Article(id=1322168035922788498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167989802217791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1769702400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159024457, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159024457, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159024457, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159024457, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167989802217791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='529', pageEnd='704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159013461, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159013461, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=695, endPage=699, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168036149280915, articleId=1322168035922788498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on the mechanism by time-restricted feeding in regulating cognitive impairment, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviewed the role and potential mechanism of time-restricted feeding in regulating cognitive impairment,and explored the feasibility and safety of time-restricted feeding application,so as to provide new ideas and basis for the prevention and treatment of cognitive disaster-related diseases through time-restricted feeding.

, authors=Wanqing HUANG1, Huimin CHEN2, authorsList=Wanqing HUANG, Huimin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huimin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Huimin, E-mail:
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综述限时饮食调节认知障碍的作用及潜在机制,探讨了限时饮食应用的可行性和安全性,旨在为限时饮食防治认知障碍相关疾病提供新的思路及依据。

, authors=黄晚晴1, 陈慧敏2, *, *, authorsList=黄晚晴, 陈慧敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈慧敏, authorNote=

黄晚晴,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈慧敏,E-mail:
CHEN Huimin, E-mail:
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限时饮食调节认知障碍机制的研究进展
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黄晚晴 1 , 陈慧敏 2, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(4): 695-699
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (4) : 695 -699
限时饮食调节认知障碍机制的研究进展
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黄晚晴,硕士研究生在读

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黄晚晴1, 陈慧敏2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉科技大学医学部,湖北 430065
  • 2中国人民解放军中部战区总医院
通讯作者:
陈慧敏,E-mail:
CHEN Huimin, E-mail:
作者简介:

黄晚晴,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on the mechanism by time-restricted feeding in regulating cognitive impairment
Wanqing HUANG1, Huimin CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430065 China
  • 2General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Huimin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.026
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综述限时饮食调节认知障碍的作用及潜在机制,探讨了限时饮食应用的可行性和安全性,旨在为限时饮食防治认知障碍相关疾病提供新的思路及依据。

限时饮食  /  认知障碍  /  综述

This paper reviewed the role and potential mechanism of time-restricted feeding in regulating cognitive impairment,and explored the feasibility and safety of time-restricted feeding application,so as to provide new ideas and basis for the prevention and treatment of cognitive disaster-related diseases through time-restricted feeding.

