Article(id=1322167943065092598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167871413796899, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159002318, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159002318, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159002318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159002318, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167871413796899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='353', pageEnd='528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158985236, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158985236, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=497, endPage=503, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167943568409079, articleId=1322167943065092598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on grazing behavior assessment tools for obese patients after bariatric surgery, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviewed the assessment tools for grazing behavior in obese patients after bariatric surgery,including the development,content,advantages and disadvantages,and cross-cultural debugging of the assessment tools,in order to provide a basis for formulating an assessment tool for grazing behavior after bariatric surgery that conforms to China's cultural background,scientifically evaluate the grazing behavior of patients after bariatric surgery,and formulate targeted intervention measures in the future.

, authors=Ya'nan LIU1, Man ZHENG1, Wenting LI1, Yan ZHAI2, Xinying CHE1, Kehuan YUE1, authorsList=Ya'nan LIU, Man ZHENG, Wenting LI, Yan ZHAI, Xinying CHE, Kehuan YUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHAI Yan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322167944763785720, articleId=1322167943065092598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具的研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具进行综述,包括评估工具的研制、内容、优点与缺点、跨文化调试情况等,以期为日后编制符合我国文化背景的减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具、科学评估减重术后病人放牧饮食行为、制定针对性干预措施提供依据。

, authors=刘亚楠1, 郑蔓1, 李文婷1, 翟燕2, *, *, 车鑫滢1, 岳可焕1, authorsList=刘亚楠, 郑蔓, 李文婷, 翟燕, 车鑫滢, 岳可焕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=翟燕, authorNote=

刘亚楠,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
翟燕,E-mail:
ZHAI Yan, E-mail:
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肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具的研究进展
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刘亚楠 1 , 郑蔓 1 , 李文婷 1 , 翟燕 2, *, * , 车鑫滢 1 , 岳可焕 1
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(3): 497-503
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (3) : 497 -503
肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具的研究进展
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刘亚楠1, 郑蔓1, 李文婷1, 翟燕2, *, * , 车鑫滢1, 岳可焕1
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学护理学院,山东 250355
  • 2山东省中医院
通讯作者:
翟燕,E-mail:
ZHAI Yan, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘亚楠,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on grazing behavior assessment tools for obese patients after bariatric surgery
Ya'nan LIU1, Man ZHENG1, Wenting LI1, Yan ZHAI2 , Xinying CHE1, Kehuan YUE1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250355 China
  • 2Shandong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHAI Yan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.021
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对肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具进行综述,包括评估工具的研制、内容、优点与缺点、跨文化调试情况等,以期为日后编制符合我国文化背景的减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具、科学评估减重术后病人放牧饮食行为、制定针对性干预措施提供依据。

肥胖症  /  减重手术  /  放牧饮食行为  /  评估工具  /  综述

This paper reviewed the assessment tools for grazing behavior in obese patients after bariatric surgery,including the development,content,advantages and disadvantages,and cross-cultural debugging of the assessment tools,in order to provide a basis for formulating an assessment tool for grazing behavior after bariatric surgery that conforms to China's cultural background,scientifically evaluate the grazing behavior of patients after bariatric surgery,and formulate targeted intervention measures in the future.

