Article(id=1322168354715062614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167989802217791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748793600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-02, revisedDate=1769875200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159100463, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159100463, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159100463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159100463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167989802217791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='529', pageEnd='704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159013461, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159013461, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=536, endPage=541, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168355197407575, articleId=1322168354715062614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Multidirectional prognosis and predictive factors of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the multidirectional prognosis and predictive factors of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly in China.

Methods

The data were sourced from the China health and retirement longitudinal study(CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015.A total of 430 elderly people with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome were selected.Demographic,lifestyle,physical condition,and social psychological variables were collected.Unordered multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictive factors for the outcomes of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome.

Results

During the 4-year follow-up period of the 430 elderly people with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome,the incidence rates of stable type,transient reverse type,progressive type-physical disability,and progressive type-dementia were 19.07%,70.00%,8.37%,and 2.56%,respectively.The probability of the elderly with motoric cognitive risk syndrome experiencing reversal towards non-motoric cognitive risk syndrome decreased when their grip strength reduced.Alcohol consumption behavior was significantly associated with the risk of progression from motoric cognitive risk syndrome to dementia in the elderly.

Conclusions

The outcomes of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly in China showed multidirectionality and heterogeneity.It is recommended to strengthen the assessment of grip strength and alcohol intervention for the elderly with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome,so as to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.

, authors=Chenxi ZHOU1, Yicheng TIAN1, Yu LIU1, Mei WANG1, Mingming LI2, Yangchun XIAO1, authorsList=Chenxi ZHOU, Yicheng TIAN, Yu LIU, Mei WANG, Mingming LI, Yangchun XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Yu, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168356355035482, articleId=1322168354715062614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=运动认知风险综合征老年人的转归结局及预测因素, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析我国运动认知风险综合征老年人的多向转归结局及预测因素。

方法

数据来源为2011—2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS),选取运动认知风险综合征老年人430例,采集人口学、生活方式、躯体状况及社会心理等变量,通过无序多分类Logistic回归分析探索运动认知风险综合征转归结局的预测因素。

结果

430例运动认知风险综合征老年人4年随访期间,稳定型、短暂逆转型、进展型-躯体残疾、进展型-痴呆发生率分别为19.07%、70.00%、8.37%、2.56%。握力下降的运动认知风险综合征老年人向非运动认知风险综合征状态逆转的概率降低,饮酒行为与运动认知风险综合征向老年痴呆进展的风险显著相关。

结论

我国运动认知风险综合征老年人转归结局呈现多向性与群体异质性。建议加强运动认知风险综合征老年人的握力评估与饮酒干预,以降低其不良结局发生风险。

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周晨曦,副主任护师,博士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘于,E-mail:
LIU Yu, E-mail:
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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=转归), Keyword(id=1322530403278242692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=预测因素), Keyword(id=1322530403349545861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=护理)], refs=[Reference(id=1322530403970302858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=68, issue=11, pageStart=1395, pageEnd=1401, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=VERGHESE J, HOLTZER R, WANG C L, journalName=The Journals of Gerontology Series A,Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VERGHESE J,HOLTZER R,WANG C L,et al.Role of APOE genotype in gait decline and disability in aging[J].The Journals of Gerontology 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articleId=1322168354715062614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=KOCH M, FITZPATRICK A L, RAPP S R, journalName=JAMA Network Open, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOCH M,FITZPATRICK A L,RAPP S R,et al.Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia and cognitive decline among older adults with or without mild cognitive impairment[J].JAMA Network Open,2019,2(9):e1910319., articleTitle=Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia and cognitive decline among older adults with or without mild cognitive impairment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530405266342813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=91, issue=3, pageStart=925, pageEnd=931, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=ZHÀO H, WEI W, XIE H Y, journalName=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 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cognitive risk syndrome,incident cognitive impairment and morphological brain abnormalities:systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530405417337759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=3, pageStart=434, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=GOMEZ G T, GOTTESMAN R F, GABRIEL K P, journalName=Alzheimer's & Dementia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GOMEZ G T,GOTTESMAN R F,GABRIEL K P,et al.The association of motoric cognitive risk with incident dementia and neuroimaging characteristics:the atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J].Alzheimer's & Dementia,2022,18(3):434-444., articleTitle=The association of motoric cognitive risk with incident dementia and neuroimaging characteristics:the atherosclerosis risk in communities study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530405501223840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=235, issue=null, pageStart=109435, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=MÜLLER-OEHRING E M, SCHULTE T, PFEFFERBAUM A, journalName=Drug and Alcohol Dependence, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MÜLLER-OEHRING E M,SCHULTE T,PFEFFERBAUM A,et al.Disruption of cerebellar-cortical functional connectivity predicts balance instability in alcohol use disorder[J].Drug and Alcohol Dependence,2022,235:109435., articleTitle=Disruption of cerebellar-cortical functional connectivity predicts balance instability in alcohol use disorder, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530396416361304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530396424749913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, 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departmentName=null, remark=2Hubei Rongjun Hospital), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530396521218909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, companyId=1322530396504441691, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2湖北省荣军医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530403546678150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate analysis of factors affecting the outcomes for the elderly with motoric cognitive risk syndrome

