Article(id=1322167830808744772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167714660078002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158975555, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158975555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158975555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158975555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167714660078002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='352', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158947863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158947863, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=340, endPage=344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167833430184775, articleId=1322167830808744772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on symptom assessment tools for patients with colorectal cancer enterostomy, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article reviews the status quo of symptom assessment in patients with colorectal cancer enterostomy,as well as the symptom assessment tools and their application.The aim is to provide reference for clinical healthcare professionals in selecting appropriate assessment tools and to develop individualized symptom management strategies.

, authors=Peilu FAN1, Hui WANG2, Tianyu DING3, Lijun TAN1, Xiaodan AN1, Qi XIE1, Sanmei CHEN1, Jian FANG1, authorsList=Peilu FAN, Hui WANG, Tianyu DING, Lijun TAN, Xiaodan AN, Qi XIE, Sanmei CHEN, Jian FANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
FANG Jian, E-mail:
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对结直肠癌肠造口病人症状评估现状、结直肠癌肠造口病人的症状评估工具及其应用现状进行综述,旨在为临床医护人员选择合适的评估工具、制定个体化的症状管理方案提供参考。

, authors=樊珮璐1, 王惠2, 丁恬雨3, 谭丽君1, 安小丹1, 谢齐1, 陈三妹1, 方剑1, *, *, authorsList=樊珮璐, 王惠, 丁恬雨, 谭丽君, 安小丹, 谢齐, 陈三妹, 方剑, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方剑, authorNote=

樊珮璐,护士,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
方剑,E-mail:
FANG Jian, E-mail:
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樊珮璐,护士,硕士研究生在读

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结直肠癌肠造口病人症状评估工具的研究进展
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樊珮璐 1 , 王惠 2 , 丁恬雨 3 , 谭丽君 1 , 安小丹 1 , 谢齐 1 , 陈三妹 1 , 方剑 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(2): 340-344
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (2) : 340 -344
结直肠癌肠造口病人症状评估工具的研究进展
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樊珮璐,护士,硕士研究生在读

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樊珮璐1, 王惠2, 丁恬雨3, 谭丽君1, 安小丹1, 谢齐1, 陈三妹1, 方剑1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1绍兴文理学院医学院,浙江 312000
  • 2绍兴市人民医院(绍兴文理学院附属第一医院)
  • 3诸暨市中医医院
通讯作者:
方剑,E-mail:
FANG Jian, E-mail:
作者简介:

樊珮璐,护士,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on symptom assessment tools for patients with colorectal cancer enterostomy
Peilu FAN1, Hui WANG2, Tianyu DING3, Lijun TAN1, Xiaodan AN1, Qi XIE1, Sanmei CHEN1, Jian FANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang 312000 China
  • 2Shaoxing People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University
  • 3Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji
  • Corresponding Author:
    FANG Jian, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.023
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对结直肠癌肠造口病人症状评估现状、结直肠癌肠造口病人的症状评估工具及其应用现状进行综述,旨在为临床医护人员选择合适的评估工具、制定个体化的症状管理方案提供参考。

结直肠癌  /  肠造口  /  症状评估  /  量表  /  综述

This article reviews the status quo of symptom assessment in patients with colorectal cancer enterostomy,as well as the symptom assessment tools and their application.The aim is to provide reference for clinical healthcare professionals in selecting appropriate assessment tools and to develop individualized symptom management strategies.

