Article(id=1322167979253547719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167871413796899, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=1762617600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159010947, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159010947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159010947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159010947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167871413796899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='353', pageEnd='528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158985236, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158985236, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=504, endPage=508, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167979488428744, articleId=1322167979253547719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Application progress of biomarkers in precision nursing for chronic pain, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article provided a review of the current application status of different types of biomarkers in precision nursing for chronic pain.Based on the current development of precision nursing for pain and the gap between domestic and international development,it proposed insights for precision nursing for pain in China,explored the challenges faced by precision nursing for pain in China,and provided reference for cultivating pain specialist nurses with genomics capabilities,expanding research on precision nursing for pain,and promoting the development of precision nursing for pain based on genomics in China.

, authors=Jiajia LI, Junjuan ZHANG, Man JIA, Sa YANG, authorsList=Jiajia LI, Junjuan ZHANG, Man JIA, Sa YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junjuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Junjuan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322167979748475593, articleId=1322167979253547719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=生物标志物在慢性疼痛精准护理中的应用进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对不同类型生物标志物在慢性疼痛精准护理中的应用现状进行综述,针对当前疼痛精准护理的发展情况及国内外发展差距,提出对我国疼痛精准护理的启示,探讨我国疼痛精准护理面临的挑战,为培养具备基因组学能力的疼痛专科护士、拓展疼痛精准护理科研、促进我国基于基因组学疼痛精准护理的发展提供参考。

, authors=李佳佳, 张俊娟*, *, 贾曼, 杨飒, authorsList=李佳佳, 张俊娟, 贾曼, 杨飒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张俊娟, authorNote=

李佳佳,主管护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
张俊娟,E-mail:
ZHANG Junjuan, E-mail:
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李佳佳,主管护师,硕士研究生

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生物标志物在慢性疼痛精准护理中的应用进展
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李佳佳 , 张俊娟 *, * , 贾曼 , 杨飒
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(3): 504-508
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (3) : 504 -508
生物标志物在慢性疼痛精准护理中的应用进展
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李佳佳, 张俊娟*, * , 贾曼, 杨飒
作者信息
  • 1河南省人民医院,河南 450003
通讯作者:
张俊娟,E-mail:
ZHANG Junjuan, E-mail:
作者简介:

李佳佳,主管护师,硕士研究生

Application progress of biomarkers in precision nursing for chronic pain
Jiajia LI, Junjuan ZHANG , Man JIA, Sa YANG
Affiliations
  • 1Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan 450003 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Junjuan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.022
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对不同类型生物标志物在慢性疼痛精准护理中的应用现状进行综述,针对当前疼痛精准护理的发展情况及国内外发展差距,提出对我国疼痛精准护理的启示,探讨我国疼痛精准护理面临的挑战,为培养具备基因组学能力的疼痛专科护士、拓展疼痛精准护理科研、促进我国基于基因组学疼痛精准护理的发展提供参考。

生物标志物  /  疼痛  /  精准护理  /  综述

This article provided a review of the current application status of different types of biomarkers in precision nursing for chronic pain.Based on the current development of precision nursing for pain and the gap between domestic and international development,it proposed insights for precision nursing for pain in China,explored the challenges faced by precision nursing for pain in China,and provided reference for cultivating pain specialist nurses with genomics capabilities,expanding research on precision nursing for pain,and promoting the development of precision nursing for pain based on genomics in China.

