important postoperative delirium risk feature variables.Based on the feature importance scores(Z-values),the ranking from highest to lowest was C-reactive protein(CRP),anesthesia duration,albumin (ALB),age,total bilirubin(TB),blood glucose,intraoperative blood loss(IBL),history of diabetes,and cerebrovascular disease(CSD).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age,ALB,TB,blood glucose,CRP,and anesthesia duration were independent influencing factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty(all P<0.05).The XGBoost model demonstrated excellent performance in both the training and test sets,exhibiting the strongest robustness and predictive efficacy for estimating the risk of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.Interpretation and visualization of the XGBoost model using SHAP revealed that the model could predict postoperative delirium risk in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty with high accuracy.

Conclusions

Age,ALB,TB,blood glucose,CRP,anesthesia duration are independent influencing factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.The XGBoost model demonstrated high predictive value for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.

, authors=Xiaoying ZHANG1, Wei LIU2, Meiying XIE1, Jianguo ZHOU1, Jia YANG1, authorsList=Xiaoying ZHANG, Wei LIU, Meiying XIE, Jianguo ZHOU, Jia YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Jia, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168766650242045, articleId=1322168761780655065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=机器学习模型预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的效能研究, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于可解释的机器学习(ML)模型预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险,为病人制定个性化干预方案提供参考。

方法

选取2020年1月—2024年12月在赣州市人民医院接受全髋关节置换术的622例病人为研究对象。于术后1~3 d采用意识模糊评估表(CAM)判断病人是否出现术后谵妄。通过Boruta算法筛选术后谵妄风险重要特征变量。以7∶3比例将622例病人随机分为训练集(442例)和测试集(180例),构建和训练9种机器学习模型并进行十倍交叉验证。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评估最佳机器学习模型。使用决策曲线分析评估模型临床实用价值。使用SHapley加法解释(SHAP)条形图、摘要图、依赖图和力图解释和可视化机器学习模型。

结果

622例全髋关节置换术病人的术后谵妄发生率为30.87%。Boruta算法筛选出9个术后谵妄风险重要特征变量,根据特征重要性评分(Z值)由高至低依次为C反应蛋白(CRP)、麻醉持续时间、白蛋白(ALB)、年龄、总胆红素(TB)、空腹血糖(FBG)、术中失血量(IBL)、糖尿病史、脑血管病(CSD)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的独立影响因素(均P<0.05)。XGBoost模型在训练集和测试集中均表现优异,对于预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险具有最优的稳健性与预测效能。基于SHAP对XGBoost模型进行解释和可视化,显示XGBoost模型能以极高准确度预测全髋置换术后病人谵妄风险。

结论

年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的重要影响因素,XGBoost模型在全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄中的预测价值较高。

, authors=张小英1, 刘伟2, 谢美英1, 周建国1, 杨佳1, *, *, authorsList=张小英, 刘伟, 谢美英, 周建国, 杨佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨佳, authorNote=

张小英,副主任护师,本科

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨佳,E-mail:
YANG Jia, E-mail:
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(A为CRP;B为FBG;C为糖尿病史;D为TB;E为年龄;F为麻醉持续时间)