obesity  /  bariatric surgery  /  grazing behavior  /  assessment tools  /  review
刘亚楠, 郑蔓, 李文婷, 翟燕, 车鑫滢, 岳可焕. 肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (3) : 497 -503 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.021
Ya'nan LIU, Man ZHENG, Wenting LI, Yan ZHAI, Xinying CHE, Kehuan YUE. Research progress on grazing behavior assessment tools for obese patients after bariatric surgery[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (3) : 497 -503 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.021
研究表明,2021年全球有21.1亿名超重和肥胖成年人,预计到2050年,超重和肥胖成年人总数将达38亿人[1]。《2025世界肥胖地图》指出,2025年我国成年人超重与肥胖患病率分别为41%(体质指数25~<30 kg/m²)与9%(体质指数≥30 kg/m²)[2]。体内脂肪堆积过多会引发慢性炎症,导致2型糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、高脂血症等相关疾病患病率持续上升,对居民健康的威胁日益加剧,给医疗资源供给和社会经济也造成沉重负担[3]。《肥胖症诊疗指南(2024年版)》[4]强调,减重与代谢手术是肥胖最有效的治疗方法,通过改变胃肠道解剖结构,调节胃肠激素分泌,从而限制摄食量和(或)减少营养吸收,进而减轻体重。研究表明,减重代谢手术病人术后存在体重减轻不足和体重反弹的不良结局,而放牧饮食行为(grazing behavior,GB)是导致术后不良结局的重要危险因素[5-6]。放牧饮食行为是指非正餐时间内多个时间段计划外、连续和重复地吃少量食物,同时伴有失控感,难以抵抗进食冲动,且这种行为通常不是由饥饿或饱腹感驱动的[7]。如能改善肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为,将有助于管理术后体重、稳定代谢、促进消化系统恢复及改善心理健康,从而提高病人术后减重效果和生活质量。因此,本研究旨在对肥胖症病人减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具进行总结,为今后开发本土化放牧饮食行为测评工具,制定针对放牧饮食行为的特异性干预措施提供参考。
1990年,Southgate[8]将“grazing”定义为1 d中频繁地、小口地进食少量食物,而不是遵循规律饮食模式,由于更接近于动物在野外不断寻找和摄取食物的行为,因而称为“放牧饮食”。2004年,Saunders[9]对肥胖症行减重手术病人进行调查,表明放牧饮食行为是该人群的高风险行为。2010年,Kofman等[10]将其定义为连续6个月每周至少2 d的进食或咀嚼行为,并且在咀嚼时无法停止或控制进食。2014年,Conceição等[7]提出标准化定义,确定放牧饮食行为的3个基本标准为:1)1次吃少量或适量的食物;2)以无计划的方式进食但不会感到饥饿;3)重复性进食(1 h≥2次),并将放牧饮食行为分为强迫性放牧和非强迫性放牧2个亚型。强迫性放牧以强烈的失控感为特征,个体在进食时感到无法控制自己;非强迫性放牧更倾向表现为重复性、无意识地摄入食物,而不是以失控感为主。随后,Nicolau等[5]研究提出,放牧饮食行为为在一段时间内连续摄入少量食物,导致受试者吃得比他们认为最合适得多。Pizato等[11]研究进一步将其整合为在长时间内无计划、连续和重复地吃少量食物,与对饮食的失控有关。总之,放牧饮食行为是一种多重促发因素的不良饮食行为,特征为无计划性、重复性、缺乏控制感及与饥饿或饱腹无关,容易对身心产生不利影响,影响减重效果甚至复胖,加重消化系统负担,还会导致产生焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪。
