Article(id=1322167855924233162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167714660078002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=1766592000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158981543, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158981543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158981543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158981543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167714660078002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='352', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158947863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158947863, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=328, endPage=333, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167857832641483, articleId=1322167855924233162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on factors and mechanisms of the influence of adverse childhood experiences on eating disorders, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article reviews the types of adverse childhood experiences that influence eating disorders,the mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences lead to the development of eating disorders,and corresponding intervention strategies.The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for future prevention and early intervention.

, authors=Bingji MA1, Linli SUN2, authorsList=Bingji MA, Linli SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Linli SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SUN Linli, E-mail:
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对影响进食障碍的童年创伤经历类型、 童年创伤经历导致进食障碍发生的机制以及应对策略进行综述,以期为未来的预防和早期干预治疗提供理论依据。

, authors=马兵济1, 孙林丽2, *, *, authorsList=马兵济, 孙林丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙林丽, authorNote=

马兵济,护师,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙林丽,E-mail:
SUN Linli, E-mail:
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马兵济,护师,硕士研究生在读

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马兵济,护师,硕士研究生在读

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童年创伤经历对进食障碍的影响因素及机制研究进展
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马兵济 1 , 孙林丽 2, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(2): 328-333
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (2) : 328 -333
童年创伤经历对进食障碍的影响因素及机制研究进展
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马兵济,护师,硕士研究生在读

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马兵济1, 孙林丽2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中南大学湘雅护理学院,湖南 410013
  • 2中南大学湘雅三医院
通讯作者:
孙林丽,E-mail:
SUN Linli, E-mail:
作者简介:

马兵济,护师,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on factors and mechanisms of the influence of adverse childhood experiences on eating disorders
Bingji MA1, Linli SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Hunan 410013 China
  • 2The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
  • Corresponding Author:
    SUN Linli, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.021
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对影响进食障碍的童年创伤经历类型、 童年创伤经历导致进食障碍发生的机制以及应对策略进行综述,以期为未来的预防和早期干预治疗提供理论依据。

童年创伤经历  /  进食障碍  /  影响因素  /  作用机制  /  护理  /  综述

This article reviews the types of adverse childhood experiences that influence eating disorders,the mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences lead to the development of eating disorders,and corresponding intervention strategies.The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for future prevention and early intervention.