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Comparison of clinical data between training and testing sets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类训练集(n=442)测试集(n=180)统计值P
性别[例(%)]男242(54.75)108(60.00)χ2=1.4320.231
女200(45.25)72(40.00)
年龄(岁)68.41±5.9568.80±5.73t=-0.7420.459
BMI(kg/m2)25.31±3.2925.51±3.28t=-0.6630.508
COPD[例(%)]是401(90.72)171(95.00)χ2=3.1640.075
否41(9.28)9(5.00)
吸烟[例(%)]是324(73.30)138(76.67)χ2=0.7570.384
否118(26.70)42(23.33)
酗酒[例(%)]是327(73.98)139(77.22)χ2=0.7150.398
否115(26.02)41(22.78)
高血压[例(%)]有359(81.22)148(82.22)χ2=0.0850.771
无83(18.78)32(17.78)
糖尿病史[例(%)]有370(83.71)151(83.89)χ2=0.0030.956
无72(16.29)29(16.11)
CSD[例(%)]有397(89.82)168(93.33)χ2=1.8980.168
无45(10.18)12(6.67)
CHD[例(%)]有411(92.99)166(92.22)χ2=0.1110.739
无31(7.01)14(7.78)
ASA分级[例(%)]1级23(5.20)9(5.00)χ2=3.9780.264
2级274(61.99)97(53.89)
3级134(30.32)69(38.33)
4级11(2.49)5(2.78)
Hb(g/L)125.67±12.96126.51±13.07t=-0.7270.467
PLT(×109/L)188.46±40.95192.47±47.46t=-0.9930.321
BUN(mmol/L)6.81±1.856.83±1.89t=-0.0990.921
ALB(g/L)40.82±2.8241.11±2.61t=-1.1730.241
GGT(U/L)34.99±16.2537.05±18.81t=-1.2860.199
TB(µmol/L)11.77±4.0211.30±4.08t=1.3160.189
FIB(g/L)2.97±1.182.78±1.16t=1.8390.067
FBG(mmol/L)6.21±1.026.07±1.11t=1.4580.145
CRP(mg/L)5.21±3.515.05±3.22t=0.5140.607
ESR(mm/h)28.76±8.7029.12±8.59t=-0.4580.647
IBL(mL)332.72±113.63327.88±115.23t=0.4800.631
手术时长(min)109.89±21.73108.95±21.12t=0.4930.622
麻醉持续时间(min)149.08±26.16147.11±23.95t=0.8710.384
), ArticleFig(id=1322530563349659829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168761780655065, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

训练集和测试集临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类训练集(n=442)测试集(n=180)统计值P
性别[例(%)]男242(54.75)108(60.00)χ2=1.4320.231
女200(45.25)72(40.00)
年龄(岁)68.41±5.9568.80±5.73t=-0.7420.459
BMI(kg/m2)25.31±3.2925.51±3.28t=-0.6630.508
COPD[例(%)]是401(90.72)171(95.00)χ2=3.1640.075
否41(9.28)9(5.00)
吸烟[例(%)]是324(73.30)138(76.67)χ2=0.7570.384
否118(26.70)42(23.33)
酗酒[例(%)]是327(73.98)139(77.22)χ2=0.7150.398
否115(26.02)41(22.78)
高血压[例(%)]有359(81.22)148(82.22)χ2=0.0850.771
无83(18.78)32(17.78)
糖尿病史[例(%)]有370(83.71)151(83.89)χ2=0.0030.956
无72(16.29)29(16.11)
CSD[例(%)]有397(89.82)168(93.33)χ2=1.8980.168
无45(10.18)12(6.67)
CHD[例(%)]有411(92.99)166(92.22)χ2=0.1110.739
无31(7.01)14(7.78)
ASA分级[例(%)]1级23(5.20)9(5.00)χ2=3.9780.264
2级274(61.99)97(53.89)
3级134(30.32)69(38.33)
4级11(2.49)5(2.78)
Hb(g/L)125.67±12.96126.51±13.07t=-0.7270.467
PLT(×109/L)188.46±40.95192.47±47.46t=-0.9930.321
BUN(mmol/L)6.81±1.856.83±1.89t=-0.0990.921
ALB(g/L)40.82±2.8241.11±2.61t=-1.1730.241
GGT(U/L)34.99±16.2537.05±18.81t=-1.2860.199
TB(µmol/L)11.77±4.0211.30±4.08t=1.3160.189
FIB(g/L)2.97±1.182.78±1.16t=1.8390.067
FBG(mmol/L)6.21±1.026.07±1.11t=1.4580.145
CRP(mg/L)5.21±3.515.05±3.22t=0.5140.607
ESR(mm/h)28.76±8.7029.12±8.59t=-0.4580.647
IBL(mL)332.72±113.63327.88±115.23t=0.4800.631
手术时长(min)109.89±21.73108.95±21.12t=0.4930.622
麻醉持续时间(min)149.08±26.16147.11±23.95t=0.8710.384
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机器学习模型预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的效能研究
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张小英 1 , 刘伟 2 , 谢美英 1 , 周建国 1 , 杨佳 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(6): 894-905
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (6) : 894 -905
机器学习模型预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的效能研究
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张小英1, 刘伟2, 谢美英1, 周建国1, 杨佳1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1赣州市人民医院,江西 341000
  • 2赣南卫生健康职业学院
通讯作者:
杨佳,E-mail:
YANG Jia, E-mail:
作者简介:

张小英,副主任护师,本科

Machine learning model predicts risk of postoperative delirium in total hip replacement patients
Xiaoying ZHANG1, Wei LIU2, Meiying XIE1, Jianguo ZHOU1, Jia YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi 341000 China
  • 2Gannan Health Vocational College
  • Corresponding Author:
    YANG Jia, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.002
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目的

基于可解释的机器学习(ML)模型预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险,为病人制定个性化干预方案提供参考。

方法

选取2020年1月—2024年12月在赣州市人民医院接受全髋关节置换术的622例病人为研究对象。于术后1~3 d采用意识模糊评估表(CAM)判断病人是否出现术后谵妄。通过Boruta算法筛选术后谵妄风险重要特征变量。以7∶3比例将622例病人随机分为训练集(442例)和测试集(180例),构建和训练9种机器学习模型并进行十倍交叉验证。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评估最佳机器学习模型。使用决策曲线分析评估模型临床实用价值。使用SHapley加法解释(SHAP)条形图、摘要图、依赖图和力图解释和可视化机器学习模型。

结果

622例全髋关节置换术病人的术后谵妄发生率为30.87%。Boruta算法筛选出9个术后谵妄风险重要特征变量,根据特征重要性评分(Z值)由高至低依次为C反应蛋白(CRP)、麻醉持续时间、白蛋白(ALB)、年龄、总胆红素(TB)、空腹血糖(FBG)、术中失血量(IBL)、糖尿病史、脑血管病(CSD)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的独立影响因素(均P<0.05)。XGBoost模型在训练集和测试集中均表现优异,对于预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险具有最优的稳健性与预测效能。基于SHAP对XGBoost模型进行解释和可视化,显示XGBoost模型能以极高准确度预测全髋置换术后病人谵妄风险。

结论

年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的重要影响因素,XGBoost模型在全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄中的预测价值较高。

全髋关节置换术  /  术后谵妄  /  影响因素  /  机器学习  /  Boruta算法  /  SHapley加法解释(SHAP)  /  XGBoost模型
Objective

To predict the risk of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty using machine learning models.

Methods

A total of 622 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty in Ganzhou People's Hospital were selected as research subjects from January 2020 to December 2024.The Confusion Assessment Method(CAM) was used to assess postoperative delirium. The Boruta algorithm was employed to screen for important feature variables associated with postoperative delirium risk.Patients were randomly divided into training set(442 cases) and testing set(180 cases) at 7∶3 ratio.Nine machine learning models were constructed,trained,and validated using ten-fold cross-validation.The area under the curve(AUC) of receiver operator characteristic was used to evaluate model performance and identify the best machine learning model.Decision curve analysis was used to assess the clinical utility of the model.The SHapley additive explanations(SHAP) method,including bar plots,summary plots,dependence plots,and force plots,was used to interpret and visualize the machine learning models.