colorectal cancer  /  enterostomy  /  symptom assessment  /  scale  /  review
樊珮璐, 王惠, 丁恬雨, 谭丽君, 安小丹, 谢齐, 陈三妹, 方剑. 结直肠癌肠造口病人症状评估工具的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (2) : 340 -344 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.023
Peilu FAN, Hui WANG, Tianyu DING, Lijun TAN, Xiaodan AN, Qi XIE, Sanmei CHEN, Jian FANG. Research progress on symptom assessment tools for patients with colorectal cancer enterostomy[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (2) : 340 -344 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.023
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是全球常见恶性肿瘤。全球癌症统计数据库(GLOBOCAN)数据显示,2022年全球结直肠癌新发病例超过192万例,死亡病例超过90万例[1]。手术切除是结直肠癌的主要治疗手段之一,其中,造口术是结直肠癌手术的重要组成部分。随着结直肠癌病人数量增加,肠造口人群不断扩大,病人常经历疲劳、疼痛、焦虑和抑郁等复杂症状[2],不仅影响其功能状态和生活质量,若未及时管理还可能延缓造口还纳进程,对预后造成不利影响[3]。及时、准确地进行症状评估是症状管理和预防的前提。一般而言,客观症状易于测量,但主观症状难以量化,因此症状评估工具的编制和使用在临床中具有重要价值。现对国内外结直肠癌肠造口病人症状评估工具进行综述,并提出临床实践建议,以期为医护人员选择和应用症状评估工具提供参考,并为未来开发更具特异性和适用性的造口病人症状评估工具提供依据。
目前常用的症状评估工具(如肠造口厌恶感量表[4]、低位前切除综合征评分[5]等)仅对造口病人部分领域(如心理、肠道)的症状进行了评估,系统性评估不足。已有研究结果显示,造口病人面临的症状复杂多样,包括消化系统、心理及造口相关症状等[2],症状之间相互交织,形成复杂的症状网络[6],仅依赖单维量表容易忽略病人局部症状与整体健康之间的相互作用,可能限制对病人真实状态的全面评估,进而影响干预措施的科学性和有效性。同时,现有工具多侧重于评估症状的严重程度,仅有少数工具[如安德森症状评估量表-胃肠道肿瘤模块(MDASI-GI)[7]和记忆症状评估量表[8]]同时评估了症状发生率、严重度及生活影响,症状发生频率和生活困扰等方面评估不足。症状经历模型显示,症状体验包括频率、严重度、困扰度及主观意义[9]。因此,开发多维度症状评估量表具有必要性,是全面、准确评估病人症状的必要途径。
目前,临床中的症状评估者多为医护人员,视角常聚焦于可量化的临床指标(如症状缓解率、并发症发生率等),而病人的主观体验往往被忽略[10],如造口并发症的常用工具包括造口皮肤量表[11]、造口周围病变量表(PLS)[12]等,其症状评估过程依赖医护人员的专业观察和判断,未整合病人的主观报告,这种以医护人员为中心的评估模式可能导致对病人真实症状体验的低估。已有研究结果显示,与患者报告结局(PRO)相比,医生报告结局常低估病人的症状负担,各种不良反应漏报率为12.5%~56.7%[10]。这一发现凸显了将病人主观体验纳入症状评估的重要性。病人作为症状的亲历者,其主观感受对症状的全面评估具有不可替代的价值。将PRO纳入症状评估框架,有利于症状的早期预防和管理,提高评估的全面性和准确性,为临床决策提供更有力的支持。
既往症状研究多集中于对孤立症状的单独评估和管理,忽视了症状间的相互作用和动态变化,可能导致症状管理的片面性,增加症状复发风险。有研究采用主成分分析及聚类分析等方法发现,造口病人的临床症状常同时出现,且随时间动态变化[2]。然而,这些方法在探究症状间相互作用机制方面仍显不足。近年来,网络分析在症状管理中的应用为描述和分析症状间的相互关系提供了新的视角,推动了症状管理的革新[13]。随着信息化技术的发展,将症状评估与电子信息系统结合已成为未来研究的必然趋势。因此,开发能够与症状网络模型和电子病历系统兼容的评估量表尤为关键。不仅可以为智能监测技术提供个性化评估的基础,也有利于提升症状管理的精准度。