adverse childhood experiences  /  eating disorders  /  influencing factors  /  mechanisms  /  nursing  /  review
马兵济, 孙林丽. 童年创伤经历对进食障碍的影响因素及机制研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (2) : 328 -333 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.021
Bingji MA, Linli SUN. Research progress on factors and mechanisms of the influence of adverse childhood experiences on eating disorders[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (2) : 328 -333 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.021
进食障碍(eating disorders,ED)是一种严重的精神疾病,会导致进食行为严重紊乱[1]。根据诊断和统计手册(DSM-5)和国际疾病分类(ICD-11),进食障碍包括6个类别,其中主要的3种类别为神经性厌食症、神经性贪食症和暴食症[2]。已有研究表明,年轻人群的进食障碍患病率普遍较高,全球范围内,5.5%~17.9%的年轻女性和0.6%~2.4%的年轻男性在成年早期曾患进食障碍[3]。进食障碍发病率持续上升,严重威胁个体身体和心理健康[4]。童年创伤经历(adverse childhood experiences,ACEs)是指个体在18岁以前发生的可对其生存、发育、生理和心理健康造成伤害或威胁的实际或潜在的一系列压力创伤性事件,包括身体虐待、情绪虐待、性虐待、身体忽视、情感忽视、父母离婚或分居、父母死亡、家庭成员被监禁、家庭成员酒精成瘾或药物滥用、家庭成员精神疾病、家庭外暴力等在内的一系列创伤性不良事件[5]。与普通人群相比,患有进食障碍的个体有更频繁的ACEs,而有ACEs的群体患进食障碍的总体概率比普通人群高3.21倍[6]。现就ACEs对个体进食障碍的影响因素及机制进行综述,以期为进食障碍的干预提供参考。
情绪虐待是指对儿童期个体的情绪体验做出持续、重复、不恰当的情绪反应。在不同类型的ACEs中,情绪虐待是与饮食障碍关系较密切的经历之一[7]。Racine等[8]研究表明,在儿童期虐待的3种形式(情绪虐待、性虐待、身体虐待)中,情绪虐待与情绪调节障碍和症状严重性密切相关,且情绪调节障碍在两者间起中介作用。在儿童发展的关键时期,具有虐待经历的个体可能会出现情绪调节困难和更大的冲动性,增加个体患严重精神疾病的风险[9]。已有研究结果显示,经历情绪虐待的个体面对负性情绪的影响,更可能采取非适应性的方式缓解情绪压力,如通过暴饮暴食抑制或逃避不想要的情绪体验[10]。一项荟萃研究显示,与健康对照组相比,神经性贪食症病人的性虐待、身体虐待和情感虐待水平较高,且与其他形式的虐待相比,进食障碍与童年情感虐待经历之间的关联更强[11]。提示情绪虐待可能是饮食和物质使用障碍的强大风险因素。
亲子依恋是儿童与父母之间的互动关系,是安全性亲子关系建立的关键影响因素[12]。Barone等[13]研究表明,不安全依恋与饮食障碍间存在相关性,情绪调节障碍在其中起中介作用。依恋受损是发生ACEs的基础,也是评估饮食障碍需要考虑的重要因素[14]。此外,家庭精神疾病史、家庭暴力以及家庭成员犯罪记录等均属于ACEs中的家庭功能障碍类别,其可能与进食障碍的发展存在密切联系。已有研究结果显示,与健康对照组相比,年轻暴食症病人的父母更可能有抑郁史[15]。可见,在家庭功能障碍背景下,紧张的家庭关系可能增加个体罹患进食障碍的易感性。家庭环境及亲子关系在青少年的情感和饮食中起着关键作用[16],较好的家庭功能和较高的父母支持对饮食失调行为具有保护作用[17]。
身体虐待和性虐待是进食障碍的风险因素。有身体虐待经历的年轻人的自尊心往往低于未受虐待的年轻人,童年时期的虐待可能容易导致自残甚至自杀,而异常的饮食行为可能为缓和压力提供了一种方式。已有研究表明,与一般精神障碍病人和健康对照者相比,神经性贪食症病人和暴食症病人有较高的性虐待和身体虐待发生率[18]。同时,亲密伴侣暴力行为与女性围生期和未来的进食障碍有关[19],也与大学生目前的神经性贪食症症状有关。儿童期情感和性虐待与进食障碍精神病理学间的关系可能受到适应不良的信念调节,儿童身体和性虐待可能导致消极信念发展,这可能导致进食障碍发展或维持[9]。