放牧饮食行为与肥胖之间存在显著相关性,肥胖症病人放牧饮食行为发生率处于较高水平。研究表明,肥胖症病人放牧饮食行为发生率为26%~57%,可能对体重管理产生负面影响[12]。Berber等[6]横断面研究也表明,放牧饮食行为会阻碍减重术后长期体重管理,病人更容易出现术后体重复增。Lopes等[13]对94例减重术后病人进行调查,结果显示,与低体重回升比病人比较,高体重回升比病人存在更高强迫性放牧和重复进食行为,进一步证明放牧饮食行为与体重复增有关。Pearl等[14]研究显示,体型和体重过度重视(weight and shape overvaluation,WSO)在减重术后病人中很常见,存在体型和体重过度重视的病人更容易有放牧饮食行为。因此,对减重术后病人的体重管理是亟待解决的关键问题。影响减重术后病人不良饮食行为的因素很多,饮食失控和放牧饮食是减重术后的2个高危因素[15],会导致病人出现体重减轻达到平台期或体重反弹的不利现象[5]。由于减重手术对肥胖症病人胃肠道解剖结构的限制性,术后不良饮食行为中,放牧饮食行为最为常见[12]。一项系统评价也显示,肥胖症病人放牧饮食行为平均流行率为33.2%,减重术后6个月、1年、2年、10年进行随访时的发生率分别为16.00%、45.30%、46.50%、28.16%,术后时间是减重术后放牧饮食行为的影响因素,随着术后时间的延长,放牧饮食行为发生率不断提高[16]。花红霞等[17]对减重代谢术后病人的放牧饮食行为进行潜在类别分析,将其分为均衡型(低风险)、强迫型(中风险)和非强迫型(高风险)3个类别,强迫型和非强迫型分别占37.4%、14.3%,表明放牧饮食行为发生率处于较高水平。未来研究可依据各亚型特点制定更有针对性的干预策略,提高干预效果。此外,放牧饮食行为与其他不良饮食行为密切相关,减重术前暴食症病人由于无法对饮食进行适应性调整,在术后可能转变为放牧行为[9]。Bonder等[18]对437例肥胖症病人的调查显示,强迫性放牧行为是食物成瘾诊断和症状严重程度的影响因素。早期评估减重术后病人的放牧饮食行为并分析其影响因素,对于采取有效措施改善不良饮食行为具有重要意义。因此,对减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具的开发和应用显得尤为重要。
Rep(eat)-Q是由Conceição等[19]编制的自测量表,旨在评估过去28 d内病人放牧饮食行为的发生频率,包括非强迫性放牧(问题1~问题4、问题9、问题10)和强迫性放牧(问题5~问题8、问题11、问题12)2个子量表,共12个条目。采用0~6分计分法,“从不”计0分,“很少(每周<1 d)”计1分,“偶尔(每周1 d)”计2分,“有时(每周2 d或3 d)”计3分,“经常(每周4 d或5 d)”计4分,“通常(每周6 d)”计5分,“总是(每周7 d)”计6分。量表总分为各条目得分的均值,为0~6分,总分≥1.25分提示病人存在放牧饮食行为,得分越高表示放牧饮食行为发生越频繁。Conceição等[19]在1 223名健康成年人、154例减重术前病人和84例减重术后病人中应用该量表进行验证,结果显示,量表信效度良好,且在减重手术病人中量表得分与减重术后体重减轻和体重反弹情况显著相关,提示放牧行为可能对体重管理有重要影响。Teodoro等[20-21]对量表进行了验证性因子分析,量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.86~0.91,近似误差均方根为0.11,比较拟合指数为0.96,具有良好结构效度。2023年,花红霞等[22]对Rep(eat)-Q进行了汉化并在减重代谢术后病人中进行信效度检验,对条目部分内容进行了文化适应性调整,结果显示,中文版Rep(eat)-Q的Cronbach's α系数为0.943,重测信度为0.867,Rep(eat)-Q中文版信效度较好、简单易行,可为我国减重代谢术后病人的放牧饮食行为提供可靠的测评工具。目前,Rep(eat)-Q已在土耳其[23]、巴西[20]、意大利[24]等国家进行了跨文化调试和信效度检验,结果显示,不同语言版本Rep(eat)-Q均具有良好的信效度,形成了符合各国文化背景的Rep(eat)-Q。有研究使用Rep(eat)-Q在减重手术病人中调查发现,强迫性放牧亚型的患病率显著高于非强迫性放牧[25-26],原因可能与这类病人胃储液器的保留使其尽管频繁地进食但不会感到太多不适有关。Rep(eat)-Q是专门评估放牧饮食行为的量表,内容针对性强,有助于精准分析个体放牧饮食行为的表现,评估减重术后病人的放牧饮食行为具有特异性;但该量表评估周期较短,且因项目数量较多,在流行病学调查中使用耗时较长,同时受试者可能存在社会期望偏差,对其结果的准确性和应用范围产生一定限制。