常用的量表包括MDASI-GI、大肠癌造口病人症状评估量表(CPSAS)、直肠癌低位前切除术后症状评估量表和Miles术后病人不适反应自我报告量表等。
MDASI-GI是Wang等[7]于2010年在安德森症状评估量表基础上添加胃肠道肿瘤特异性症状项目形成。该量表评估了18项症状在过去24 h内的严重程度及这些症状对6个生活方面的困扰程度,共24个条目,采用11级评分(0~10分),其Cronbach's α系数为0.80~0.87[7]。MDASI-GI信效度较高,是公认的可靠、稳定的症状评估工具,在国内外症状研究中得到广泛应用,能够全面反映症状的发生率、严重程度以及对生活的困扰程度;该量表条目简洁,易于填写,大多数病人可在2~3 min完成[7];其敏感性较高,晚期和体能状态较差的病人使用后报告的核心症状更显著[7],与36条简明健康状况调查量表(SF-36)[14]、SF-12[7]等联合使用后结果显示,量表所测量的症状与病人生活质量密切相关。同时,量表也存在一定不足,如可能存在回忆偏倚、社会期望偏倚等问题[6];症状分级标准(≥5分)仅在疼痛和疲劳中验证有效,其他症状的中度和重度水平分界点需进一步研究[7];条目数较少且不是造口病人的特异性量表,仅第15条“腹泻(造口水样便)”涉及造口,虽适用于大样本快速筛查,但无法对造口症状进行更细致的评估。
CPSAS由郝建玲等[15]于2012年编制,用于评估大肠癌造口病人的症状。该量表分为消化系统症状、泌尿系统症状、放化疗不良反应相关症状、造口相关症状、性生活相关症状、心理症状6个维度,共54个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.910,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.731~0.937[16]。CPSAS是针对造口病人编制的症状量表,具有良好的同质性和较好的内在信效度;该量表理论上全面涵盖了大肠癌造口病人的症状[16];有研究使用CPSAS对造口病人进行长达1年的跟踪,结果显示,病人症状和症状群数量及严重程度随时间下降,说明CPSAS具有时间敏感性,可用于造口症状的长期监测[2]。但量表未提及明确的测量时间点;部分条目在高低症状分组间得分差异无统计学意义,提示这些条目对不同症状水平的鉴别力较低[16];同时,其在纵向研究中的应答率较低(74.5%),可能与其条目较多,所需填写时间较长有关[2];此外,部分条目使用了“造口内陷”“造口黏膜水肿”等医学术语,病人在无辅助的情况下可能难以独立填写。
由刘亚婷等[17]于2021年编制,适用于直肠癌低位前切除术后病人。该量表分为一般症状、排便症状、排尿症状、性功能相关症状、社会心理症状5个维度,共24个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,其Cronbach's α系数为0.79[17]。有研究者将该量表用于136例低位前切除术后病人(含105例造口病人),结果显示,主成分分析法提取5个症状群,且症状群数量在术后12个月内逐渐减少,说明该量表适用于肠造口病人的症状评估,并支持症状的纵向动态跟踪[18]。但该量表未涉及与造口直接相关的评估条目,且量表重测信度仅为0.523,性功能相关症状维度的Cronbach's α系数为-0.09,构面信度不理想,可能与恶性肿瘤及大手术后病人较多害怕性生活,或没有真实反映性功能情况等有关。
由熊燕[19]于2020年编制,适用于经腹会阴联合根治术(Miles术)后病人。该量表分为生理不适、心理不适2个维度,共25个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.853,量表水平的内容效度指数为0.98[19]。量表2个维度均有条目评估了皮肤问题、渗漏、疼痛及担忧等造口相关症状,已有研究结果显示,病人使用该量表报告的术后不适反应严重程度得分远高于护士报告,且其在心理维度能更敏感地反映病人主观症状感受;该量表条目内容易于理解,数量适中,但其仅在住院期间进行了运用,未来还需进一步延长时间加以验证[19]。