biomarkers  /  pain  /  precision nursing  /  review
李佳佳, 张俊娟, 贾曼, 杨飒. 生物标志物在慢性疼痛精准护理中的应用进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (3) : 504 -508 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.022
Jiajia LI, Junjuan ZHANG, Man JIA, Sa YANG. Application progress of biomarkers in precision nursing for chronic pain[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (3) : 504 -508 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.022
国际疼痛学会(International Association for the Study of Pain,IASP)将疼痛定义为一种实际或潜在的与组织有关或与之不相关的不愉快感觉和情绪体验,是一种复杂的多维现象,生物、心理、社会和精神因素都会对个人的疼痛体验产生影响[1]。由于疼痛的多维性和复杂性,对疼痛的充分评估与管理面临重大挑战。疼痛管理不当会对病人的日常功能和健康造成极大影响,也会因丧失工作能力和残疾导致社会成本的增加。2011年,精准医学理念被美国国家研究委员会首次提出,在此基础上精准护理理念也应运而生[2]。广东省精准医学应用学会对精准护理提出了更全面、更规范的定义,指出精准护理是在护理学发展进程中,通过多学科合作,应用包括基因组学技术在内的生物组学技术、互联网技术、大数据技术及人工智能技术等先进技术,对个体至群体层面的表型特征(如症状、体征和疾病等)的生物组学层面、环境暴露层面和生活方式层面的因素进行分析,为护理对象提供全生命周期的精确、准时、个体化的整体护理服务,以期采用最安全、最有效、最经济的方式促进个体和群体的舒适和健康[3]。
目前,我国一直沿用广东省精准医学应用学会提出的精准护理体系。2019年,美国国家护理研究所基于症状科学模型(national institutes of health symptom science model,NIH-SSM)开发了护理学精准健康模型(nursing science precision health model,NSPH)[3],极大促进了精准护理的研究实施。生物标志物是对正常生物过程、致病过程或对干预措施的生物反应的客观测量。在精准健康视角下,疼痛研究者试图了解不同的生物标志物在疼痛中的作用,包括(但不限于)全能标志物(如基因组学、表观遗传学、代谢组学和微生物组)和其他临床生物标志物[4]。近年来,随着基因组学技术飞速发展,促进了精准医疗、精准护理在症状管理领域的快速发展,同时也对护理人员提出了更高的要求。因此,基于生物-心理-社会-精神框架,从生物学角度充分了解疼痛的生物学机制与治疗,对于疼痛管理至关重要。本研究对疼痛的实验室生物标志物、肠道微生物及功能磁共振成像等多种标志物在疼痛精准护理领域的应用进行综述,旨在为促进我国疼痛症状护理精准式发展提供借鉴。
慢性疼痛的临床决策长期面临着主观评估主导的困境。相较于其他可通过客观指标(如血压、血糖、血脂)进行精准诊疗的领域,疼痛管理仍主要依赖主观评估。因此,研究人员致力于加速探索疼痛的客观评估体系,其中生物标志物研究作为连接病理机制与临床诊疗的桥梁[5]。通过实验室检测发现特异性生物标志物,不仅能阐明慢性疼痛的致病机理,更能为风险预测和精准干预提供科学依据[6]。目前,临床关注的生物标志物主要来源于尿液、血清、脑脊液和唾液等生物样本,各具独特的临床价值与研究潜力。
尿液样本以其非侵入性采集和具有丰富的代谢信息成为理想的检测基质。研究发现,甲基丙二酸作为维生素B12缺乏的标志物,其浓度异常与周围神经病变性疼痛显著相关[7]。值得注意的是,尿液通过肾小球滤过和肾小管排泄形成的独特代谢谱,可灵敏反映机体病理生理状态。一项对17 834例慢性疼痛病人代谢组学的研究表明,77%的受试者尿液中至少存在1种异常代谢标志物,证实尿液检测在群体筛查中有应用价值[8]。特别是尿液浓缩机制使目标分析物的检出显著优于血清样本[9],这一特性为微量生物标志物的检测提供了技术优势。
血清标志物研究聚焦炎症反应与疼痛强度的动态关联。椎间盘源性疼痛相关研究表明,白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-8的持续高表达与神经根性疼痛慢性化密切相关(P<0.01)[10]。一项多中心研究进一步证实,IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α等促炎因子水平与腰痛严重程度呈正相关(P<0.05)[11]。Wang等[12]通过分层研究发现,重度坐骨神经痛病人的IL-6浓度较轻度组升高2.3倍,提示炎症因子可作为疼痛分级的客观指标。