Results

The incidence of postoperative delirium among the 622 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty was 30.87%.The Boruta algorithm identified nine important postoperative delirium risk feature variables.Based on the feature importance scores(Z-values),the ranking from highest to lowest was C-reactive protein(CRP),anesthesia duration,albumin (ALB),age,total bilirubin(TB),blood glucose,intraoperative blood loss(IBL),history of diabetes,and cerebrovascular disease(CSD).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age,ALB,TB,blood glucose,CRP,and anesthesia duration were independent influencing factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty(all P<0.05).The XGBoost model demonstrated excellent performance in both the training and test sets,exhibiting the strongest robustness and predictive efficacy for estimating the risk of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.Interpretation and visualization of the XGBoost model using SHAP revealed that the model could predict postoperative delirium risk in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty with high accuracy.

Conclusions

Age,ALB,TB,blood glucose,CRP,anesthesia duration are independent influencing factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.The XGBoost model demonstrated high predictive value for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.

total hip arthroplasty  /  postoperative delirium  /  influencing factors  /  machine learning  /  Boruta algorithm  /  SHapley additive explanations, SHAP  /  XGBoost model
张小英, 刘伟, 谢美英, 周建国, 杨佳. 机器学习模型预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的效能研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (6) : 894 -905 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.002
Xiaoying ZHANG, Wei LIU, Meiying XIE, Jianguo ZHOU, Jia YANG. Machine learning model predicts risk of postoperative delirium in total hip replacement patients[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (6) : 894 -905 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.002
