Article(id=1322168332988559882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168262247432815, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=1769356800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159095284, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159095284, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159095284, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159095284, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168262247432815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='705', pageEnd='880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159078418, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159078418, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=770, endPage=775, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168333181497867, articleId=1322168332988559882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Integrating the temporal dimension in longitudinal mixed methods research: key methodological considerations for design and implementation, columnId=1322165088144962406, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Methodology Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Drawing on recent international literature and representative case studies,this paper systematically summarized and interpreted the design logic,key implementation principles,data integration techniques,and common challenges of longitudinal mixed methods research,aiming to provide methodological guidance for researchers in China undertaking such studies.

, authors=Ning LIU1, 2, Bixuan YAN3, Jie GAO4, Fengwei LI5, Ying JI3, Hongling CHU1, 6, authorsList=Ning LIU, Bixuan YAN, Jie GAO, Fengwei LI, Ying JI, Hongling CHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongling CHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHU Hongling, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168333760311822, articleId=1322168332988559882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=整合时间维度的纵向混合方法研究设计与实施要点, columnId=1322165088312734568, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=方法学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于近期国际文献和典型案例,对纵向混合方法研究的设计逻辑、实施要点、数据整合方法及常见挑战进行梳理和解读,以期为国内研究者开展此类研究提供方法学参考。

, authors=刘宁1, 2, 闫碧轩3, 高洁4, 李凤卫5, 纪颖3, 褚红玲1, 6, *, *, authorsList=刘宁, 闫碧轩, 高洁, 李凤卫, 纪颖, 褚红玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=褚红玲, authorNote=

刘宁,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
褚红玲,E-mail:
CHU Hongling, E-mail:
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刘宁,硕士研究生在读

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刘宁,硕士研究生在读

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整合时间维度的纵向混合方法研究设计与实施要点
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刘宁 1, 2 , 闫碧轩 3 , 高洁 4 , 李凤卫 5 , 纪颖 3 , 褚红玲 1, 6, *, *
护理研究 | 方法学研究 2026,40(5): 770-775
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护理研究 |方法学研究 2026 , 40 (5) : 770 -775
整合时间维度的纵向混合方法研究设计与实施要点
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刘宁,硕士研究生在读

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刘宁1, 2, 闫碧轩3, 高洁4, 李凤卫5, 纪颖3, 褚红玲1, 6, *, *
作者信息
  • 1北京大学第三医院临床流行病学研究中心,北京 100191
  • 2北京大学护理学院
  • 3北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育学系
  • 4香港科技大学(广州)创新创业与公共政策学域
  • 5北京航天总医院
  • 6重大疾病流行病学教育部重点实验室(北京大学)
通讯作者:
褚红玲,E-mail:
CHU Hongling, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘宁,硕士研究生在读

Integrating the temporal dimension in longitudinal mixed methods research: key methodological considerations for design and implementation
Ning LIU1, 2, Bixuan YAN3, Jie GAO4, Fengwei LI5, Ying JI3, Hongling CHU1, 6
Affiliations
  • 1Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191 China
  • 2School of Nursing, Peking University
  • 3Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University
  • 4Division of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)
  • 5Beijing Aerospace General Hospital
  • 6Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases(Peking University), Ministry of Education
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHU Hongling, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.009
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基于近期国际文献和典型案例,对纵向混合方法研究的设计逻辑、实施要点、数据整合方法及常见挑战进行梳理和解读,以期为国内研究者开展此类研究提供方法学参考。

纵向研究  /  纵向混合方法研究  /  研究设计  /  定性研究  /  定量研究  /  混合方法研究

Drawing on recent international literature and representative case studies,this paper systematically summarized and interpreted the design logic,key implementation principles,data integration techniques,and common challenges of longitudinal mixed methods research,aiming to provide methodological guidance for researchers in China undertaking such studies.