部分造口病人生活质量量表及并发症测评量表也会涉及症状评价内容,如欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织结直肠癌特异性生活质量问卷[20]设有针对造口病人的子量表,涉及了对尿失禁、腹痛、臀部疼痛等症状的评估,并在造口病人中得到验证。此外,造口病人生活质量量表[21]、造口生活质量量表[22]等量表中也均涉及了症状评估条目。以上量表优势在于能同时关注症状、生活质量、基本信息及社会互动等,有利于更全面地理解病人的整体状况。但这些量表并非针对病人症状设计,其症状评估的精确度和系统性可能不及专用的症状评估工具。
Hao等[2]运用CPSAS对149例结直肠癌造口术后病人的症状进行长达1年的追踪,结果发现,发生率超过20%的症状从24个(术后2周)逐渐减少至14个(术后1年),其中排尿困难、出汗、发热在术后早期即快速缓解,而担忧、紧张、口干等症状则持续至术后半年才开始减轻,说明病人的整体症状负担在术后随时间减轻,但不同症状的缓解时机并不一致,有效的症状评估结果有利于医护人员在合适的时机针对症状采取有效措施进行预防和管理。
多维评估量表具备同时考量多方面症状的能力,能在评估整体症状负担的同时探究症状间的相互关系。研究者采用主成分分析、因子分析等方法,将评估结果构建为症状群或网络,探究症状之间的相互作用,有利于识别干预靶点。Hao等[2]提取结直肠癌肠造口病人的症状群发现,术后2周病人存在心理症状群、消化和泌尿症状群、缺乏活力症状群和疼痛症状群,其中疼痛症状群在术后3个月时消失,而心理症状群中的大部分症状持续至术后1年,提示肠造口病人的心理困扰具有持久性和顽固性,临床护理实践中应建立长期的心理支持体系。Shang等[6]使用MDASI-GI对230例结直肠癌病人(含19.6%的造口病人)进行症状网络分析,结果显示,睡眠障碍在围术期持续存在,并会加剧腹胀、疲劳、疼痛等症状的发展,故优先对睡眠障碍进行干预显得尤为重要。有效的症状评估结合统计方法能为识别症状干预靶点提供科学依据,从而优化造口病人的临床管理策略。
除探索症状本身的特性外,将评估工具测得的症状与其他因素进行相关性分析,能揭示其发生机制与内在联系。Li等[23]采用MDASI-GI对症状群及其与血清生物标志物的关系进行研究,结果发现,造口病人中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞比值、体质指数和血红蛋白水平与化疗期间的症状群相关,且红细胞、白蛋白等生化指标是症状表达的重要调节因素[6]。这些跨组学的发现阐释了生物指标与症状变化的关系,有利于指导制定症状管理策略,监测生物标志物的变化有利于更深入地解析症状发生的生物学机制,实现对症状的早期预警。此外,症状与病人一般资料的相关性分析结果还有利于识别高危人群,对实现症状的早期预防和精准干预具有重要意义。未来研究可深入探讨不同因素在症状调控过程中的作用机制,并探讨其在个性化医疗实践中的应用潜力。
肠造口病人的症状往往相互关联,针对单一症状的干预措施也可能对其他症状产生影响,此时症状评估工具也可作为测量指标用于评估干预效果。王春霞等[24]采用耳穴贴压对大肠癌造口病人症状进行干预,采用中文版MDASI-GI作为主要评价工具,结果显示,观察组的疼痛、乏力、睡眠不安、困倦改善效果优于对照组,提示耳穴贴压能改善大肠癌造口病人的特定症状。吕高荣[25]以53例造口病人为研究对象实施自助式正念干预,通过网络分析方法进行分析,结果显示,干预后症状网络的强度中心性、网络结构和布局发生变化。提示采用标准化的肠造口症状评估工具能够量化干预效果,揭示症状群之间的相互作用机制,为制定个体化护理方案提供理论依据。
随着医学模式的转变,治疗的目的不再局限于延长生存时间,还兼顾了提高生存质量。考察症状对病人结局的影响,可以更全面地理解症状在疾病进程中的作用。一项涉及134例老年肠造口病人的横断面研究探讨了症状群与生活质量的相关性,结果显示,各症状群与病人生存质量呈负相关,且心理症状群对生活质量的负面影响最强[26]。一项横断面研究使用MDASI-GI对212例结直肠癌幸存者[其中24例(11.3%)幸存者携带造口]的症状及其与他们重返工作岗位的结局关系进行调查,结果显示,症状与重返工作岗位结局相关,症状困扰较低的幸存者更有可能有较高的工作能力[27]。提示肠造口病人症状与其结局之间存在密切联系,在临床实践中实施有效的症状管理对提升病人生活质量、促进其融入社会具有重要意义。