全髋关节置换术是老年病人常见的外科手术,广泛用于治疗髋关节疾病。谵妄是全髋关节置换术后病人常见且严重的并发症,可能延长病人住院时间,增加病人死亡风险,阻碍病人术后康复,降低病人生活质量[1-2]。随着现代麻醉技术和手术方法的改进,病人生存率得以提高,但术后谵妄的发生仍是手术病人临床管理面临的重要挑战[3],因此,早期识别高风险病人对于优化治疗策略、降低谵妄发生率具有重要意义。传统情况下,临床医生会通过观察和评估临床特征预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄发生风险,这种依赖主观判断的方法准确性较低[4]。为克服这一不足,学者们逐渐转向更先进的分析方法,如采用机器学习(machine learning,ML)模型从大量病人特征中有效识别与术后谵妄风险相关的因素[5]。Boruta算法作为一种基于随机森林(random forest,RF)的特征选择方法,通过生成“阴影”特征并与实际特征进行比较,筛选出对预测结果有显著贡献的特征变量,从而提高模型的准确性和鲁棒性[6]。与传统统计方法相比,机器学习模型能够有效捕捉变量之间复杂的非线性关系,从而增强预测精度。但机器学习模型也常因“黑匣子”特性,缺乏足够的可解释性和透明度,导致其在临床实践中的应用受到限制。为了解决这一问题,本研究采用SHapley加法解释(SHapley additive explanations,SHAP)增加模型的可解释性,以量化每个特征对模型预测结果的影响,从而为临床医生提供更清晰的决策依据,增强其对模型预测结果的信任度[7-8]。现将结果报道如下。
采用随机抽样的方法选取2020年1月—2024年12月在赣州市人民医院接受全髋关节置换术的病人为研究对象。纳入标准:1)股骨头缺血性坏死、股骨头无菌性坏死、股骨粗隆间骨折、股骨颈骨折或转子间骨折;2)年龄≥60岁;3)麻醉方式为全身麻醉;4)首次接受单侧全髋关节置换术;5)临床资料完整。排除标准:1)存在手术禁忌证,无法实施手术;2)术前伴有认知功能障碍,意识不清;3)伴有恶性肿瘤;4)伴有血液系统疾病;5)伴有严重肝肾功能障碍。采用PASS 15.0软件估算样本量,设α=0.05,β=0.10,同时考虑到15%的脱落率,最终纳入622例病人。本研究已通过赣州市人民医院医学伦理委员会批准同意(编号:TY-ZKY 2023-088-01)。
选取经过统一培训且熟练掌握意识模糊评估表(Confusion Assessment Method,CAM)使用方法的2名护理人员,于全髋关节置换术后1~3 d(08:00—12:00)对病人进行谵妄诊断。术后谵妄诊断方法:1)意识状态的急性改变或波动;2)注意力障碍;3)意识水平的改变;4)思维混乱。若符合前两项及第3项或第4项中的任意1项则诊断为谵妄[9]。
应用电子病历系统数据库收集并整理病人临床资料,包括性别、年龄、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、吸烟、酗酒、高血压、糖尿病史、脑血管病(cerebrovascular disease,CSD)、冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)、美国麻醉医师协会评分(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、血小板计数(platelets,PLT)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-glutamyl transferase,GGT)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、术中失血量(intraoperative blood loss,IBL)、手术时长、麻醉持续时间。
将数据集进行预处理(包括数据清洗和缺失值填补)后,使用Boruta算法对数据进行特征选择。Boruta是一种基于随机森林的特征选择方法,通过与随机生成的“影子”特征进行比较,评估每个特征对模型预测的重要性。在执行Boruta算法时,每个特征会被分配1个重要性评分,并进行多次迭代,通过比较原始特征和影子特征的评分决定特征是否重要。在筛选过程中,Boruta会输出每个特征的显著性,并标记为“重要”(绿色)或“不重要”(红色)。最终算法会选出与术后谵妄风险密切相关的关键特征变量。
基于随机数字表法,以7∶3比例将622例全髋关节置换术病人随机分为训练集(442例)和测试集(180例),采用Boruta、randomForest、e1071、nnet、MASS、mda、xgboost、catboost、caret、PRROC、openxlsx、tidyverse、tableone、gbm、MLmetrics、C50、kernlab、naivebayes、mda、earth、mlbench和pROC等软件包构建和训练9种机器学习模型,包括灵活判别分析(flexible discriminant analysis,FDA)、梯度提升机(gradient boosting machine,GBM)、线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)、逻辑回归(Logistic regression,LR)、混合判别分析(mixture discriminant analysis,MDA)、朴素贝叶斯(naive bayes,NB)、RF、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)和极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost),并采用十倍交叉验证防止过度拟合。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)以评估最佳预测模型。使用决策曲线分析评估模型的临床实用价值。
