Article(id=1322168369588064682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167989802217791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=1769875200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159104009, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159104009, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159104009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159104009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167989802217791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='529', pageEnd='704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159013461, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159013461, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=556, endPage=562, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168369940386219, articleId=1322168369588064682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Construction of the evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To construct the evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions.

Methods

The evaluation index system for the service quality of designated long-term care institutions was constructed by literature summary and semi-structured interview period expert consultation.Its weights were determined.

Results

Two rounds of expert inquiries were conducted.The positive coefficients of the experts were 91.3% and 100.0% respectively.The authority coefficient was 0.90.The Kendall's coefficient of concordia in the second round was 0.291(P<0.001).The importance scores of each evaluation index in the first round of expert inquiries ranged from 4.20 to 4.95 points,and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.04 to 0.19.The importance scores of each evaluation index in the second round of expert inquiries ranged from 4.38 to 4.95,and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.05 to 0.13.The final constructed evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions included 4 first-level indicators,12 second-level indicators and 35 third-level indicators.

Conclusion

The constructed evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions has good scientificity and practicality.It could provide references for the quality supervision of long-term care services,the renewal of institution agreements,the disbursement of expenses and the management of fund payments.

, authors=Yichun NIU, authorsList=Yichun NIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yichun NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
NIU Yichun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168370217210286, articleId=1322168369588064682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系的构建, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系。

方法

采用文献归纳、半结构化访谈及专家函询,构建定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系,并确定其权重。

结果

共进行了2轮专家函询,专家积极系数分别为91.3%、100.0%,权威系数为0.90,第2轮肯德尔协调系数为0.291(P<0.001)。第1轮专家函询各评价指标的重要性均分为4.20~4.95分,变异系数为0.04~0.19。第2轮专家函询各评价指标的重要性均分为4.38~4.95分,变异系数为0.05~0.13。最终构建的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系包括4个一级指标、12个二级指标和35个三级指标。

结论

构建的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系具有较好的科学性和实用性,可为长期护理服务的质量监管、机构协议续签、费用拨付及基金支付管理提供参考。

, authors=牛一淳, authorsList=牛一淳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛一淳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
NIU Yichun, E-mail:
牛一淳,博士研究生在读,E-mail:
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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=65, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=吴海波, 朱文芝, 陈天玉, journalName=保险职业学院学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴海波,朱文芝,陈天玉.长护险护理服务质量评价指标体系研究[J].保险职业学院学报,2020,34(1):65-70., articleTitle=长护险护理服务质量评价指标体系研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530394621199186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=9, pageStart=43, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=吴海波, 朱文芝, 沈玉玲, journalName=卫生经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴海波,朱文芝,沈玉玲,等.机构护理服务供需矛盾研究——基于上饶市长期护理保险试点扩面的调查[J].卫生经济研究,2020,37(9):43-46., articleTitle=机构护理服务供需矛盾研究——基于上饶市长期护理保险试点扩面的调查, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530394738639699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, 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articleId=1322168369588064682, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=39, issue=17, pageStart=2974, pageEnd=2981, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=段红霞, 王秀梅, 马莉芳, journalName=护理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=段红霞,王秀梅,马莉芳,等.手术室手术部位感染相关质量控制与评价指标体系的构建[J].护理研究,2025,39(17):2974-2981., articleTitle=手术室手术部位感染相关质量控制与评价指标体系的构建, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530394969326422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=9, issue=4, pageStart=92, pageEnd=96, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=王春枝, 斯琴, journalName=内蒙古财经学院学报(综合版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王春枝,斯琴.德尔菲法中的数据统计处理方法及其应用研究[J].内蒙古财经学院学报(综合版),2011,9(4):92-96., articleTitle=德尔菲法中的数据统计处理方法及其应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530395049018199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=106, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=申志东, journalName=审计研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=申志东.运用层次分析法构建国有企业绩效评价体系[J].审计研究,2013(2):106-112., articleTitle=运用层次分析法构建国有企业绩效评价体系, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530387331498791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530387339887400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, companyId=1322530387331498791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Law School, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi 030006 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530387352470313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, companyId=1322530387331498791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西财经大学法学院,山西 030006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530390129099575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of the interviewing experts(n=21)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数构成比(%)
性别女1885.7
男314.3
年龄30~40岁628.6
41~50岁942.9
51~60岁628.6
最高学历本科733.3
硕士研究生1152.4
博士研究生314.3
职称副高级1571.4
正高级628.6
研究生导师是1152.4
否1047.6
专业领域长期护理研究419.0
医学(老年/康复/全科)733.3
管理学314.3
护理学733.3
长期护理相关工作年限≤10年314.3
11~20年1047.6
21~30年733.3
>30年14.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322530390212985656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