SIG是2019年Heriseanu等[27]基于文献回顾和专家意见编制的,用于评估过去3个月放牧饮食行为的频率和严重程度。该量表是自评式量表,包含一般性放牧行为(GRG)和强迫性放牧行为(GRLOC)2个维度,共4个条目。各条目采用Likert 7级评分法,“完全没有”到“每周8次或更多”分别计0~6分,得分越高,表明放牧饮食行为发生越频繁,并遵循发作频率将严重程度分为无(每周<1次)、轻度(每周1~3次)、中度(每周4~7次)、重度(每周≥8次)。该量表的Spearman-Brown折半信度系数为0.73,Cronbach's α系数为0.72,强迫性放牧行为维度的重测信度良好。量表具有良好的地板效应和天花板效应,表明其能反映受试者放牧饮食行为的不同频率水平。Moraes等[28]在巴西90名学生中验证SIG的心理测量特性,结果显示,量表Spearman-Brown折半信度系数为0.81,与原始版本的研究结果一致,但重测信度较低会降低SIG的时间稳定性。Spirou等[29]在巴西普通人群中使用SIG调查放牧流行率,结果确定了常规失控型放牧(每周至少1次)、常规非失控型放牧(每周至少1次)和无或偶尔放牧(低于每周1次)3种放牧亚型,各亚型患病率分别为10.2%、29.8%、60.0%。SIG条目简洁,耗时较短,聚焦评估放牧饮食行为本身及其强迫性特征,适用于大规模样本的筛查和评估。尽管SIG可以弥补Rep(eat)-Q的局限性,但其文化适应性仍需更广泛和深入的验证,目前只在非临床样本中测量,无法全面评估放牧饮食行为诱因、情景特点等,建议进一步在肥胖症病人等临床样本中验证其适用性。
GQ由Lane等[30]于2013年编制,旨在衡量无特定时间框架内放牧饮食行为的严重程度,包括无意识进食(条目1~条目4)和对进食的失控感(条目5~条目7)2个维度,共7个条目。各条目采用Likert 5级评分法,“从不”到“总是”计0~4分,总分0~28分,得分越高,表示放牧认知和行为越严重。原问卷的Cronbach's α系数为0.82。Aloi等[31]在意大利大学生中对GQ进行信效度检验,结果表明,量表的重测信度为0.88~0.92,无意识进食维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.83,对进食的失控感维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.77。Spirou等[32]在澳大利亚105名正常体重和186例肥胖病人(其中102例患有暴食症)中进行验证,验证性因子分析显示,在重新制定的二因素模型下,近似误差均方根(RMSEA)为0.044,相对拟合指数(CFI)为1.00,模型拟合良好,量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.92,重测信度为0.86,收敛效度和发散效度良好。研究表明,肥胖症病人和暴食症病人的放牧饮食行为更为常见,且与正常体重人群相比,他们的放牧行为更频繁[32]。GQ是一种有效且可靠的肥胖个体放牧自我报告测量方法,除关注行为本身外,还涉及病人对自身行为的认知及态度等方面,有助于从多角度理解该行为的产生。
EBBS由Spaggiari等[33]于2020年开发并验证,旨在客观量化病人减重术后对饮食和生活方式建议的依从性。该量表包括食物(问题1、问题4、问题9)、饮料(问题3、问题5、问题6)、行为(问题2、问题7、问题8)和生活方式(问题10、问题11)4个维度,共11个问题。各条目采用Likert 6级评分法,从“总是”到“从不”分别计0~5分,总分0~55分,得分越高,表明病人对术后饮食和生活方式建议的依从性越好。2023年,Alsehemi等[34]以减重代谢术后3年或更长时间病人为研究对象对EBBS进行信效度检验,由于宗教文化差异,排除问题5饮酒后,结果显示,量表总的Cronbach's α系数为0.851,量表条目水平的内容效度指数为0.9~1.0,信效度良好。Nicolau等[35]对100例袖状胃切除术后病人进行调查,结果表明,70%的病人出现体重反弹,量表评分与术后体质指数下降相关,EBBS得分>13.5分表示术后体质指数减轻>50%,表明EBBS在有效预测减重术后病人的体重变化、识别体重反弹风险方面具有重要价值。EBBS简单易用,专门针对减重术后病人的饮食行为进行量化客观评估,涵盖包括放牧饮食行为在内的多种饮食行为,能反映减重术后病人整体饮食情况;但该量表条目将放牧饮食行为与其他饮食行为混合,缺乏对放牧饮食行为单独且详细的评估维度。