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类稳定型
(n=82)
短暂逆转型
(n=301)
进展型-躯体残疾(n=36)进展型-痴呆
(n=11)
统计值P
年龄(岁)68.00
(64.25,72.00)
66.00
(62.00,71.00)
67.00
(63.75,72.00)
68.00
(64.00,69.50)
H=5.0240.170
呼气峰值流量(L/min)205.00
(160.00,300.00)
230.00
(170.00,320.00)
200.00
(150.00,250.00)
200.00
(150.00,225.00)
H=8.4680.037
抑郁(分)10.00
(6.00,15.00)
9.00
(4.00,13.00)
10.50
(6.75,18.00)
11.00
(8.00,14.50)
H=5.5520.136
性别(例)男40135174χ²=0.8190.845
女42166197
文化程度(例)小学及以上29123125χ²=1.5520.670
小学以下53178246
婚姻状况(例)已婚58243259χ²=5.4430.142
未婚/离异/丧偶2458112
居住地(例)农村58195327χ²=9.0110.029
城市2410644
吸烟(例)是33124153χ²=0.8730.832
否49177218
饮酒(例)是2081107χ²=7.6660.053
否62220264
BMI(例)<24 kg/m253199284χ²=6.6050.086
≥24 kg/m22910287
夜间睡眠时长(例)<6 h361041570.356①
6~<8 h26126143
≥8 h207171
午睡时长(例)0 min381592120.099①
1~30 min125255
>30~60 min224942
>60 min104162
听力受损(例)是1027310.794①
否722743310
完全牙齿缺失(例)是144783χ²=1.9310.587
否68254288
疼痛困扰(例)是38116196χ²=4.5290.210
否44185175
过去 2 年跌倒史(例)有136193χ²=1.8210.610
无69240278
握力下降(例)是2960121χ²=11.6710.009
否532412410
平衡功能(例)未受损46190146χ²=8.4940.037
受损36111225
高血压(例)有3492207χ²=14.5860.002
无48209164
高血脂(例)有631510.680①
无762703110
糖尿病(例)有714410.160①
无752873210
心脏疾病(例)有164351χ²=1.7500.626
无662583110
脑卒中(例)有39220.080①
无79292349
关节炎或风湿病(例)有35126206χ²=3.0270.388
无47175165
情感或精神问题(例)有02100.377①
无822993511
近1个月社会活动(例)无47159237χ²=2.2310.526
有35142134
童年期身体状况(例)差197791χ²=1.6730.643
好632242710
), ArticleFig(id=1322530403659924359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