函询专家一般资料(n=21)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数构成比(%)
性别女1885.7
男314.3
年龄30~40岁628.6
41~50岁942.9
51~60岁628.6
最高学历本科733.3
硕士研究生1152.4
博士研究生314.3
职称副高级1571.4
正高级628.6
研究生导师是1152.4
否1047.6
专业领域长期护理研究419.0
医学(老年/康复/全科)733.3
管理学314.3
护理学733.3
长期护理相关工作年限≤10年314.3
11~20年1047.6
21~30年733.3
>30年14.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322530390305260345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The Kendall coordination coefficient and significance test results of two rounds of expert consultation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目第1轮第2轮
Kendall's W值χ²值PKendall's W值χ²值P
一级指标0.28517.674<0.0010.35622.344<0.001
二级指标0.29488.632<0.0010.32798.784<0.001
三级指标0.251315.258<0.0010.283355.782<0.001
总体0.258423.164<0.0010.291477.372<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530390376563514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2轮专家函询的肯德尔协调系数检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目第1轮第2轮
Kendall's W值χ²值PKendall's W值χ²值P
一级指标0.28517.674<0.0010.35622.344<0.001
二级指标0.29488.632<0.0010.32798.784<0.001
三级指标0.251315.258<0.0010.283355.782<0.001
总体0.258423.164<0.0010.291477.372<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530390452060987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The expert inquiry results of the evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标重要性(x±s,分)变异系数权重组合权重
A 资格准入4.85±0.370.080.20
A1 机构资质4.71±0.470.100.200.04
A1.1 资质材料4.62±0.500.110.500.02
A1.2 制度清单4.58±0.510.110.500.02
A2 基础设施4.90±0.300.060.500.10
A2.1 床位数量4.48±0.510.110.200.02
A2.2 护理设施4.81±0.400.080.300.03
A2.3 特需设施4.62±0.500.110.300.03
A2.4 安全防护设施4.90±0.300.060.200.02
A3 人员配备4.76±0.440.090.300.06
A3.1 人员数量4.52±0.510.110.330.02
A3.2 人员结构4.57±0.510.110.330.02
A3.3 执业资质4.86±0.360.070.330.02
B 服务管理4.92±0.270.060.40
B1 服务合同4.71±0.470.100.150.06
B1.1 条款明晰4.62±0.500.110.330.02
B1.2 签署规范4.67±0.480.100.330.02
B1.3 履行与调整4.57±0.510.110.330.02
B2 服务流程4.86±0.360.070.200.08
B2.1 服务需求评估4.81±0.400.080.250.02
B2.2 服务方案制定4.76±0.440.090.250.02
B2.3 服务提供执行4.90±0.300.060.250.02
B2.4 服务反馈改进4.71±0.470.100.250.02
B3 服务标准4.95±0.220.050.350.14
B3.1 个人卫生护理标准4.81±0.400.080.140.02
B3.2 营养进食护理标准4.86±0.360.070.140.02
B3.3 压力性损伤预防标准4.90±0.300.060.140.02
B3.4 用药管理标准4.95±0.220.050.140.02
B3.5 康复训练标准4.76±0.440.090.140.02
B3.6 操作卫生标准4.90±0.300.060.140.02
B3.7 文化社交标准4.62±0.500.110.140.02
B4 服务信息4.67±0.480.100.150.06
B4.1 对象档案管理4.71±0.470.100.330.02
B4.2 信息平台建设4.57±0.510.110.330.02
B4.3 信息安全保密4.62±0.500.110.330.02
B5 宣传培训4.52±0.510.110.150.06
B5.1 内部培训4.57±0.510.110.330.02
B5.2 政策普及4.48±0.510.110.330.02
B5.3 服务指导(针对居家护理)4.43±0.510.120.330.02
C 费用管理4.81±0.400.080.20
C1 服务费用4.76±0.440.090.400.08
C1.1 价格公示4.67±0.480.100.250.02
C1.2 费用清单制度4.71±0.470.100.250.02
C1.3 违规收费控制4.90±0.300.060.500.04
C2 基金使用4.86±0.360.070.600.12
C2.1 基金支付结算4.81±0.400.080.330.04