SHAP是一种基于Shapley值的解释方法,旨在解释机器学习模型中每个特征对最终预测结果的贡献,Shapley值来源于博弈论,用于衡量各参与者(在这里是特征)对合作结果(预测)的贡献[10]。SHAP值通过计算1个特征在所有可能特征组合中的边际贡献确定其对模型预测的影响。SHAP值通过考虑每个特征在不同组合下的贡献,采用Shapley值的加权平均方法计算,其计算相对复杂,但具有强大的解释能力,能够精确衡量特征对每种预测的具体影响[11]。SHAP值可以反映模型中变量对预测结果是“保护”还是“危险”。条形图可展示特征的平均影响,反映全局特征的重要性。摘要图可展示每个特征在所有样本中的影响分布,帮助了解特征对预测结果的全局趋势。依赖图用于展示单个特征的取值与其SHAP值之间的关系,揭示其与预测结果的非线性关联及潜在的交互效应。力图可展示单个预测的特征贡献,帮助深入分析某实例的预测理由,通过以上图形,可更好地理解模型决策过程,并为其提供透明度和解释[12]。
采用SPSS 26.0、R 4.4.2软件处理数据。通过Shapiro-Wilk检验进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;定性资料以频数、百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
以7∶3比例将622例病人按照随机数字表法分为训练集(n=442)和测试集(n=180),两组临床资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。622例全髋关节置换术病人中,192例病人发生术后谵妄,术后谵妄发生率为30.87%。
采用Boruta算法进行特征筛选,绿色代表被确认为“重要”的特征,红色代表被拒绝的“不重要”特征,蓝色代表用于比较的“影子特征”。该算法最终筛选出9个与术后谵妄风险相关的关键预测变量。根据特征重要性评分(Z值)由高至低排序,依次为CRP、麻醉持续时间、ALB、年龄、TB、FBG、IBL、糖尿病史、CSD。见图1、图2。
基于训练集数据进行Logistic回归分析,单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、糖尿病史、CSD、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、IBL、麻醉持续时间有统计学意义(均P<0.05),见图3。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的独立影响因素(均P<0.05),糖尿病史的OR值较高(2.920),但在此模型中无统计学意义(P=0.083)。见图4。绝大多数特征之间的Pearson相关系数较低,表明所选特征之间整体相关性较弱,独立性较好,在构建预测模型时出现严重多重共线性的风险较低。见图5。
基于Boruta算法筛选的9个重要特征,在训练集与测试集中分别构建并评估9种机器学习模型。10次随机抽样结果显示,XGBoost模型在训练集和测试集中均表现优异,对于预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险具有最优的稳健性与预测效能。见图6、图7。
训练集和测试集的决策曲线分析结果显示,基于XGBoost模型评估全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险能提供临床净收益,见图8、图9。
纳入Boruta算法筛选的9个特征进行分析,XGBoost最终的决策逻辑中,CSD、ALB、IBL这3个特征的SHAP值趋近于0,表明贡献极低,属于冗余特征,为保证解释的简洁性和聚焦性,绘图代码时设置阈值,仅显示贡献度排序较前的特征,即CRP、麻醉持续时间、年龄、TB、FBG、糖尿病史。SHAP条形图显示入选特征的全局重要性排序中,CRP是对预测影响最大的特征,其次为麻醉持续时间、FBG、TB、糖尿病史和年龄,见图10。SHAP摘要图显示了入选特征对全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的贡献度,各特征变量SHAP值呈两端分布,即正SHAP值表现为风险因素,负SHAP值表现为保护因素,表明CRP、麻醉持续时间、FBG、TB、糖尿病史和年龄能有效预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险,见图11。SHAP依赖图显示,CRP、麻醉持续时间、FBG、TB、糖尿病史和年龄的观测值与SHAP值间呈现一定依赖性,表现为CRP、FBG、TB升高,有糖尿病史,年龄增加,麻醉持续时间延长的病人SHAP值增高,其中CRP升高病人SHAP值增高趋势最明显。见图12。
采用SHAP力图解释和可视化XGBoost模型对全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的预测结果,结果显示,对于“真阳性”和“真阴性”病人,XGBoost模型定量全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险的概率分别为1.000 0和0.002 7。见图13~图16。