运动认知风险综合征老年人转归结局影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类稳定型
(n=82)
短暂逆转型
(n=301)
进展型-躯体残疾(n=36)进展型-痴呆
(n=11)
统计值P
年龄(岁)68.00
(64.25,72.00)
66.00
(62.00,71.00)
67.00
(63.75,72.00)
68.00
(64.00,69.50)
H=5.0240.170
呼气峰值流量(L/min)205.00
(160.00,300.00)
230.00
(170.00,320.00)
200.00
(150.00,250.00)
200.00
(150.00,225.00)
H=8.4680.037
抑郁(分)10.00
(6.00,15.00)
9.00
(4.00,13.00)
10.50
(6.75,18.00)
11.00
(8.00,14.50)
H=5.5520.136
性别(例)男40135174χ²=0.8190.845
女42166197
文化程度(例)小学及以上29123125χ²=1.5520.670
小学以下53178246
婚姻状况(例)已婚58243259χ²=5.4430.142
未婚/离异/丧偶2458112
居住地(例)农村58195327χ²=9.0110.029
城市2410644
吸烟(例)是33124153χ²=0.8730.832
否49177218
饮酒(例)是2081107χ²=7.6660.053
否62220264
BMI(例)<24 kg/m253199284χ²=6.6050.086
≥24 kg/m22910287
夜间睡眠时长(例)<6 h361041570.356①
6~<8 h26126143
≥8 h207171
午睡时长(例)0 min381592120.099①
1~30 min125255
>30~60 min224942
>60 min104162
听力受损(例)是1027310.794①
否722743310
完全牙齿缺失(例)是144783χ²=1.9310.587
否68254288
疼痛困扰(例)是38116196χ²=4.5290.210
否44185175
过去 2 年跌倒史(例)有136193χ²=1.8210.610
无69240278
握力下降(例)是2960121χ²=11.6710.009
否532412410
平衡功能(例)未受损46190146χ²=8.4940.037
受损36111225
高血压(例)有3492207χ²=14.5860.002
无48209164
高血脂(例)有631510.680①
无762703110
糖尿病(例)有714410.160①
无752873210
心脏疾病(例)有164351χ²=1.7500.626
无662583110
脑卒中(例)有39220.080①
无79292349
关节炎或风湿病(例)有35126206χ²=3.0270.388
无47175165
情感或精神问题(例)有02100.377①
无822993511
近1个月社会活动(例)无47159237χ²=2.2310.526
有35142134
童年期身体状况(例)差197791χ²=1.6730.643
好632242710
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Logistic regression analysis of factors affecting the outcomes of the elderly with motoric cognitive risk syndrome

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因素短暂逆转型进展型-躯体残疾进展型-痴呆
OR值95%CIPOR值95%CIPOR值95%CIP
居住地(农村)0.75[0.43,1.29]0.2923.08[0.97,9.74]0.0560.66[0.17,2.61]0.552
饮酒1.05[0.58,1.89]0.8841.40[0.55,3.55]0.4797.97[1.96,32.38]0.004
BMI≥24 kg/m20.99[0.57,1.70]0.9590.47[0.18,1.19]0.1122.81[0.69,11.41]0.148
握力下降0.48[0.28,0.83]0.0090.81[0.35,1.91]0.6370.18[0.02,1.58]0.123
呼气峰值流量1.00[0.99,1.00]0.3211.00[0.99,1.00]0.2220.99[0.99,1.00]0.067
高血压0.67[0.39,1.14]0.1401.99[0.87,4.59]0.1041.95[0.49,7.74]0.345
), ArticleFig(id=1322530403819307913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168354715062614, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

运动认知风险综合征老年人转归结局影响因素的Logistic回归分析

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因素短暂逆转型进展型-躯体残疾进展型-痴呆
OR值95%CIPOR值95%CIPOR值95%CIP
居住地(农村)0.75[0.43,1.29]0.2923.08[0.97,9.74]0.0560.66[0.17,2.61]0.552
饮酒1.05[0.58,1.89]0.8841.40[0.55,3.55]0.4797.97[1.96,32.38]0.004
BMI≥24 kg/m20.99[0.57,1.70]0.9590.47[0.18,1.19]0.1122.81[0.69,11.41]0.148
握力下降0.48[0.28,0.83]0.0090.81[0.35,1.91]0.6370.18[0.02,1.58]0.123
呼气峰值流量1.00[0.99,1.00]0.3211.00[0.99,1.00]0.2220.99[0.99,1.00]0.067
高血压0.67[0.39,1.14]0.1401.99[0.87,4.59]0.1041.95[0.49,7.74]0.345
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运动认知风险综合征老年人的转归结局及预测因素
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周晨曦 1 , 田翌成 1 , 刘于 1, *, * , 王玫 1 , 李明明 2 , 肖杨春 1
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(4): 536-541
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (4) : 536 -541
运动认知风险综合征老年人的转归结局及预测因素
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周晨曦1, 田翌成1, 刘于1, *, * , 王玫1, 李明明2, 肖杨春1
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,湖北 430030
  • 2湖北省荣军医院
通讯作者:
刘于,E-mail:
LIU Yu, E-mail:
作者简介:

周晨曦,副主任护师,博士研究生

Multidirectional prognosis and predictive factors of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly
Chenxi ZHOU1, Yicheng TIAN1, Yu LIU1 , Mei WANG1, Mingming LI2, Yangchun XIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030 China
  • 2Hubei Rongjun Hospital
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Yu, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.002
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目的

分析我国运动认知风险综合征老年人的多向转归结局及预测因素。

方法

数据来源为2011—2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS),选取运动认知风险综合征老年人430例,采集人口学、生活方式、躯体状况及社会心理等变量,通过无序多分类Logistic回归分析探索运动认知风险综合征转归结局的预测因素。

结果

430例运动认知风险综合征老年人4年随访期间,稳定型、短暂逆转型、进展型-躯体残疾、进展型-痴呆发生率分别为19.07%、70.00%、8.37%、2.56%。握力下降的运动认知风险综合征老年人向非运动认知风险综合征状态逆转的概率降低,饮酒行为与运动认知风险综合征向老年痴呆进展的风险显著相关。

结论

我国运动认知风险综合征老年人转归结局呈现多向性与群体异质性。建议加强运动认知风险综合征老年人的握力评估与饮酒干预,以降低其不良结局发生风险。

老年人  /  运动认知风险综合征  /  转归  /  预测因素  /  护理
Objective

To analyze the multidirectional prognosis and predictive factors of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly in China.

Methods

The data were sourced from the China health and retirement longitudinal study(CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015.A total of 430 elderly people with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome were selected.Demographic,lifestyle,physical condition,and social psychological variables were collected.Unordered multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictive factors for the outcomes of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome.

Results

During the 4-year follow-up period of the 430 elderly people with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome,the incidence rates of stable type,transient reverse type,progressive type-physical disability,and progressive type-dementia were 19.07%,70.00%,8.37%,and 2.56%,respectively.The probability of the elderly with motoric cognitive risk syndrome experiencing reversal towards non-motoric cognitive risk syndrome decreased when their grip strength reduced.Alcohol consumption behavior was significantly associated with the risk of progression from motoric cognitive risk syndrome to dementia in the elderly.

Conclusions

The outcomes of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly in China showed multidirectionality and heterogeneity.It is recommended to strengthen the assessment of grip strength and alcohol intervention for the elderly with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome,so as to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.