longitudinal research  /  longitudinal mixed methods research  /  research design  /  qualitative research  /  quantitative research  /  mixed methods research
刘宁, 闫碧轩, 高洁, 李凤卫, 纪颖, 褚红玲. 整合时间维度的纵向混合方法研究设计与实施要点. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (5) : 770 -775 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.009
Ning LIU, Bixuan YAN, Jie GAO, Fengwei LI, Ying JI, Hongling CHU. Integrating the temporal dimension in longitudinal mixed methods research: key methodological considerations for design and implementation[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (5) : 770 -775 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.009
混合方法研究(mixed methods research,MMR)作为一种系统整合定量与定性方法的研究范式,近年来在护理学、社会科学、医学与教育学等领域广泛应用[1-4],尤其在探讨护理干预效果[5]、病人体验[6-7]、照护模式转变[8]及护理团队协作机制[9]等方面展现出显著优势。该方法以“实用主义”为哲学基础,通过将定量结果的量化数据与定性访谈或叙事深度结合,增强研究的解释力与实用性,适用于探究复杂社会现象中“是什么”“为什么”及“如何变化”的问题[10-11]。在混合方法研究范式不断演进的过程中,纵向混合方法研究(longitudinal mixed methods research,LMMR)因其对时间维度的强调,逐步成为复杂护理干预评估、机制探索及过程追踪研究中的重要工具[12-13]。与横断面研究相比,纵向混合方法研究通过在多个时间点收集、分析并整合定量数据与定性资料,能够揭示病人护理行为及其结局在自然或干预条件下的动态演变过程,具有独特的时序敏感性与解释深度,是研究动态现象的理想方法[14]。尽管纵向混合方法研究的应用日益增多,但该类研究应如何严谨设计与实施,鲜有方法学文献指导。因此,本研究将结合典型案例与方法学文献,对纵向混合方法研究的设计逻辑、实施要点及整合策略进行梳理与解读,以期为国内护理研究者在开展复杂过程评估、照护模式研究、护理干预研究及卫生服务体系改进研究时提供具有可操作性的理论与方法指导。
纵向混合研究是一种结合时间维度与多方法整合的研究设计,融合了定量研究与定性研究的优势,用以更全面地探索现象在时间中的演变过程[13,15]。在此方法中,研究者不仅要整合不同的数据收集与分析技术,还要融合多种研究范式的视角,更全面地回答复杂的研究问题。混合方法研究本身强调定量数据的广泛性与定性资料的深度互为补充,使研究结果更具广度与解释力[16-17]。从纵向角度来看,主要关注在一段时间内对相同研究对象进行多次追踪评估,从而揭示某种特征、疾病、行为或体验在时间维度上的演化轨迹[14,18]。纵向的定量研究部分基本等同于队列研究,用于描述变量的变化趋势、预测疾病发生发展或识别关键影响因素,适合进行长期影响、因果关系及预后预测等分析。纵向的定性研究则致力于理解在不同时间点个体行为或体验的转变及其背后的意义,有助于捕捉主观体验与感受、行为模式或态度的动态变化[19]。由于健康科学等领域的研究对象常常具有情境多变、历程复杂的特性,传统的横断面研究或单一方法的纵向研究往往难以揭示现象发生与演进的深层机制。为弥补这一局限,Wenger[20]于1999年提出“纵向混合方法研究”这一概念,主张在时间序列中整合定量研究与定性研究方法。该方法不仅关注数据在时间上的变化,还强调不同类型资料之间的相互印证、比较与转换,从而提升研究的解释力与理论建构深度。虽然纵向混合方法研究在成本和时间上均要求较高,但其在揭示干预结局、影响因素、中介作用以及行为、体验、社会情境等多维度在时间动态中的变化特征具有独特价值[19]。它能够展现时间与结果之间的互动关系,帮助研究者理解为什么相同的干预或现象在不同时间点可能呈现出不同的轨迹与效果。这种时间-人-情境三者的动态关联,是其他单一方法研究难以揭示的。