C2.2 财务内控审计4.76±0.440.090.330.04
C2.3 虚假套保控制4.95±0.220.050.330.04
D 社会评价4.62±0.500.110.20
D1 服务满意度4.67±0.480.100.750.15
D2 社会荣誉4.38±0.590.130.250.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322530390556918588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168369588064682, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系专家函询结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标重要性(x±s,分)变异系数权重组合权重
A 资格准入4.85±0.370.080.20
A1 机构资质4.71±0.470.100.200.04
A1.1 资质材料4.62±0.500.110.500.02
A1.2 制度清单4.58±0.510.110.500.02
A2 基础设施4.90±0.300.060.500.10
A2.1 床位数量4.48±0.510.110.200.02
A2.2 护理设施4.81±0.400.080.300.03
A2.3 特需设施4.62±0.500.110.300.03
A2.4 安全防护设施4.90±0.300.060.200.02
A3 人员配备4.76±0.440.090.300.06
A3.1 人员数量4.52±0.510.110.330.02
A3.2 人员结构4.57±0.510.110.330.02
A3.3 执业资质4.86±0.360.070.330.02
B 服务管理4.92±0.270.060.40
B1 服务合同4.71±0.470.100.150.06
B1.1 条款明晰4.62±0.500.110.330.02
B1.2 签署规范4.67±0.480.100.330.02
B1.3 履行与调整4.57±0.510.110.330.02
B2 服务流程4.86±0.360.070.200.08
B2.1 服务需求评估4.81±0.400.080.250.02
B2.2 服务方案制定4.76±0.440.090.250.02
B2.3 服务提供执行4.90±0.300.060.250.02
B2.4 服务反馈改进4.71±0.470.100.250.02
B3 服务标准4.95±0.220.050.350.14
B3.1 个人卫生护理标准4.81±0.400.080.140.02
B3.2 营养进食护理标准4.86±0.360.070.140.02
B3.3 压力性损伤预防标准4.90±0.300.060.140.02
B3.4 用药管理标准4.95±0.220.050.140.02
B3.5 康复训练标准4.76±0.440.090.140.02
B3.6 操作卫生标准4.90±0.300.060.140.02
B3.7 文化社交标准4.62±0.500.110.140.02
B4 服务信息4.67±0.480.100.150.06
B4.1 对象档案管理4.71±0.470.100.330.02
B4.2 信息平台建设4.57±0.510.110.330.02
B4.3 信息安全保密4.62±0.500.110.330.02
B5 宣传培训4.52±0.510.110.150.06
B5.1 内部培训4.57±0.510.110.330.02
B5.2 政策普及4.48±0.510.110.330.02
B5.3 服务指导(针对居家护理)4.43±0.510.120.330.02
C 费用管理4.81±0.400.080.20
C1 服务费用4.76±0.440.090.400.08
C1.1 价格公示4.67±0.480.100.250.02
C1.2 费用清单制度4.71±0.470.100.250.02
C1.3 违规收费控制4.90±0.300.060.500.04
C2 基金使用4.86±0.360.070.600.12
C2.1 基金支付结算4.81±0.400.080.330.04
C2.2 财务内控审计4.76±0.440.090.330.04
C2.3 虚假套保控制4.95±0.220.050.330.04
D 社会评价4.62±0.500.110.20
D1 服务满意度4.67±0.480.100.750.15
D2 社会荣誉4.38±0.590.130.250.05
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定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系的构建
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牛一淳
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(4): 556-562
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (4) : 556 -562
定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系的构建
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牛一淳
作者信息
  • 1山西财经大学法学院,山西 030006
通讯作者:
NIU Yichun, E-mail:
牛一淳,博士研究生在读,E-mail:
Construction of the evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions
Yichun NIU
Affiliations
  • 1Law School, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi 030006 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    NIU Yichun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.005
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目的