the elderly  /  motoric cognitive risk syndrome  /  prognosis  /  predictive factors  /  nursing
周晨曦, 田翌成, 刘于, 王玫, 李明明, 肖杨春. 运动认知风险综合征老年人的转归结局及预测因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (4) : 536 -541 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.002
Chenxi ZHOU, Yicheng TIAN, Yu LIU, Mei WANG, Mingming LI, Yangchun XIAO. Multidirectional prognosis and predictive factors of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome in the elderly[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (4) : 536 -541 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.002
运动认知风险综合征(motoric cognitive risk syndrome,MCR)以主观认知下降和步速缓慢为特征,处于正常认知和老年痴呆的中间状态,是痴呆的超早期窗口[1-2]。运动认知风险综合征可显著增加老年期痴呆、残疾和死亡等风险,威胁老年人生存质量[3-6]。痴呆具有不可逆性且尚缺乏有效治疗,社会经济负担沉重[7-8]。识别不同运动认知风险综合征转归状态的老年人,可能成为延缓或阻滞老年痴呆的关键突破口之一。既往研究多关注运动认知风险综合征发生风险,或探索从运动认知风险综合征进展为痴呆的单向路径,较少聚焦运动认知风险综合征异质性的转归结局[9-10]。Mullin等[11]初步探索发现,英国运动认知风险综合征老年人中存在稳定型(13.2%)、短暂逆转型(39.5%)、短暂恶化型-残疾(7.9%)、痴呆进展型(23.7%)等状态。现有研究提示运动认知风险综合征可以逆转为非运动认知风险综合征状态,或维持运动认知风险综合征或进展为痴呆。运动认知风险综合征是具有较高逆转度的良性状态,还是具有较高进展风险的恶性状态,或是两者兼有,其规律有待进一步揭示。本研究分析我国运动认知风险综合征老年人的异质性转归结局及预测因素,以早期识别不同运动认知风险综合征转归结局的风险因素和人群,对促进认知障碍的精准化管理具有重要的现实价值。
本研究数据来源于2011—2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China health and retirement longitudinal study,CHARLS),采用分层随机抽样调查我国28个省/直辖市/自治区的45岁及以上中老年人的社会经济状况和个人健康状况信息。该队列的资料收集与质量控制详见已发表文献[12]。CHARLS目前已更新至2020年,由于运动认知风险综合征筛选所需的步速等体检最新数据于2015年调查,所以本研究利用CHARLS 2011—2015年队列进行分析。本研究以参与调查的我国社区老年人作为研究对象,纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;言语交流正常;主观认知下降、步速变量的观测值无缺失;筛查为运动认知风险综合征。排除标准:基线患有痴呆、脑萎缩或帕金森病;基线患有躯体活动障碍。本研究经过了同济医院伦理委员会批准(编号:TJ-IRB202407076),研究对象信息均为匿名化处理。
研究对象同时存在主观认知下降和步速缓慢,且未患有痴呆、躯体残疾,即诊断为运动认知风险综合征。主观认知下降采用单个自我报告条目:“您觉得自己现在的记忆力怎么样?”回答“一般”或“不好”即为存在主观认知下降。根据年龄和性别分层,步速低于组内步速均值的一个标准差及以上者即为步速缓慢[1-2]。采取2.5 m步行测试步速,可以使用拐杖等步行辅助器,取2次步速均值为最终步速。步速缓慢标准为:60~74岁男性≤0.46 m/s,75岁及以上男性≤0.37 m/s,60~74岁女性≤0.42 m/s,75岁及以上女性≤0.31 m/s。
参考既往文献[11,13],将运动认知风险综合征老年人的转归分为4类:1)稳定型,基线运动认知风险综合征随访后仍为运动认知风险综合征;2)短暂逆转型,基线运动认知风险综合征转为非运动认知风险综合征;3)进展型-躯体残疾,基线运动认知风险综合征进展为躯体残疾;4)进展型-痴呆,基线运动认知风险综合征进展为痴呆。新发残疾和痴呆以自我报告条目形式采集。