“混合”和“纵向”是纵向混合方法研究设计的两大核心要素,在研究方案的制定过程中需要同时兼顾。尽管关于混合方法研究已有较为丰富的文献,但现有研究多集中于单个时间点层面的方法学探讨,对于整合时间维度的纵向情境下混合方法研究的应用关注仍然有限。在一项由Van Ness等[21]开展的采用纵向混合方法研究解释老龄化过程的相关研究中,提出了3种可用于临床医学领域的纵向混合方法研究设计:1)前瞻性纵向混合方法设计(prospective longitudinal mixed methods design),即在纵向定量研究的首次时间点收集定性资料,以探索参与者对所关注现象的预期。Karlström等[22]利用该设计在孕妇孕中期(孕17~19周)、孕晚期(孕32~34周)、产后8孕10周及产后1年共实施4轮问卷调查,以描绘孕妇分娩偏好的纵向变化;定性部分仅在首次问卷中设置开放式问题收集1次资料,用于探索孕妇在研究起点对分娩方式的初始期待与形成原因。该设计通过基线定性资料补充定量趋势解释,为理解后续偏好变化提供机制线索。2)回顾性纵向混合方法设计(retrospective longitudinal mixed methods design),即在纵向定量研究的最后1个时间点收集1次定性资料,以了解参与者对已发生事件的反思。该模型基于其整体时序安排有3种变体,即同步型、顺序型和聚敛型。但其研究设计及其变体均为末次收集定性研究资料以补充定量结果,可能受到回忆偏倚和事后合理化的影响,难以真实反映参与者在不同阶段的动态体验。本研究类型的典型示例可见于Pettersson等[23]的纵向混合方法研究:其定量资料来自4次定量测量(T1~T4),而定性资料仅在末次时间点(T4)进行1次半结构式访谈。该设计完全符合回顾性纵向混合方法的核心特征,即在定量资料积累完成之后,再通过一次性定性访谈补充对事件的回顾性解释,由此不可避免地受到记忆衰退、情境再建构及事后合理化的影响。3)完全纵向混合方法设计(fully longitudinal mixed methods design),即在不同时间点重复收集定量与定性数据,有利于全面捕捉研究现象在两个维度的整体变化程度。Nevedal等[24]即采用此类设计,对82个机构分别进行了4次纵向定量测量,用于追踪实践实施与持续性的量化变化;同时在4次定性收集中持续获取背景因素、障碍与促进因素的机制性资料。这种定量-定性同步纵向追踪的设计,有助于在两个维度上揭示变化趋势,并进一步解释变化背后的原因,但需要耗费大量人力,可能会给参与者带来过重负担,也会影响统计结果。故在实际应用中,部分研究者通常以采集纵向定量数据为主,并在部分时点同步收集定性资料,以减少研究成本以及参与者负担。以上纵向混合研究方法设计中,完全纵向混合方法设计在医学研究领域相对常见,其核心特征是在多个时间点同步收集定量资料与定性资料,从而实时追踪并解析变化的客观指标(如患病率/行为发生率)与主观感知(如障碍因素)的双重维度[12, 21]。例如,一项在美国阿肯色州开展的纵向混合方法研究,针对马绍尔群岛裔母亲在妊娠晚期、产后6周和6个月3个时间点同步发放问卷收集定量资料与进行访谈收集定性资料,以探讨其在纯母乳喂养中的体验和观点变化及障碍/促进因素,并通过整合量化趋势与定性解释揭示文化与家庭环境对喂养决策的影响[25]。
虽然该设计能够在分析阶段实现更细致和情境化的整合解释,但同时也意味着研究人员需投入大量的时间与精力,且随时间的推移,数据收集与分析成本相对较高。在实际应用中,许多研究者常会采用其“变体”,即研究以采集纵向定量数据为主,并在部分时点同步收集定性资料,在获取丰富研究资料的同时,减少研究成本以及参与者负担[12]。例如,一项关于复发或难治性弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤病人接受匹杉琼治疗的纵向混合方法研究[6],在荷兰多中心招募约20例病人,于治疗前0~8 d(T0)、第1周期第3周~第4周(T1)、第2周期第3周~第4周(T2,仅问卷)、第3周期第3周~第4周(T3)及治疗停止后1~2周(T4),同步收集半结构式访谈资料与生活质量量表数据,以揭示病人在疗效有限情境下的决策动因、治疗体验与偏好,并比较应答者与非应答者、不同治疗次数病人的生活质量轨迹。但该研究中为了减少资料收集的负担,仅在第2周期收集了定量问卷,未进行定性资料的收集。故在进行研究设计时,初期需将研究问题的动态特征与纵向混合方法研究收集数据的关键时间点相匹配[3]。理想情况下,研究应以某一标志性事件作为起点,以捕捉现象发生和演变的关键节点,并根据实践过程的节奏,合理设定数据收集的频率与总体持续时间,以在理论价值与资源可行性之间取得平衡。
完全纵向混合方法研究在实践过程中考虑到具体的纳入标准和招募的难度,随机抽样常难以实现,多数研究采取方便抽样和目的抽样来代替[2,7-8,24,26]。且完全纵向混合方法研究与一般混合方法研究面临相似挑战:定量研究通常需要较大样本以进行多变量或轨迹建模,而定性研究则强调信息饱和度,往往难以在大样本中实现逐一访谈。因此,在保证研究质量的前提下,应尽可能在每个时间点对同一批参与者收集定量资料,并保持定性访谈对象来自定量研究的参与者,以增强解释深度及数据整合的潜力[13]。