time-restricted feeding  /  cognitive impairment  /  review
黄晚晴, 陈慧敏. 限时饮食调节认知障碍机制的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (4) : 695 -699 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.026
Wanqing HUANG, Huimin CHEN. Research progress on the mechanism by time-restricted feeding in regulating cognitive impairment[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (4) : 695 -699 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.026
随着老龄化进程的加速,认知障碍相关疾病已成为全球的公共卫生问题[1]。有研究显示,2020年全球范围内社区居住的50岁以上成年人认知障碍的患病率为5.1%~41.0%,中位数为19.0%[2]。认知障碍涉及记忆、注意力、语言交流、空间定位、执行功能和感知运动等单一或多个方面的减退,可导致出现性格和行为等方面的异常,晚期会严重影响病人的生活质量,同时也给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担[3-4]。但目前对于认知障碍的治疗手段有限,且治疗效果往往不尽如人意,寻找有效的防治策略显得尤为重要。近年来,限时饮食(time-restricted feeding,TRF)作为一种新兴的饮食干预方式,因其潜在的健康益处而受到广泛关注。
限时饮食是指将日常能量摄入的时间限定在一个特定的时间段内,通常为6~12 h,个体被允许自由摄入各类食物与热量,而其他时间段内,则需要避免摄入任何有热量的食物或饮料[5]。目前,限时饮食已被证明具有多种健康益处,包括减轻体重、改善血糖和减少炎症[6-8],且坚持限时饮食可以降低认知障碍的风险[9]。
已有动物实验证明了限时饮食对认知障碍模型的积极影响。在一项针对阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型的研究中,与常规饮食组相比,限时饮食(6 h进食、18 h禁食)改善了阿尔茨海默病小鼠的睡眠并恢复了小鼠的活动节律,同时改善了小鼠的认知功能,增加了淀粉样蛋白清除率,减少了淀粉样蛋白沉积,提高了小鼠的记忆能力[10]。另一项研究也发现,对高脂饮食的肥胖小鼠进行2周限时饮食干预后,可以改善高脂肪饮食诱导的认知障碍,恢复了小鼠海马长时程增强效应和空间工作记忆[11],提示限时饮食策略是预防或改善因不良饮食习惯导致的认知障碍的有效方法。Means等[12]以14月龄小鼠为研究对象,结果显示中年期开始的饮食限制可以显著延长小鼠的寿命并改善其认知功能,饮食限制组的小鼠在水迷宫和Y迷宫测试中有更好的表现,同时在整个生命周期中表现出更高的活动水平。这些研究对于理解饮食与寿命、认知功能之间的关系具有重要意义,并可能对人类健康产生积极影响。
限时饮食对于人群的研究也支持限时饮食对认知障碍的积极影响。Currenti等[13]对意大利南部地区成年人进行横断面研究,通过使用食物频率问卷计算平均每天的进食时间窗口,根据进食时间窗口的长度将参与者分为进食时间≥10 h和进食时间<10 h两组,使用简易精神状况量表评估认知状态,结果发现,与没有进食时间限制的参与者相比,限时饮食组的认知障碍风险较低。此外,一项针对轻度认知障碍病人的研究发现,相较于正常饮食组和不规律禁食组,有规律的间歇性禁食组的受试者表现出超氧化物歧化酶活性的显著增加,丙二醛和C-反应蛋白水平降低,DNA损伤减少,并通过多种代谢途径调节认知功能,包括酮体的合成和降解、丁酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、糖酵解和糖异生途径[14]。在健康人群的研究中,14名健康受试者在早餐和晚餐之间禁食,禁食超过14 h,连续进行30 d,观察血清蛋白组学、代谢参数、血清生物标志物和肠道菌群的变化;血清蛋白组学研究结果发现,健康受试者表现出β淀粉样前体蛋白和cAMP调节磷蛋白-21(ARPP-21)降低[15],表明30 d的禁食可能对改善认知功能、预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病产生积极影响。