在文献回顾基础上,纳入可能的预测因素。人口学特征包括性别、年龄等;生活方式特征包括吸烟、饮酒、夜间睡眠与午睡时长等;躯体状况包括听力受损、完全牙齿缺失、疼痛、过去2年跌倒史、体质指数(BMI)、握力下降、平衡功能、呼气流量峰值、童年期自评身体状况等。其中握力测评左右手各2次,取最大值,握力下降界定为男性<28 kg、女性<18 kg;呼气峰值流量测评3次,取最大值;平衡功能采用双脚前后站立平衡测试,如果未达到目标值(≥70岁30 s,<70岁60 s)则存在平衡功能受损。患病情况包括高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中、心脏疾病、关节炎或风湿病等。社会心理状况包括居住地类型、婚姻状况、文化程度、有无社会活动、是否诊断情感或精神问题、有无抑郁情绪,其中社会活动采用过去1个月是否与朋友交往、棋牌活动、社团活动、舞蹈或健身活动、志愿者活动、外出照顾病人或残疾人、上网等;抑郁情绪采用简版流调中心抑郁测量量表(CED-10)[14]进行测量,每个条目计0~3分,总分0~30分,得分越高,表示抑郁情绪越高。
采用R 4.3.0进行统计分析,并调用nnet、haven等R包进行相应的数据处理与分析,缺失值采用多重插补。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,不符合正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,定性资料用例数、百分比(%)表示。不同运动认知风险综合征转归结局组间差异比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验和χ2检验。将单因素分析中P<0.10的预测因素作为自变量,以运动认知风险综合征的不同转归情况作为因变量,进行无序多分类Logistic回归分析,采用逐步回归法,分析不同运动认知风险综合征转归结局的预测因素。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共纳入运动认知风险综合征老年人430例,年龄67.00(63.00,72.00)岁;女性占54.4%;小学及以上占39.3%,已婚占77.9%,居住地为农村占67.9%。生活方式方面,吸烟者占40.7%,饮酒者占27.4%,夜间睡眠时间6~8 h占 39.3%,无午休者占51.2%。躯体状况方面,BMI≥24.0 kg/m2占34.0%,听力受损者占9.5%,完全牙齿缺失者占16.7%,存在疼痛困扰者占 41.6%,有跌倒史占20.0%,呼气峰值流量为220.00(160.00,300.00)L/min,握力下降者占23.7%,40.5%存在平衡功能受损,童年期身体状况差者占24.7%。慢性病患病情况包括关节炎或风湿病(43.5%)、高血压(35.6%)、心脏疾病(15.1%)、高血脂(10.0%)、糖尿病(6.0%)、脑卒中(3.7%)。社会心理层面,0.7%老年人有情感或精神问题,54.9%过去1个月未参与社会活动,抑郁情绪得分为9.00(5.00,14.00)分。
运动认知风险综合征转归结局具有较大的异质性。经过4年随访,430例运动认知风险综合征老年人中,82例(19.07%)为稳定型,稳定保持运动认知风险综合征状态;301例(70.00%)为短暂逆转型,逆转为非运动认知风险综合征;36例(8.37%)进展为躯体残疾;11例(2.56%)进展为痴呆。
以运动认知风险综合征老年人转归结局为因变量(以稳定型为参照),将单因素分析中P<0.10的变量作为自变量,进行无序多分类Logistic回归分析,经逐步回归后结果见表2。
本研究中运动认知风险综合征转归结局与其他地区研究结果存在一定差异。Beauchet等[13]基于加拿大魁北克营养和成功老龄化纵向研究(NuAge)开展的1年随访研究发现,运动认知风险综合征转归包括稳定型(34.04%)和短暂型(65.96%)。另一项基于英国1936年洛锡安出生队列的3年随访研究揭示,运动认知风险综合征转归细分为稳定型(13.2%)、短暂逆转型(39.5%)、短暂恶化型-残疾(7.9%)及痴呆进展型(23.7%)等类型[11]。本研究结果显示,为期4年的随访中稳定型、短暂逆转型、进展型-躯体残疾和进展型-痴呆的比例分别为19.07%、70.00%、8.37%和2.56%。本研究中稳定型比例与英国人群[11]较为接近,略低于加拿大人群[13],可能与后者随访时间较短有关;短暂逆转型的比例在不同研究中波动较大,提示该转归类型存在较强的异质性,亟须进一步探讨其决定因素;进展型-躯体残疾与洛锡安出生队列[11]中短暂恶化型-残疾的定义和发生率较接近,提示此类结局比较稳定;此外,本研究中进展为痴呆的比例低于英国人群随访10年的结果[11],提示随访时间对结果具有显著影响。总体来看,不同人群运动认知风险综合征的转归轨迹存在较大差异,可能与样本特征、随访时长、文化背景及健康干预等因素相关。未来研究应进一步关注运动认知风险综合征老年人状态的长期演变规律,以优化早期识别与干预策略。