构建定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系。

方法

采用文献归纳、半结构化访谈及专家函询,构建定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系,并确定其权重。

结果

共进行了2轮专家函询,专家积极系数分别为91.3%、100.0%,权威系数为0.90,第2轮肯德尔协调系数为0.291(P<0.001)。第1轮专家函询各评价指标的重要性均分为4.20~4.95分,变异系数为0.04~0.19。第2轮专家函询各评价指标的重要性均分为4.38~4.95分,变异系数为0.05~0.13。最终构建的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系包括4个一级指标、12个二级指标和35个三级指标。

结论

构建的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系具有较好的科学性和实用性,可为长期护理服务的质量监管、机构协议续签、费用拨付及基金支付管理提供参考。

长期护理  /  服务质量  /  评价指标  /  护理管理
Objective

To construct the evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions.

Methods

The evaluation index system for the service quality of designated long-term care institutions was constructed by literature summary and semi-structured interview period expert consultation.Its weights were determined.

Results

Two rounds of expert inquiries were conducted.The positive coefficients of the experts were 91.3% and 100.0% respectively.The authority coefficient was 0.90.The Kendall's coefficient of concordia in the second round was 0.291(P<0.001).The importance scores of each evaluation index in the first round of expert inquiries ranged from 4.20 to 4.95 points,and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.04 to 0.19.The importance scores of each evaluation index in the second round of expert inquiries ranged from 4.38 to 4.95,and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.05 to 0.13.The final constructed evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions included 4 first-level indicators,12 second-level indicators and 35 third-level indicators.

Conclusion

The constructed evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions has good scientificity and practicality.It could provide references for the quality supervision of long-term care services,the renewal of institution agreements,the disbursement of expenses and the management of fund payments.