昼夜节律是由内在的生物钟机制驱动的,生物钟以24 h为周期,普遍存在于动植物中,这一机制使生物体能够同步其生物功能,从而有效适应日夜更替的环境变化[16]。人体昼夜节律的控制中枢位于下丘脑视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN),是人体的主生物钟,它接收来自眼睛的光信号,并通过神经和激素调节身体的昼夜节律[16-17]。有研究显示,在对大鼠进行2个月的持续光照之后,大鼠出现了明显的认知功能下降,并且在其脑组织中观察到了β淀粉样蛋白的沉积增加,结果表明长期的昼夜节律紊乱会影响大鼠的认知功能[18]。在健康人的试验中,也可以观察到一夜的睡眠剥夺会导致右侧海马体和丘脑中β淀粉样蛋白负担显著增加[19]。Chaix等[20]研究发现,限时饮食能有效减轻人体因昼夜节律紊乱所导致的不良影响,通过调整日常饮食时间与外周组织生物钟节律的协调性,从而维持机体细胞功能和结构的正常周期性变化。同时,Peng等[21]研究也显示,改变明/暗周期会破坏糖尿病小鼠海马体的昼夜节律,导致体重增加、血脂积累和认知功能受损,并加剧tau蛋白过度磷酸化,而限时饮食能够缓解这些不良影响,恢复昼夜节律,改善代谢,并逆转认知障碍和tau蛋白过度磷酸化。因此,限时饮食有助于维持或恢复正常的昼夜节律,从而改善与昼夜节律紊乱的认知障碍。
神经炎症现象普遍存在于各类神经系统疾病中,并且与这些疾病所引发的认知障碍有着密切的联系[22]。有研究显示,在患有认知障碍的老年群体中,炎症标志物白细胞介素1β和总tau蛋白水平随年龄增长而增加,并且炎症标志物的水平与认知缺陷的严重程度有显著的相关性,这进一步揭示了神经炎症促进认知功能的下降[23]。研究发现,限时饮食可以使雄性小鼠海马CA3区的小胶质形态发生变化,且减少小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的数量和活性,从而减轻神经炎症,可以预防轮班工作等昼夜节律紊乱引起的认知功能下降[24]。有研究表明,在限时饮食的禁食期间通过上调神经元应激抵抗途径减少或预防与阿尔茨海默病相关的神经病理学和认知能力下降,并通过抑制雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)途径调节参与神经应激抵抗的通路并抑制炎症过程[25]。这些研究证明了限时饮食可减轻炎症反应,维持大脑相对稳定的内环境,有助于预防和缓解认知障碍。
肠道内有一个由古细菌、细菌、真菌和病毒等构成的复杂且不断变化的微生物生态系统,即肠道微生物群。在人类的肠道中,大约存在1 000种不同的细菌种类,这些微生物群在消化、免疫调节等生理过程中发挥着关键作用,并通过肠-脑轴影响认知功能[5,26]。同时,它们也影响机体的炎症、免疫和神经系统相关疾病的进展,并对大脑的发育和功能产生影响[27]。限时饮食在禁食期间,通过调节肠道微生物群,增加乳酸菌等益生菌的数量,同时还能增加某些氨基酸衍生物的丰度。肠道微生物群的多样性对其产生的代谢物、神经递质以及短链脂肪酸,包括丁酸、丙酸和乙酸等关键的肠道代谢最终产物,具有决定性影响。这些代谢变化可以改善认知功能,减少β淀粉样蛋白负荷。同时,通过迷走神经、神经内分泌轴影响肠道神经系统与中枢神经系统之间的信号传导,从而有助于提升神经功能并改善认知[28-29]。同时,Gasmi等[5]研究也指出,限时饮食通过改变肠道菌群组成,减少有害细菌的数量,增加有益菌的数量,如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、阿克曼氏菌和普拉梭菌以及短链脂肪酸的产生,通过调节神经递质和免疫反应以及影响血脑屏障功能,从而对认知产生积极影响。此外,Hernandez等[30]将8月龄的大鼠进行限时喂养,大鼠22个月时接受了双条件关联任务测试,并收集粪便样本用于肠道微生物的分析,结果显示,不同喂养模式大鼠放线菌门水平有差异,相对于随意进食组,限时饮食组的放线菌丰度均显著降低,而放线菌与认知存在一定的负相关,且无论营养素成分如何,限时饮食都改善了双条件关联任务中与年龄相关的认知障碍。由此可见,限制饮食可以影响肠道菌群环境改善大脑生理功能,为认知障碍的防治提供了新的策略。
代谢转换过程是生物体维持能量平衡的关键。正常情况下,机体主要依靠葡萄糖作为能量来源,然而在葡萄糖供应不足或禁食的状态下,机体从利用葡萄糖转变为利用脂肪酸及其衍生的酮体。而限时饮食通过缩短进食时间窗口、延长禁食时间、促使间歇性代谢转换,迫使机体在禁食期间更多地依赖脂肪分解提供能量,酮体作为葡萄糖替代能源,为大脑和身体提供稳定的能量来源,能够维持大脑的正常运行,同时提升个体的认知能力[25,31-32]。有研究表明,间歇性代谢转换可以提高大脑功能包括认知能力、运动能力,并增强对压力、损伤和疾病的抵抗力[32]。Seidler等[33]研究探讨了各种间歇性禁食方式对认知功能和脑健康的影响,在禁食的状态下通过激活代谢反应,利用外周信号3-羟基丁酸上调脑源性神经营养因子水平,进而促进神经元突触发生和突触可塑性,从而改善认知功能。Balasubramanian等[34]研究也表明,在限时饮食期间,长时间禁食和短暂进食的状态每天都在交替进行,促进了代谢转换,代谢转换每天重复,引发长期的系统和细胞反应,促进神经营养因子的产生以及线粒体功能的改善,从而改善认知功能。有研究对11名超重成年人进行了一项为期4 d的随机交叉研究,参与者被随机分为早期限时进食组(08:00—14:00进食)和对照组(08:00—20:00进食),参与者接受了连续的血糖监测,并抽血以评估心脏代谢危险因素、激素和全血细胞中的基因表达水平,结果表明,代谢开关可能通过增加酮、脑源性神经营养因子、沉默信息调节因子(SIRT1)的水平促进大脑健康,从而增强脑血管和认知功能[35]。