完全纵向混合方法研究建议针对每个主要研究结局分别设定定量指标与定性指标,并在不同时间点重复收集数据与资料,从而更全面地揭示现象的变化过程与原因[13]。然而,这种策略可能加重参与者负担并增加研究成本,因此在设计时应尽量做到全面与高效的平衡。此外,研究初期就应明确数据整合的方式与时间点,如通过合并分析[2]、时序化展示[12]以及三角验证[3]等方法提高解释力。尽管完全纵向混合方法研究在揭示复杂现象演变机制上具有独特优势,但其在数据整合策略上的规范与经验仍有待进一步探索。
纵向混合方法研究在临床研究中的应用目前尚处于探索与初期应用阶段。本研究经系统检索筛选后,以Curry等[27]发表的关于美国医院组织文化变革的一项研究为例进行分析,以帮助读者更好地理解和应用纵向混合方法研究。该研究的目标是通过改善医院的组织文化,促进循证医学实践,并最终降低急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的住院死亡率。具体见图1。
既往证据表明,医院组织文化与临床绩效存在相关性,但缺乏能够直接改变文化并追踪至病人结局(如死亡率)的研究。组织文化与病人结局之间的关系是一个长期演变的动态过程,文化变革并非单一、线性过程,而是受内部因素(领导支持、人力配置、跨科室协作)和外部因素(政策变化、突发公共事件)共同作用的动态现象。故需在不同时间点既捕捉到客观指标(如文化量表分数、死亡率等),又需深入了解团队成员的主观感知与机制变化(如心理安全感、跨科室协作经验等)。因此,该研究团队选择完全纵向混合方法设计,在每个主要阶段同时收集定量资料和定性资料,从而在同一时间轴上对变化轨迹与变化原因进行对齐解释。这种设计可以避免只用单一类型数据带来的偏狭视角,也克服了只在末端一次性补充定性资料解释的不足。
该研究在基线、干预12个月和24个月3个时间点开展数据收集。基线数据为干预启动前的初始状态,用于描述组织文化和循证实践的基线水平;干预12个月对应干预中期(经历过一次全国论坛讨论和多次院内工作坊),此时往往出现明显的机制性变化(如联盟角色稳定、跨科室协作初步建立),是观察文化和实践行为变化的关键节点;干预24个月是干预末期,文化变革是否常态化、做法是否制度化以及是否出现可持续性趋势,此时收集的数据能帮助评估干预长期效果。研究团队采取这种一年一测的频率既能捕捉到关键转折,又避免过高的参与者负担与失访风险。在抽样方法方面,定量样本采取方便抽样法,包括所有干预医院的“指导联盟”成员(跨学科骨干人员)以及同伴网络医院的质量改进负责人,这样能保证在每个时间点收集到代表性数据,支持跨时间的比较与轨迹建模。定性样本采用目的抽样法,在联盟成员中选取信息丰富或具有特殊变化轨迹的对象进行深度访谈,以确保达到“信息饱和”。
该研究的定量指标包括组织文化五大维度(学习与问题解决、心理安全、领导支持、组织承诺、系统压力)、5项急性心肌梗死循证实践的采纳情况(如医院临床医生与急诊医疗服务人员每个月联合回顾急性心肌梗死病例、药师查房、为导管室配置专职护士、设立护理与医师双岗位的“循证实践倡导者”和鼓励临床医护人员针对急性心肌梗死护理进行创造性问题解决)以及急性心肌梗死病人住院死亡率。定性资料则包括3轮深度访谈和现场观察,主要围绕文化氛围、跨科室协作、领导力实践与实施阻力展开。所有数据来源均在3个时间点重复收集,以保证纵向比较和机制解释。该研究设计采取解释性完全纵向混合方法设计,用定性资料解释定量变化背后的机制。例如,量化数据显示“心理安全分数上升”,访谈则揭示“跨科室沟通改善、领导更换”是背后原因。这样既保证了量化分析的统计功效,又确保了定性分析的解释深度。
该研究的纵向数据整合阶段为在完成定量数据与定性资料各自的纵向分析后,将两类数据进行合并与验证,以解释不同路径背后的机制。定量部分数据主要通过重复测量与多变量模型,描绘出文化和实践的变化轨迹(如持续改进、波动、中断后恢复),并比较干预医院与同伴医院的差异。定性部分采用解释性纵向分析,追踪文化变革过程中关键事件和机制转折(如领导支持增强、跨部门合作受阻)。整合阶段则是将定量识别出的路径类型与定性主题进行映射。例如,把“文化得分中途下降”的量化结果与“医院经历领导层更替”这一主题相对应,从而揭示量化变化的原因,这种“先各自纵向分析,再跨方法整合”的策略,能够提高两类数据的解释力。