long-term care  /  service quality  /  evaluation index  /  nursing management
牛一淳. 定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系的构建. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (4) : 556 -562 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.005
Yichun NIU. Construction of the evaluation index system for service quality of designated long-term care institutions[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (4) : 556 -562 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.005
长期护理保险是在我国老龄化社会背景下,国家为了应对老年人失能风险而探索建立了社会保险制度[1]。2020年,国家医疗保障局、财政部发布《关于扩大长期护理保险制度试点的指导意见》,明确提出探索完善对护理服务机构和从业人员的协议管理和监督稽核等制度。2024年9月,国家医疗保障局印发《长期护理保险护理服务机构定点管理办法(试行)》,提出定点长期护理服务机构应当配合统筹地区医疗保障经办机构开展长期护理保险费用审核、服务质量检查、绩效考核等工作,可见当下开展长期护理的主要任务之一是探索各类长期护理机构服务质量的评价机制。目前大多数研究多集中于长期护理保险的基金模式、服务形式等[2],缺乏定点长期护理机构服务质量评价机制的研究。因此,本研究旨在建立一套量化评价体系,对定点长期护理机构服务质量进行评价,为定点长期护理机构的服务管理提供客观依据。
定点长期护理服务机构包括为参保人员提供长期护理服务的养老机构、医疗机构或者业务范围包括养老服务、照护服务或者护理服务的其他服务机构。长期护理包括3种护理服务形式,分别为在机构进行护理的机构护理、在家中进行护理的居家护理和以社区为依托为参保人员提供就近就便的社区护理[3]。护理服务形式的区别在于护理地点及是否为全日制护理。其中,机构护理为参保人员提供全日集中住宿和照料护理服务;居家护理服务方式分为机构上门服务和亲情护理服务;社区护理为参保人员提供非全日的长期护理服务。本研究的研究对象是涉及以上各种服务形式的护理机构。
核心团队由7名成员组成,包括临床护理管理学硕士生导师1人、药学教授1人、卫生经济与管理学副教授1人、手术室专科护士1人、医疗保障学博士研究生3人。课题组成员负责政策与资料收集、访谈调研、初步拟定指标条目、专家论证、整理和归纳意见、确定最终指标、试点考核反馈等工作。
以“长期护理、服务质量、评价指标、定点机构”为中文检索词,以“long-term care、service quality、evaluation index、designated institution”为英文检索词,系统检索学术数据库及期刊平台,发现国外研究聚焦于多种长期护理服务质量评价工具,主要包括国际居民评估工具[4-6]、虚弱老年人护理质量评估指标[7-9]及生活质量相关量表[10-13]。这些工具通过标准化评估,涵盖功能、临床、社会等多维指标,为质量监测与改进提供依据,已在多国广泛应用。国内研究聚焦于某一地区的服务质量评价实践,主要包括两种评价模式:一是从“结构-过程-结果”三维质量对定点长期护理机构服务质量展开评价的模式[14];二是从生活、安全、非治疗性照护以及功能维护对失智老年人长期护理服务质量展开评价的模式[15]。筛选、归纳以上2种模式中较具代表性的评价指标体系,整理出本研究可借鉴的部分评价模块和评价指标,包括基础建设(人力资源、设施设备、制度建设)[16]、过程/护理质量(生活照护、医疗护理、护理标准、护理项目、护理结果)[17-18]、长期护理保险待遇(价格公示、重复收费、分解项目收费、超标准收费)[19-20]、满意度(服务水平满意度、服务价格满意度)[21-22]等。
依据研究目的,拟定半结构化访谈提纲:您对目前定点长期护理机构的服务有何看法?您认为定点长期护理机构的服务质量应从哪几个方面进行评价?您认为定点长期护理机构服务质量评价应涵盖哪些核心指标?您认为具备哪些资质的机构能够成为定点长期护理机构?您怎样理解定点长期护理机构服务的流程?研究采用目的抽样法[23],选取长期护理领域的研究专家、医学专家、管理学专家以及长期护理机构护理人员作为访谈对象。纳入标准:硕士研究生及以上学历;副高级及以上专业职称;在长期护理领域具有丰富经验或深入研究;自愿参加本研究。所有受访者均在访谈前签署知情同意书,访谈时间控制在20~30 min。受访者数量以信息饱和为原则,即直至后续访谈内容不再出现新的主题为止。本研究共访谈了15名专家,包括3名长期护理研究专家、5名康复医学专家、2名临床护理管理专家和5名长期护理机构护理人员。为保护受访者隐私,所有访谈内容均进行匿名编码处理。