限时饮食作为一种新兴的饮食管理方式,其安全性一直是公众关注的焦点。有研究探讨了8 h限时进食在肥胖成人中的安全性,该研究对23名受试者进行为期12周的8 h限时饮食干预,观察受试者的体重、静息代谢率、活动量、食物摄入量、自我报告的不良反应(胃肠道或神经系统问题)、全血细胞数、进食障碍症状(抑郁、暴饮暴食、催吐行为、对肥胖的恐惧)、体象感知(自身身材担忧程度)和进食行为等指标,结果表明,限时饮食是一种安全的饮食疗法,不会导致饮食失调、血液系统异常,同时还能减轻体重且对身体无不良影响[36]。此外,Martens等[37]研究也表明,经过为期6周、每天8 h的限时饮食,受试者血液学指标(如红细胞、白细胞、血小板等)和血生化指标(肾功能和肝酶指标)没有异常,而且限时饮食并没有影响整体身体成分,不会影响健康中老年人骨密度和营养摄入,这证明了限时饮食在健康的中老年人群中也是安全的。对于健康老年人来说如果能够根据自身身体状况、营养需求及生活习惯,制定适宜的饮食时间窗口,并确保在此期间摄入均衡、充足的营养,其安全性是有保障的。但鉴于目前限时饮食的干预时间较短、样本量较小,同时缺乏限时饮食针对认知障碍人群的临床研究,因此,需要开展更大规模的长期试验进一步验证其安全性。
人们对限时饮食的认知程度直接影响其依从性,如果能充分了解限时饮食的好处和科学依据,他们更有可能积极执行饮食计划。Martens等[37]对24名参加者分别进行了为期6周的限时饮食,参与者每日需要完成电子调查表告知他们每天开始和停止进食的时间,结果显示,参与者在每天8 h内进食的比例为84%,如果进食期仅延长30 min,则所有受试者中有95%的受试者能够坚持6周的限时计划,这证明限时饮食具有较高的依从性。Jefcoate等[38]对16名受试者进行依从性研究,通过使用时间标记的饮食评估,分析受试者记录的饮食日记,可以了解受试者的平均进食时间、进食窗口长度以及这些指标随时间的变化并利用连续血糖监测,通过比较血糖数据与时间标记的饮食日记,客观地评估受试者是否在规定的时间窗口内进食;研究发现,受试者对限时的依从率约为63%,并且受试者认为早晨延迟进食比晚上提前进食更容易坚持,影响限时饮食的主要原因包括工作时间、社交活动和家庭生活。因此,限时饮食可以成为一种有效的饮食干预策略,但需要根据个体的生活方式和行为进行调整,以提高依从性。有研究调查了65岁及以上人群对限时饮食模式的优势、劣势和挑战的看法,研究表明,大多数参与者能够轻松适应16 h的禁食期,且副作用少[39]。但认知障碍的病人在实行限时饮食可能会面临着诸多挑战,比如认知障碍会影响病人对时间的感知和理解,使他们难以准确把握禁食的时间;同时,记忆问题也可能导致他们忘记限时饮食的要求,无法形成规律的饮食习惯。因此,针对认知障碍病人实施限时饮食计划时,必须采取一系列特殊措施确保依从性和有效性。如根据病人的认知能力和生活习惯灵活调整禁食与进食的时间段,确保方案能顺利实施又便于病人理解和执行。
限时饮食通过改善昼夜节律、减轻炎症反应、调节肠道微生物群、促使代谢转换等潜在机制,对认知障碍预防产生积极影响,可为认知障碍的防治提供新的策略。目前大部分限时饮食研究都是基于动物模型开展的实验性研究,虽有少量样本的临床研究为其临床应用提供了初步支持,但缺乏限时饮食在人群中应用的大样本研究证据。未来研究可以开展大规模、多中心、长期随访的临床试验验证限时饮食在认知障碍防治中的有效性和安全性,探索限时饮食与其他非药物干预手段(如运动锻炼、认知训练等)联合应用的效果,关注限时饮食在特殊人群中的适用性和安全性问题。

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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.026
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2026-01-30
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    1武汉科技大学医学部,湖北 430065
    2中国人民解放军中部战区总医院

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陈慧敏,E-mail:
CHEN Huimin, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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