TFEQ由Stunkard等[36]于1985年编制,在饮食行为研究领域使用广泛,包括认知限制、去抑制及饥饿3个维度,共51个条目。2000年,Karlsson等[37]在瑞典肥胖群体中应用后修订出TEFQ简化版(TFEQ-R18)。TFEQ-R18包含失控进食(UE)(9个条目)、认知限制进食(CR)(6个条目)、情绪性进食(EE)(3个条目)3个维度,共18个条目。目前,已在西班牙[38]、意大利[39]等非临床样本中对TFEQ-R18进行跨文化调试和信效度检验,效果良好。为了避免高低限效应,保证各维度间条目数量均衡性,Rosnah等[40]在TFEQ-R18基础上编制了TFEQ-R21,评估不健康饮食态度的行为和认知维度,主要在情绪性进食维度中增加了3个新条目。条目1~条目20采用Likert 4级计分法(条目1~条目16为反向评分),条目21以数字1~8计分,其中1~2计1分,3~4计2分,5~6计3分,7~8计4分,各维度单独计分,得分越高,提示相应维度不健康饮食态度水平越高。Tholin等[41]研究结果显示,TFEQ-R21重测信度为0.87,各分量表Cronbach's α系数分别为0.91,0.89,0.87。由于文化背景差异,Cappelleri等[42]和张婷婷等[43]分别在美国与中国对TFEQ-R21进行文化调适,分别形成TFEQ-R18 V2和TFEQ-R18 V3,信效度良好。Anafarta-Şendağ等[23]使用TFEQ-R21研究放牧与不健康饮食态度的关系,结果显示,Rep(eat)-Q得分与TFEQ-R21的情绪化饮食和失控饮食维度呈正相关。表明病人可能因情绪因素或进食失控而摄入过多热量,影响体重下降或增加体重反弹风险,从而提高放牧饮食行为风险。因此,该量表可全面评估不良饮食行为的多个维度,了解放牧饮食行为与其他饮食行为的关系;但对放牧饮食行为敏感度低,不能直接、具体地反映病人放牧饮食行为的频率和严重程度。
LOCES由Latner等[44]于2014年编制,旨在测量个体过去1个月内进食失控程度。包括行为维度(6个条目)、认知/解离维度(9个条目)、积极/欣快维度(9个条目)共24个条目的完整版和7个条目的简要版(LOCES-B)2个版本。“从不”计1分,“很少”计2分,“偶尔”计3分,“经常”计4分,“总是”计5分,总分24~120分,各维度得分平均值之和为总分,得分越高表明对食物控制力丧失程度越高。2014年,Blomquist等[45]开发并初步验证了ELCS,旨在评估个体在特定进食事件中进食失控的主观体验。包括18个项目,每项包含评估特定进食事件的频率与感到失控的严重程度两部分,从“一点也不难停下来”至“非常难停下来”依次计0~10分,通过各项目平均值计算严重性得分。Hopwood等[46]在暴食症和大学生样本中对ELOC进行验证,通过项目分析和因子分析,删除冗余和区分度低的项目后形成16项版本,2个样本中的Cronbach's α系数分别为0.96和0.94,均显示良好拟合度和测量不变性。Bodell等[47]将LOCES和ELCS进行比较,结果显示,2个量表在临床和非临床样本中均具有可靠性和有效性,LOCES-B因简洁性和性别测量不变性更适用于异质性样本,而ELOC在同质性样本中表现良好。
综上所述,放牧饮食行为往往伴随一定程度的失控感,以上2个量表在评估放牧饮食行为失控程度方面具有参考意义,可作为补充工具了解病人自我控制能力;但仅能评估单一特征,存在片面性。
EDE是Cooper等[48]于1987年开发的半结构化访谈工具。为使该量表适用于减重手术病人,De Zwaan等[49]在EDE的基础上增加了与减重手术相关的项目形成EDE-BSV。其延续了EDE的半结构化访谈形式,用于评估饮食失调症状。涵盖饮食担忧维度、体重担忧维度、体形担忧维度、节食行为维度和清除行为5个维度,各条目采用Likert 7级评分法,根据病人在过去28 d内行为发生的频率进行评分,0 d、1~5 d、6~12 d、13~15 d、16~22 d、23~27 d、每天依次计为0、1、2、3、4、5、6分,得分越高,表明饮食失调症状越严重。Kerver等[50]使用EDE-BSV对140例减重代谢手术病人进行调查发现,放牧饮食行为在减重术前病人中较为常见,且与饮食失调症状密切相关。由于EDE-BSV需要经过训练的专业人员访谈,为满足研究和临床评估的需要,Globus等[51]开发了自陈式问卷版本-减重术后饮食失调问卷(EDABS-Q),该问卷由病人自行填写,无需专业访谈者参与。与EDE-BSV相比,使用更加便捷和灵活,可以弥补EDE-BSV在资源需求和实施效率方面的不足。未来研究可将两者结合使用,充分发挥各自优势,全面评估减重手术病人饮食失调状况;但针对放牧饮食行为的亚型和具体表现无法准确区分和深入分析。