本研究结果发现,握力下降的运动认知风险综合征老年人向非运动认知风险综合征状态逆转的概率降低。握力是肌肉功能的重要指标,既往研究提示,握力下降是运动认知风险综合征老年人发生的风险因素之一[15]。一项针对中国老年人的研究发现,低水平握力且持续下降组的运动认知风险综合征发生率更高[16]。此外,另一项研究定义了以握力下降为基础的运动认知风险综合征亚型,并发现该与认知功能障碍的发生风险增加相关[17]。研究显示,握力涉及众多运动单位和脑网络的精细协调,可能作为神经功能受损的早期标志[18]。握力下降可能不仅影响运动认知风险综合征的发生,还可能降低其逆转为非运动认知风险综合征状态的可能性。本研究结果显示,握力下降是阻碍运动认知风险综合征老年人逆转的关键因素之一,凸显了在运动认知风险综合征老年人中保持肌肉力量的重要性。这不仅有助于提升个体的身体功能水平,更可能通过增强大脑-肌肉间的功能连接,推动运动认知风险综合征状态的逆转,进而延缓或预防认知功能的进一步下降。
本研究结果还显示,饮酒行为与运动认知风险综合征向老年痴呆进展的风险显著相关。研究发现,与每周饮酒少于1杯相比,每周饮酒超过14杯的轻度认知障碍病人发展为痴呆的风险增加[19]。虽然直接针对运动认知风险综合征人群的研究尚不多见,但考虑到运动认知风险综合征与轻度认知障碍在人群特征和病程演变上的重叠,饮酒对其影响可能具有相似趋势。过量饮酒可对中枢神经系统造成慢性损害,诱发前额叶皮质体积降低和脑白质异常等,这些病理变化在运动认知风险综合征及痴呆病人中均较常见[20-22]。此外,过量饮酒已被证明与平衡能力下降、步态不稳等因素密切相关,可能通过影响脑干-皮层区域之间神经通信的紊乱和步态失调,加重运动认知风险综合征的核心症状,构成运动认知风险综合征发生及向痴呆发展的重要路径之一[23]。从预防干预角度出发,限制乙醇摄入可能是延缓运动认知风险综合征向痴呆演变的重要措施。
本研究未揭示运动认知风险综合征中进展型-躯体残疾的预测因素,可能与样本选择、随访时间和自我报告结局有关。老年人残疾的进展可能受多重因素影响,包括肌肉功能、运动能力、慢性疾病等,但这些因素在本次随访队列中尚未充分评估。未来研究应扩大样本量,延长随访期,结合多维度评估手段,深入探讨运动认知风险综合征进展躯体残疾的发生机制,以优化运动认知风险综合征分层健康管理策略。
运动认知风险综合征的转归呈现出群体异质性,具有一定的可逆性与进展性。因此,未来的研究应着重关注运动认知风险综合征的动态演变轨迹,并探索不同转归类型的健康管理方案,以便为个体化干预提供科学依据。握力下降可能在运动认知风险综合征逆转过程中起着关键作用,提示握力变化不仅可以反映肌肉功能,且可能作为神经功能早期衰退的敏感标志。定期监测握力变化可以帮助及时识别运动认知风险综合征转归规律,同时,应加强老年人群体的肌肉力量训练与身体活动干预,延缓握力下降,有望提升运动认知风险综合征的逆转率。饮酒行为与运动认知风险综合征进展为痴呆风险密切相关,表明生活方式因素,尤其是饮酒,在运动认知风险综合征进展中的作用不可忽视[6]。未来研究可进一步探讨饮酒对运动认知风险综合征的影响机制,并评估其干预效果,从而为运动认知风险综合征早期风险识别与分层防控提供理论依据和实践路径。
本研究发现,运动认知风险综合征的转归结局呈现多向性和群体异质性,握力下降可能是运动认知风险综合征逆转的障碍因素之一,饮酒行为与运动认知风险综合征向痴呆的进展密切相关。未来研究应聚焦多维度因素对运动认知风险综合征转归结局的影响,以优化运动认知风险综合征老年人的分层管理策略。同时,本研究存在一定局限性,如躯体残疾、痴呆等结局采用老年人自我报告,可能存在遗漏或误报;此外,由于痴呆等相关结局发生率较低,研究结果可能不够稳定,需进一步验证和探索。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-02
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,湖北 430030
    2湖北省荣军医院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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