纵向混合方法研究因其在多个时间点同步收集定量数据与定性资料,全面刻画现象的动态变化,在护理、临床和公共卫生领域的应用日益增多。与单一方法相比,其优势在于既能量化追踪客观指标的变化趋势,又能通过定性资料深入解释变化背后的机制,为理解复杂干预的实施路径与效果提供了更立体的证据支撑。然而,这类研究往往耗时较长,资源需求较高,且在长期随访过程中容易出现样本流失和数据缺失等问题[13,28]。此外,定量与定性数据的抽样逻辑和样本量要求不同,也会对整合分析带来挑战[29]。因此,在实际开展纵向混合方法研究时,研究者需要从使用条件、常见问题、设计与实施建议以及优秀案例等方面全面把握该方法的应用要点。
纵向混合方法研究并非适用于所有研究情境,其最大价值在于刻画复杂现象的时间动态性以及揭示变化背后的机制性因素。当研究问题同时涉及“变化是什么”及“为何会发生这种变化”时,该方法尤其适用。常见的适用情境包括:行为模式、治疗依从性变化、病人体验的演化、团队协作或组织文化变革等[26]。对于复杂干预、多因素影响的长期路径研究,纵向混合方法能够基于多个时间点的数据对齐,实现主客观证据的同步解释,提供比单一方法更具解释力的证据链[12]。因此,当研究现象具有明显的时间维度与动态特征,且需兼顾趋势描述与机制解释时,应优先考虑纵向混合方法研究。
尽管纵向混合方法研究在护理与医学领域的应用不断增加,但现有文献仍存在一系列共性问题,面临结构性挑战[29],直接影响研究的科学性、整合度与可解释性。首先,在设计层面,不少研究在时间点设定上缺乏理论支撑,常采用固定间隔而非基于事件节点或干预节律,使得关键变化无法被有效捕捉;同时,定量与定性数据的时序往往缺乏对齐,难以解释中期或关键节点的变化。其次,在样本与可行性层面,定量研究强调大样本和统计功效,而定性研究强调信息饱和,两者在抽样逻辑上的天然差异使得在资源有限时容易出现样本量折中不当;加之长期随访中普遍存在的样本流失与数据缺失,不仅会削弱定量分析的统计效力,也会破坏定性资料的纵向连续性。与此同时,完全纵向设计如果未合理控制访谈频率,还会增加参与者负担,加剧流失风险;更为突出的问题是数据整合策略的薄弱:许多论文虽然声称采用纵向混合方法研究,但在分析与撰写阶段往往将定量部分和定性部分作为两个独立子研究,仅进行并列展示或表层互证,缺乏联合展示、逻辑模型或对照矩阵等深度整合工具,使混合方法的协同优势难以发挥。最后,资源受限常导致访谈次数不足或资料深度不够,使机制解释能力受到限制。总体而言,上述问题共同削弱了纵向混合方法研究在揭示动态变化机制方面的科学性与解释力,成为当前学术实践中亟须改进的关键环节。
因此,为尽可能保证纵向混合研究的质量与结果的可靠性,研究者在设计与实施中需要特别关注几个方面。首先,时间点的科学选择至关重要,应基于理论、事件逻辑或干预路径合理确定数据收集的时间点,平衡数据敏感性与参与者负担。其次,抽样策略应兼顾定量研究的统计功效和定性研究的资料饱和度,清晰说明目的抽样的标准,建议在每个时间点保持同一批参与者的跟踪,以增强数据整合的解释力;同时对可能影响变化的外部因素(政策变化、组织调整等)做好同步记录,以提升纵向解释的准确性。第三,数据整合环节需在研究初期即明确计划,避免定量数据与定性数据“各自为政”,可采用合并分析、时序化展示及三角验证等方式实现互证或互补。最后,资源与团队协作是保障研究质量的重要条件,跨学科团队需要保持方法学共识,才能在长期的随访周期内确保数据的完整性和一致性。
总体来看,纵向混合方法研究为揭示护理及医学研究中的复杂现象提供了独特价值,但要真正发挥其潜力,还需在设计的科学性、实施的可行性和分析的整合性方面不断完善。尤其是其方法学实践仍多源于欧美国家相关研究,如何在中国本土研究环境中在经费与时间受限的情形下开展长期追踪,并确保定性解释在文化多样性下的真实性与适用性,仍需进一步探索其本土化的适应路径,以促进该方法在护理实践、卫生服务研究及更广泛健康领域中的规范应用与持续发展。

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2026年第40卷第5期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.009
  • 接收时间:2025-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09
  • 修回日期:2026-01-26
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    1北京大学第三医院临床流行病学研究中心,北京 100191
    2北京大学护理学院
    3北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育学系
    4香港科技大学(广州)创新创业与公共政策学域
    5北京航天总医院
    6重大疾病流行病学教育部重点实验室(北京大学)

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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