特异性量表Rep(eat)-Q、SIG与GQ的共性在于:1)都是专门评估放牧饮食行为的特异性量表,可为研究放牧饮食行为提供有效的自我报告工具;2)都基于两因素模型解释放牧行为;3)都经过信效度检验,在不同人群中均显示出良好信效度,能够较为可靠和准确地评估放牧饮食行为。区别在于:Rep(eat)-Q包含12个条目,询问过去4周放牧行为频率,与减重代谢术临床结局显著相关;SIG包括2个条目,评估过去3个月放牧行为频率和严重程度,可用于减重术后病人的快速筛查;GQ无明确时间框架,侧重进食持续性及失控感主观体验,有助于理解减重术后饮食模式。
目前,减重术后放牧饮食行为评估工具中特异性最高的为Rep(eat)-Q,SIG和GQ特异性稍差,其他均为普适性量表。SIG当前仅在肥胖群体和健康人群中对量表进行开发和验证,尚未针对减重术后病人,同时该量表尚未有汉化版本,在我国的适用性仍然未知。GQ同样应用相对较少,尚未得到广泛的研究和验证,但其从认知、行为等维度评估,可以深入了解病人对放牧饮食行为的主观感受和行为习惯,可为制定相关干预措施提供支持。3个量表之间具有互补性,未来可结合各自优势在大样本中验证。而EBBS问卷、TFEQ、LOCES与ELCS、EDE-BSⅤ开发较早,已在不同人群和疾病中进行了信效度检验,量表较为成熟、可靠。通过对多种饮食行为进行全面分析,从宏观角度了解病人的饮食状况,可作为辅助工具帮助筛查和分析饮食行为的影响因素,帮助整体、全面评估放牧饮食行为,进而为制定精准、全面、可靠的干预策略提供支持。
现有评估放牧饮食行为的工具尚存在不足:1)大多数研究为横断面研究,只能反映某一特定时间点病人的饮食行为状况,无法了解放牧饮食行为随时间的动态变化过程,难以确定其与术后体重变化的因果关系;2)部分研究样本量较小,且多集中于特定地区或单一医疗机构,样本的代表性有限,研究结果的推广性存在不足;3)现有研究缺乏系统、全面的理论框架解释该行为的产生机制、发展及与术后体重变化的内在联系;4)目前对放牧饮食行为的定义和分类尚不一致,不同研究对其描述和界定存在差异,会影响研究结果间的比较和整合,影响评估工具开发和应用的针对性;5)国外放牧饮食行为评估工具的研制多以肥胖症病人和健康人群作为研究对象,而我国通常翻译为中文后使用,能否真实、准确地反映减重术后病人放牧饮食行为情况尚需进一步探讨。
未来可以从以下几个方面开展研究:1)充分结合我国肥胖症病人的饮食习惯和文化特点,开发本土化放牧饮食行为评估工具;2)进一步细化评估工具的维度和条目,可以考虑在现有强迫性和非强迫性放牧维度以外,增加情绪、认知和社会支持等内容,多层次评估放牧饮食行为,为后续干预措施的制定提供更有力的依据;3)未来可结合移动医疗、可穿戴设备、大数据技术等评估放牧饮食行为,可开发手机APP,实时记录病人的饮食行为信息,也能利用大数据分析为评估工具的优化提供技术支持;4)今后可多开展纵向研究,对肥胖症减重术后病人进行长期跟踪随访,观察放牧饮食行为在不同时点的变化特点及与术后体重变化、生活质量的关系,提高干预的针对性和有效性;5)未来可开展大样本、多中心研究,探索不同地区、国家、性别病人放牧饮食行为的具体表现,提高样本代表性和研究结果的普适性。
放牧饮食行为在减重术后病人中发生率较高,影响肥胖症病人减重效果与身体健康。及时评估放牧饮食行为并采取护理干预措施可预测病人的预后,降低并发症发生风险。目前,放牧饮食行为相关测评工具较多,尽管大多数量表已有汉化,但由于文化背景、饮食习惯和医疗体系等差异,工具的应用仍存在局限。未来,我国学者可基于理论框架研制本土化和特异性的评估工具,并根据放牧饮食行为的不同亚型进一步细化研究,制定针对性的干预措施,提高病人生活质量。

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2026年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.021
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
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    1山东中医药大学护理学院,山东 250355
    2山东省中医院

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翟燕,E-mail:
ZHAI Yan, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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