专家函询问卷主要包括4部分。1)前言:致专家信,向专家简要阐述本课题的研究背景、目的和方法。2)专家基本情况调查表:包括专家的一般资料。3)评价指标咨询表:包括定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标咨询表,专家对各级指标采用Likert 5级评分法进行重要性评分,从“很不重要”到“很重要”依次计1~5分,同时设置指标修改意见栏和建议增设指标栏,专家可对指标进行修改、删除和补充。4)专家自评表:包括专家对研究内容的判断依据和熟悉程度。
通过德尔菲法的样本量估算方法,并综合考虑专家代表性与意见集中度,最终邀请21名专家参与函询。在依据函询专家纳入标准的基础上,遵循专家知情同意、自愿参与的原则进行遴选[24]。专家纳入标准:1)长期护理机构一线护理人员须具备本科及以上学历,并拥有4年及以上长期护理工作经验;2)长期护理研究专家需拥有硕士及以上学历,并具备3年及以上该领域科研经验;3)医学专家需拥有硕士研究生及以上学历,从事老年医学、康复医学或全科医学等相关临床工作5年及以上;4)管理学专家需拥有硕士研究生及以上学历,并具备3年及以上医疗卫生服务机构或健康产业管理经验;5)所有专家须具备副高级及以上职称。
通过电子问卷形式发放并回收2轮函询问卷。第1轮函询问卷收回后,研究小组整理专家反馈意见并进行统计分析,删除重要性均分<3.5分、变异系数>0.25的指标后形成第2轮函询问卷。本研究经过2轮函询后,专家意见趋于一致。
采用Excel 2021软件录入数据,计算专家积极系数、专家权威程度、变异系数。采用SPSS 26.0软件计算重要性均分、标准差和肯德尔协调系数。采用Yaahp 12.4软件计算指标权重。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共纳入21名专家,年龄(44.29±8.39)岁;工作年限(18.10±8.45)年,其余一般资料见表1。
专家积极程度采用问卷回收率表示,问卷回收率越高,表明专家对研究的积极性和关注度越高。本研究第1轮专家函询发放问卷23份,回收有效问卷21份,问卷有效回收率为91.3%。第2轮专家函询发放问卷21份,回收有效问卷21份,问卷有效回收率为100.0%。2轮专家函询问卷有效回收率均>80%,说明2轮函询专家的积极性和关注度较高。专家权威程度用权威系数表示,其值的大小由专家对问卷内容的熟悉程度及专家对研究问题的判断依据决定,参与本研究2轮函询的21名专家的权威系数为0.90,表明专家权威程度较高,研究结果较可靠。
专家意见集中程度采用重要性均分表示,均分越大,表明该条目越重要。第1轮专家函询各评价指标的重要性均分为4.20~4.95分。第2轮函询中,评价指标的重要性均分为4.38~4.95分。
专家意见协调程度通过肯德尔协调系数(Kendall's W值)以及变异系数表示。肯德尔协调系数的取值为0~1,反映所有专家对指标意见的一致性程度,其值越大,表明专家一致性程度越高。变异系数可以反映专家对某条目意见的一致程度。变异系数越小,肯德尔协调系数越大,表明专家意见协调程度越高。本研究第1轮专家函询的变异系数为0.04~0.19,第2轮专家函询的变异系数为0.05~0.13,均小于0.25。2轮专家函询的肯德尔协调系数检验结果见表2。
在第1轮专家函询中,根据专家对评价指标的修改建议,经研究小组讨论后采纳了以下建议:一级指标“A资格审查”修改为“A资格准入”,“A资格准入”下的三级指标“人员类型”修改为“人员结构”。一级指标“B服务管理”下的二级指标“协议管理”修改为“服务合同”,“参保信息管理”修改为“服务信息”。拆分二级指标“服务流程和服务标准”并重新进行编号,“B服务管理”下的三级指标“协助失能等级评估”修改为“服务需求评估”,一级指标“C费用与基金”修改为“C费用管理”,“C费用管理”下的二级指标“服务价格”修改为“服务费用”,“C费用管理”下的三级指标“费用清单”修改为“费用清单制度”。第2轮函询后,专家函询仅调整了“对象档案管理”和“信息平台建设”的顺序。
根据评价指标的计算结果,没有需要删除的指标。在第1轮专家函询的过程中,研究小组讨论后采纳了专家提出的3条删除建议:删除一级指标“A资格准入”下的“执业许可证”“诊所备案凭证”等10项三级指标。删除一级指标“B服务管理”下的三级指标“信息平台对接”“信息互联互通”“信息安全”。删除一级指标“C费用管理”下的三级指标“重复收费”“超标准收费”“分解项目收费”。在第2轮专家函询过程中,没有专家提出删除建议。
在第1轮专家函询过程中,研究小组讨论后采纳如下3条增加建议:在一级指标“A资格准入”下增加三级指标“资质材料”“制度清单”“安全防护设施”。在一级指标“B服务管理”下增加三级指标“服务反馈改进”“信息安全保密”。在一级指标“C费用管理”下增加三级指标“虚假套保控制”。在第2轮专家函询后,仅增加对“B服务管理”下“服务指导”指标的说明:针对居家护理。