全髋关节置换术作为治疗髋关节疾病的有效手段,在临床实践中被广泛应用。术后谵妄是全髋关节置换术的常见并发症,可影响病人认知功能,延长病人住院时间,增加病人治疗成本,甚至可引发更严重的健康问题。如何有效预测并预防术后谵妄的发生,成为临床医护和研究人员共同关注的问题。近年来,随着人工智能和机器学习技术的快速发展,可解释的机器学习模型在医学预测领域展现出了巨大潜力,为术后谵妄风险的预测提供了新的解决方案。本研究通过Boruta算法筛选出与术后谵妄密切相关的9个特征变量,依次为CRP、麻醉持续时间、ALB、年龄、TB、FBG、IBL、糖尿病史、CSD。本研究通过回归分析评估全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的风险因素。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、糖尿病史、CSD、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、IBL、麻醉持续时间有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的独立影响因素(均P<0.05)。CRP与麻醉持续时间等在多因素分析中保持显著性,凸显了其在复杂临床场景中的预测价值。而糖尿病史虽在多因素分析中无统计学意义,但其较高的OR值提示其仍可能是一个重要的临床风险信号。本研究在训练集与测试集上分别构建并评估了9种机器学习模型,10次随机抽样结果显示,XGBoost模型在训练集和测试集中均表现优异,对于预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险具有较优的稳健性与预测效能。
使用SHAP解释XGBoost模型并量化入选特征变量对术后谵妄风险预测的贡献程度,SHAP条形图显示,CRP是预测术后谵妄风险的最重要特征变量,其次为麻醉持续时间、FBG、TB、糖尿病史、年龄。SHAP摘要图表明CRP、麻醉持续时间、FBG、TB、糖尿病史、年龄能有效预测全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄风险。炎症被认为是术后谵妄的一个重要病理生理机制,CRP是一种急性时相反应蛋白,其水平在机体受到感染、炎症或组织损伤时会显著升高[13]。已有研究表明,术后4 h的CRP水平是全髋关节置换术后谵妄的影响因素之一[14]。麻醉持续时间与术后谵妄的发生密切相关。麻醉过程中,尤其是使用全身麻醉时,病人的意识和神经系统功能受到抑制,长时间的麻醉可能导致大脑氧供应不足、神经元损伤,且麻醉药物代谢后或可引发药物残留效应,增加脑功能恢复难度,从而增加术后谵妄的风险。杨曦仑等[15]研究结果显示,麻醉时间≥2 h是全髋关节置换术后谵妄的危险因素。FBG水平不稳定,尤其是高FBG,是术后谵妄的重要危险因素之一。高FBG可能会通过影响脑代谢、引起神经毒性等方式增加谵妄发生风险[16-17]。TB是由肝脏代谢的废物,其浓度升高可能表明肝脏功能异常,而肝脏损伤或功能不全可能影响药物代谢,进而影响大脑功能,增加术后谵妄风险。朱悦倩等[18]研究表明,TB是急性Stanford A型夹层病人术后谵妄的独立危险因素。糖尿病病人的FBG控制较差,可能面临FBG波动问题。此外,糖尿病还可能引起神经系统的慢性损害,影响病人术后恢复,增加谵妄风险[19]。老年病人通常有较低的生理储备,术后恢复相对较慢。年龄较大病人的大脑可塑性较差,术后认知功能恢复能力下降,谵妄风险也相应增加[5,20]。
本研究展示了每个特征变量与模型预测结果间的关系,并赋予各特征变量权重(即SHAP值),为护理人员制定优先级干预措施提供理论依据。SHAP依赖图显示,6个变量观测值与SHAP值间呈现一定依赖性,表现为CRP、FBG、TB升高,有糖尿病史,年龄增加,麻醉苏醒时间延长的病人SHAP值增高,其中CRP升高病人SHAP值增高趋势最明显。此外,SHAP还可为单个样本提供局部解释,即从全髋关节置换术病人中随机抽取1例“真阴性”和“真阳性”病人,SHAP力图谱展示各特征变量对术后谵妄风险的正向或负向贡献,并可通过比较不同特征变量SHAP绝对值判断特定特征变量在单个样本中的权重,其不仅能够帮助护理人员和病人深入理解模型决策过程,使机器学习模型更加透明和可解释,还可通过权重识别对术后谵妄风险预测最重要的特征变量,有利于更好地制定临床决策。
首先,本研究为单中心研究且样本量较小,缺乏外部数据集验证;其次,本研究未充分考虑其他混杂变量对全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的影响,可能影响模型预测能力;最后,本研究部分特征变量数据是在入院时收集,需进一步研究其动态变化与术后谵妄风险关系,提高模型预测准确性。
本研究结果显示,年龄、ALB、TB、FBG、CRP、麻醉持续时间是全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄的重要影响因素(均P<0.05),基于上述指标构建的XGBoost模型在全髋关节置换术后病人谵妄中的预测价值较高,有利于指导医护人员制定个性化的干预方案和临床管理决策,从而更好地改善病人预后。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.002
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
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    1赣州市人民医院,江西 341000
    2赣南卫生健康职业学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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