目前采用的肠造口病人症状评估工具在临床应用中存在一定局限性。一项针对肠造口病人的质性访谈研究表明,肠造口病人面临的症状复杂多变,治疗过程和造口状态均会引发一系列症状管理需求,如不及时识别并加以干预,可能对病人生活质量造成负面影响[28]。因此,开发有特异性、内容全面且便于病人填写的评估量表显得尤为迫切。未来可以基于症状体验理论开发PRO肠造口症状评估量表,全面评估症状的发生频率、强度及对日常生活的困扰程度等,并开展多中心、大规模调查进行标准化和验证,帮助医护人员和研究者从综合视角掌握病人症状全貌,为制定针对性的肠造口护理措施提供理论依据。
病人作为症状的亲历者,其主观感受对症状评估至关重要。PRO直接源自病人自我报告,能量化其主观症状体验,无须他人(如医生、护士)解读[29-30],体现了以病人为中心,符合生物-心理-社会医学模式及以人为本的评估理念。美国食品与药品监督管理局指出,临床疗效评价应综合考虑PRO、医生报告结局、护士报告结局和生理实验室指标[29]。结合医护人员的专业评估与病人自我报告的主观感受,能够获得更全面的症状信息。因此,进一步开发和完善基于PRO的造口评估工具,并进行多中心、大规模调查,对于提升肠造口病人症状评估工具的有效性具有重要意义。此外,整合PRO不仅能够补充临床评估的不足,还能增强病人在治疗决策中的参与感,提高病人的满意度和依从性。
症状网络模型通过将症状构建成可视化的网络,能解释症状间的内在联系,识别核心症状和干预靶点,实现症状预测,为症状研究提供全新的视角和方法。目前,国内外已有部分研究探讨了结直肠癌病人的症状群和症状网络,但针对造口病人的研究仍显不足。未来研究应关注肠造口病人的全身症状评估,探索其症状谱系,通过构建更全面的症状网络,揭示症状间的内在关系与动态变化,从而为制定精准、前瞻性的护理策略提供理论基础,为有效减轻病人症状负担并提高其生活质量提供有利条件。
随着加速康复外科理念的快速发展与应用,肠造口病人多在术后短时间内出院,出院后病人与医护人员联系减弱,症状评估反馈滞后。采用症状日记、移动平台和远程穿戴设备等对病人进行远程症状监测,可以实现更便捷、实时的症状评估。电子患者报告结局(ePRO)指病人通过电子设备报告自己的健康相关信息。相较于传统纸质问卷,ePRO可以帮助医护人员实时监控症状,支持临床决策,并利于研究人员高效收集和分析数据,提升症状评估的时效性和准确性。我国有学者基于ePRO平台对化疗期造口门诊病人进行纵向症状负担研究,结果显示,98%的病人认为系统易于使用,86%的病人报告护理结局得到了改善[31]。已有研究结果显示,ePRO随访结合紧急算法可提高癌症病人的生命质量和生存率,减少计划外就诊[32],表现出了良好的可行性。未来研究可整合移动信息平台和智能数据算法,结合实时症状报告和个人信息构建个性化用户画像。通过定期数据反馈,增强病人参与度和自我管理能力。同时,应持续开发和应用先进技术,如结合个体化症状网络与生态瞬时评估(如连续血糖监测、动态心电图或脑电图等),提升个体症状评估的便捷性,助力精准症状管理,为个性化治疗提供支持[13]。
结直肠癌造口病人普遍存在症状困扰,有效的症状评估与管理对于减轻病人的症状负担至关重要。尽管症状评估工具在临床研究中已得到一定应用,但其规范性不足。未来应加强整体症状评估,开发特异性的多维症状评估工具,可结合医护报告和PRO,引入症状网络模型和智慧医疗技术,以提升结直肠癌造口病人的症状管理水平,改善病人症状负担和生活质量,为优化临床实践和制定个性化干预策略提供科学依据。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.023
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
  • 修回日期:2025-12-24
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    1绍兴文理学院医学院,浙江 312000
    2绍兴市人民医院(绍兴文理学院附属第一医院)
    3诸暨市中医医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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