研究小组最终构建了定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,评价指标体系包括4个一级指标、12个二级指标、35个三级指标,详见表3。
定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系中,一级指标“D社会评价”中的“D1服务满意度”评分方法为问卷调查。问卷设计基于“结构-过程-结果”[25]理论框架,设计包括资格与设施、服务流程、费用与信息、总体评价4个维度的满意度问卷。采用Likert 5级评分法,共设置20个题项。通过预调查(n=30)进行信度检验,问卷总体Cronbach's α系数为0.92,各维度Cronbach's α系数均大于0.80,表明问卷具有良好内部一致性。正式调查采用分层抽样法,在3类长期护理机构(养老型、医疗型、其他类型)针对服务对象共发放问卷100份,回收有效问卷96份,有效回收率为96%。研究小组在填写问卷前获取调查对象知情同意,且调查对象均自愿填写问卷,所有问卷数据与统计结果均进行匿名编码处理。问题示例包括:“护理人员操作规范性与及时性”“机构收费项目透明度”“康复训练计划个性化程度”等,重点关注服务过程中的核心体验环节。
选择专家是德尔菲法的关键[26],本研究严格遵循德尔菲法遴选原则,邀请了21名来自长期护理研究、康复医学、管理学等领域的专家。运用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,具有降低专家主观干扰、调整专家不一致观点的优势,提升了研究的科学性[27]。本研究2轮专家函询的问卷有效回收率分别为91.3%和100.0%,均高于80%,表明专家对本研究抱有极高的关注度和参与积极性。参与函询的专家中,硕士研究生及以上学历者占66.7%,正高级职称者占28.6%,且所有专家均具备4年及以上长期护理相关领域经验,专家群体层次高、代表性强。本研究的专家权威系数为0.90,且2轮函询总体指标的肯德尔协调系数分别为0.258和0.291(P<0.001),表明专家意见协调程度好,研究结果可靠度高。
本研究最终构建的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系包括4个一级指标、12个二级指标及35个三级指标,涵盖了资格准入、服务管理、费用管理与社会评价四大核心模块。“服务管理”在一级指标中所占权重最高(0.40),表明专家普遍认为,规范、专业且以服务对象为中心的服务流程与标准,是保障长期护理服务质量最核心的环节。该一级指标下的“服务标准”与“服务流程”尤为关键,强调了从需求评估、方案制定到执行与反馈改进的全过程精细化管理的重要性。“资格准入”与“费用管理”权重并列,体现了专家对服务机构基础资质、安全设施、人员配备以及费用透明度、基金使用规范性的同等重视,也表现出指标体系层次分明、结构完整的特点。
本研究构建的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系内容系统、全面,具有科学性与可靠性,可以为护理服务机构在日常管理与服务工作中提供切实可行的评价工具。基于该指标体系形成的评价结果,后续可直接应用于定点长期护理机构的协议续签、费用拨付及基金支付等关键环节,实现长期护理服务机构服务质量评价机制的长期稳定,具有极强的实践推广价值。
本研究通过文献归纳、半结构化访谈及德尔菲专家函询法,构建了包括4个一级指标、12个二级指标和35个三级指标的定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系。该体系涵盖了资格准入、服务管理、费用管理与社会评价四大核心维度,指标体系内容系统、结构完整,具有良好的科学性与可靠性,为长期护理服务质量监管提供了可量化的参考依据,具备较强的实践应用潜质。本研究的不足之处在于未能在实践中检验定点长期护理机构服务质量评价指标体系的应用效果,后续如何构建指标体系的动态调整机制、协议续签机制与费用拨付机制等,在接下来的研究中仍需检验及探索。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.005
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
  • 修回日期:2026-02-01
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    1山西财经大学法学院,山西 030006

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NIU Yichun, E-mail:
牛一淳,博士研究生在读,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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