脑脊液中含有各种蛋白质、信号分子和肽、代谢物以及其他与脊髓和大脑直接接触的产物,这些标志物的波动可能反映了中枢神经系统的生化变化[13]。Brisby等[14]报道了39例腰椎间盘突出症和坐骨神经痛病人,通过使用酶联免疫吸附剂检测了脑脊液和血清中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、干扰素(IFN)-γ和TNF-α的浓度测定技术。结果显示,30.8%的病人脑脊液IL-8浓度升高,据此推测IL-8浓度的升高与机械性神经根压迫有关,该发现为神经源性疼痛的机制研究提供了新的切入点。
唾液诊断标记物研究作为一个新兴领域,可以利用纳米技术和分子研究诊断口腔疾病和全身性疾病[15]。唾液生物标记物与尿液生物标记物一样,具有非侵入性采样的优势,这使得其临床应用对病人来说更舒适与便捷[16]。Catley等[17]探讨了唾液生物标志物作为纤维肌痛病人疼痛诊断和预后指标的效用。通过比较21例纤维肌痛病人与22例健康对照人群的唾液皮质醇水平、皮质醇昼夜周期以及心理压力对皮质醇反应性的影响。结果显示,与健康对照人群相比,纤维肌痛病人的唾液皮质醇水平较高,但皮质醇昼夜周期或心理压力反应性没有差异。然而,在纤维肌痛和广泛的肌肉骨骼疼痛的慢性表现中,皮质醇水平实际上可能会随着昼夜斜率的减弱而降低。Tonelli Enrico等[18]通过大样本纵向研究(n=1 125)揭示了慢性疼痛的皮质醇动态特征,即多部位肌骨疼痛病人呈现特征性的“扁平化”昼夜节律,其昼夜斜率较对照组降低0.24单位,晨起1 h皮质醇增量减少37%(P=0.006)。这种下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)节律紊乱与疼痛慢性化进程的相关系数为0.41(P<0.001),表明唾液皮质醇动态监测可作为疼痛慢性转化的预测指标。
基于尿液、血清、脑脊液及唾液的分子标志物体系,可早期识别疾病易感人群,并动态监测疾病进展及治疗。然而,现有基于个体基因组特征的单维度生物标志物在指导精准症状管理方面仍存在局限性。随着多组学技术的突破性进展,慢性疼痛等复杂疾病的候选生物标志物谱系正加速扩充。单细胞测序、空间转录组等前沿技术将系统揭示关键生物标志物的时空表达模式及其与免疫微环境的相互作用机制,为开发靶向干预策略提供新视角。
随着新一代测序技术的发展,研究人员已经能够研究微生物群和代谢组在疼痛发展中的作用。同时,将基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等多组数据与临床数据相结合,进一步了解疾病的发病机制,并进行疼痛的预测、诊断和治疗。人类微生物群是一个复杂的生态系统,包含数千种细菌、病毒、真菌以及噬菌体,它们不断受到宿主及其环境的影响,同时也影响宿主功能、疾病和健康。微生物组除包括微生物群外,还包括其基因组。人类微生物组的研究都大多集中在大肠的微生物群落上,该群落拥有人体器官中最大的微生物生物量,参与影响宿主整个生命周期内的多种健康问题。疼痛的复杂和多维体验涉及多种机制,近年来随着基因组学技术的飞速发展,肠道微生物组(GM)与疼痛之间的关系受到越来越多的关注[18]。研究显示,肠道微生物可直接或间接地产生不同类型的代谢产物,这些代谢产物通过血液作用到人体的不同部位,进而在不同类型的疼痛中发挥作用,了解其在不同类型疼痛中的病理生理作用进而实现通过靶向肠道菌群治疗疼痛的可能性[19]。
肠道微生物在不同的疼痛类型中作用机制不同。神经性疼痛是神经损伤性创伤或体感神经系统疾病(包括中枢和外周疾病)的结果,神经免疫激活被认为是决定慢性疼痛中枢敏化的主要机制之一[20]。研究表明,肠道微生物群可以通过影响星形胶质细胞、内皮细胞、小胶质细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、周细胞和T细胞等不同细胞的活性,进而调节神经炎症,在与神经炎症相关慢性疼痛的中枢敏化中发挥重要作用[21]。Ding等[22]研究了肠道微生物群对坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)中神经性疼痛的影响。该研究表明肠道微生物群通过调节促炎和抗炎T细胞反应,诱导神经性疼痛的发展。此外该研究发现,口服抗生素可引起肠道菌群变化,减轻坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤神经性疼痛。Vázquez-Baeza等[23]研究显示,肠道微生物群参与化疗引起周围神经病变疼痛的发病机制,并改变化疗药物对肿瘤生长的影响。胃肠道生态失调会破坏免疫功能,从而导致炎症细胞因子升高和免疫细胞特征改变。Ata等[24]通过研究14例患有子宫内膜异位症的女性,并将她们肠道、子宫颈和阴道的微生物群与健康女性进行了比较。结果显示,子宫内膜异位症女性的宫颈微生物群中致病菌数量增加,粪便样本中的志贺氏菌和大肠杆菌浓度也显著升高。许多研究调查了肠道微生物群及其生态失调对肠易激综合征(IBS)病理生理学的影响。MaCcaferri等[25]研究显示,肠易激综合征病人的芽孢杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、梭菌和直肠真杆菌数量增加,与Pittayanon等[26]研究结论一致,这些研究进一步推动了关于益生菌干预及其对肠易激综合征病人益处的相关研究。肠道微生物组与偏头痛的发病机制之间也存在关联。肠-脑轴通过促炎因子、肠道微生物组成、神经肽、血清素通路、应激激素和营养物质触发偏头痛发作。身体或心理应激因素也可能导致肠道微生物群发生变化。研究显示,幽门螺杆菌(HP)携带病人的偏头痛可在幽门螺杆菌治疗后有所改善,通过每天适当摄入纤维,坚持低升糖指数饮食,补充维生素D、Cmega-3和益生菌以及针对超重和肥胖病人的减肥饮食计划等饮食方法可改善肠道微生物引起的偏头痛[27]。
益生菌是可以为宿主提供健康的活微生物,越来越多的研究支持益生菌可有效改变肠道菌群平衡[28]。一项针对101例患有肠易激综合征儿科病人的随机双盲研究显示,为期4周的罗伊氏乳杆菌补充剂可降低儿童腹痛的频率和强度,改善患儿生活质量[29]。Lai等[30]通过回顾性研究结果显示,对反复腹痛儿童使用益生菌制剂可在短期内改善疼痛症状,因此临床医护人员可以考虑将益生菌作为复发性腹痛整体管理策略的一部分。粪便微生物群移植(FMT)是将微生物菌群从健康的供体粪便转移到受体的肠道,以使目标肠道微生物群的组成和功能正常化,进而达到治疗慢性疼痛的目的。研究表明,粪便微生物群移植可能与行粪便微生物群移植后3 h内的腹泻、腹部绞痛、嗳气和恶心有关。此外,由于肠道微生物群的改变,可能会产生长期的不良反应,因此需要更长期的后续研究来解决这个问题[31]。
静息态功能磁共振成像是通过检测无任务状态下大脑自发性神经活动产生的血氧水平依赖(blood oxygen level dependent,BOLD)信号,能够精准反映脑区神经活动与血流动力学的耦联特征[32]。相较于任务态成像,该技术能够更灵敏地捕捉病理状态下脑功能网络拓扑结构的动态重组,特别是慢性疼痛导致的中枢神经系统可塑性改变已形成特征性生物标志物谱系[33]。
在基础研究领域,Baliki等[34]采用静息态功能磁共振成像对坐骨神经损伤模型大鼠进行系统研究,首次揭示慢性疼痛状态下大脑皮层-边缘系统(包括前扣带回皮层、前额叶皮层)与海马-纹状体环路存在显著功能连接异常,为后续人类研究奠定了神经环路机制基础。Huang等[35]对146例腰椎间盘突出症病人的研究发现,慢性腰疼病人不仅在全脑功能网络连接强度上呈现整体下降趋势,其默认模式网络与疼痛矩阵区域更出现特异性功能解耦现象,这为腰椎源性疼痛导致中枢功能重组提供了重要影像学证据。
临床转化研究方面,Zhou等[36]构建了多模态影像分析策略:通过纵向追踪慢性颈痛病人治疗前后脑网络动态变化,结合机器学习算法对丘脑-岛叶-前扣带回通路的功能连接强度进行定量化建模,实现了疼痛相关神经可塑性改变的可视化表征。该标志物体系不仅能客观评估镇痛治疗效果,更为阐明慢性疼痛中枢敏化机制提供了新的研究范式[37]。
值得注意的是,尽管基础研究已积累大量静息态功能磁共振成像生物标志物证据,但在临床疼痛管理中仍存在转化鸿沟。当前技术瓶颈主要体现在:静息态信号时空异质性导致的个体间变异性、动态功能连接的时间依赖性解析不足,以及多维度生物标志物与临床症状的定量映射关系尚未完全阐明。未来护理研究者需结合人工智能与多组学技术,建立标准化影像生物标志物分析流程,推动疼痛神经影像发展,从机制探索向临床决策支持系统转化。
疼痛精准护理作为精准医学的重要组成部分,其核心在于通过多维度生物特征分析实现个体化护理决策。该模式要求护理研究者构建“基因-环境-行为”三元交互研究框架,系统解析疼痛发生机制,重点突破生物标志物识别技术、智能决策支持系统开发及动态干预方案优化等关键环节。在临床实践层面,基于基因检测的精准干预不仅革新了传统护患沟通范式,更催生出基因组医学时代的护理专业能力新标准。相较于传统模式,疼痛精准护理构建了基因导向型沟通体系,其创新性体现在以下4个方面:1)建立基因检测结果的临床转化解释路径,实现对有复杂遗传信息的病人可及性解读;2)构建治疗预期动态管理系统,涵盖检测前遗传咨询、治疗中效果监测及预后跟踪支持;3)开发个性化决策支持工具,整合病人基因组数据与临床特征进行护理方案优化;4)创建家庭-个体化协同护理模式,将遗传风险评估延伸至家族健康管理领域。
在护理专业能力建设方面,亟需构建涵盖遗传护理核心胜任力的培养体系:包括疼痛相关基因多态性分析能力、基因组数据临床解读技术、基因检测伦理审查素养以及精准化遗传咨询技能。同时,应着重培养护士在临床试验设计、组学大数据管理及跨学科团队协作等方面的进阶能力。从卫生经济学视角,疼痛精准护理通过前移干预节点、优化资源配置,可显著降低医疗成本并缩短诊疗周期。建议护理学科从以下路径推进发展:1)建立基因检测护理操作规范;2)开发精准护理决策支持系统;3)构建遗传护理专科培训体系;4)完善精准护理质量评价指标。护理人员应主动适应医学范式转变,在精准医疗生态中重新定位专业角色,通过知识更新与实践创新,推动具有我国特色的精准护理学科体系的建设。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.022
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 修回日期:2025-11-09
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    1河南省人民医院,河南 450003

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张俊娟,E-mail:
ZHANG Junjuan, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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