身体忽视是指未能为儿童提供基本的生活必需品,如食物和衣服[20]。童年期身体忽视往往会导致食物成瘾,其可对当前进食障碍症状严重程度产生影响。从神经发育角度分析,大脑成熟过程(包括髓鞘形成、突触可塑性和神经递质释放)高度依赖于儿童、青少年期的营养状况[21],父母的忽视会影响儿童的饮食习惯,不良的饮食习惯又会导致体重增加[22]。身体忽视情况是认知同理心、情绪反应性和社交技能的重要预测因素,与较低的情绪反应和社交技能相关,未来可对进食障碍病人采取基于社会情绪特征的创伤知情个体化干预。
应激生活事件与进食障碍存在关联。内源性应激反应系统,尤其是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴被认为在进食障碍的发生中起着关键作用[6]。已有研究发现,ACEs会导致个体内源性压力系统长期失调,早期经历童年创伤的个体表现为皮质醇水平较高[23]。从神经与内分泌效应上看,ACEs可能导致HPA轴过度激活,促使下丘脑释放更多的促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH),进而刺激垂体分泌促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH),最终导致皮质醇分泌增加,从而促进享乐型饮食行为发生[24]、热量摄入增加,尤其是糖类和脂肪摄入增加。患有神经性厌食症的病人具有较高的基础或平均每日皮质醇水平[25],这可能与饥饿和体重对HPA轴功能的影响有关。童年时期遭受创伤会对HPA轴的活动产生长期影响,可能导致成年后处理压力生活事件的能力潜在受损,生物学脆弱性增加,导致进食障碍发生风险增高。
ACEs可能通过改变大脑结构促进进食障碍发生。多项研究结果显示,具有ACEs的进食障碍病人普遍存在特定脑区结构异常,包括右侧中央旁小叶和左侧颞下回的灰质体积减小以及胼胝体、内囊、丘脑后放射、纵束和放射冠等白质纤维束完整性受损,这些脑区结构在奖赏机制中起重要作用[26-28]。放射冠和胼胝体白质完整性降低与物质滥用和暴食行为相关,这些结构改变可能导致个体对食物刺激的反应异常,进而引发饮食行为失调。此外,已有研究发现,ACEs还与多个关键脑区的皮质变薄相关[29]。其中,前扣带回作为额叶皮层的重要分区,在内源性应激反应调控中起关键作用[30],与纹状体共同构成情绪调节、执行控制和显著刺激处理的核心神经网络。表明ACEs可能对个体的情绪自我调节和刺激反应处理神经回路产生深远影响。ACEs所影响的大脑结构同样可能参与了与进食障碍精神病理学相关的调节过程。具体来看,位于颞叶外侧和下部表面的颞下回区域负责识别与解读身体形象信息,因此,该区域功能障碍被认为可能是造成个体身体意象紊乱,进而导致进食障碍的影响因素之一。神经性厌食症和神经性贪食症病人均存在该区域的功能障碍[31]。此外,多巴胺系统在神经性贪食症中也发挥着一定作用[32],病人纹状体、岛叶等脑区对食物和非食物刺激的反应存在异常,其涉及的情绪调节和奖赏相关行为(如暴食和成瘾行为)也可能受多巴胺活性异常影响。
ACEs在进食障碍发病机制中的作用已得到有力证明,且创伤经历与个体的生理学改变相关,如HPA轴失调[33]。同时,在发育的关键期,ACEs可能还会影响肠道微生物群的定植[34-35],这种干扰会影响HPA轴功能,进而影响个体的饮食行为。此外,ACEs可能会永久性地影响肠道微生物群和大脑发育间的相互作用。Hemmings等[36]研究发现,ACEs与放线菌和疣微菌相对丰度较低有关;Flannery等[37]的研究发现,脆弱拟杆菌与家庭混乱事件呈负相关,其对攻击性行为、情绪反应和冲动具有保护作用。个体中的肠道微生物可以产生短链脂肪酸[38],这种代谢产物可以调节饮食行为,削弱生长素受体信号或诱导厌食激素[39]。此外,短链脂肪酸诱导产生的5-羟色胺与多巴胺通过神经传递调节可能影响进食障碍精神病理学维度[40]。
ACEs可能通过胃饥饿素的异常调节导致异常饮食行为形成。作为一种主要由胃底分泌细胞产生的激素,胃饥饿素的血液浓度与体重指数呈负相关[41],其在生理上具有双重调控作用:一方面通过作用于下丘脑和脑干区域刺激内稳态摄食行为,另一方面通过与奖赏系统的相互作用促进非内稳态的奖赏相关性进食。胃饥饿素还能促进脂肪酸合成和脂肪储备积累,在能量代谢平衡中发挥关键作用。胃饥饿素对食欲的调节作用可能与其参与应激反应调控密切相关。Berner等[42]认为,胃饥饿素可能是机体在急性应激状态下的一种适应性反应机制。慢性应激会导致中脑边缘系统对胃饥饿素的敏感性增强,这使得具有ACEs的个体可能对胃饥饿素的刺激作用表现出更强的反应性,从而更容易出现异常的饮食行为模式。已有研究结果显示,在体质指数相同的情况下,具有ACEs的暴食症病人往往胃饥饿素水平更高,提示胃饥饿素可能是连接ACEs与饮食障碍的重要生物学介质[43]。
表观遗传学机制在进食障碍中起重要作用,其中脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)甲基化作为关键的表观遗传调控方式,与多种精神障碍如饮食障碍、创伤后应激障碍等密切相关[44]。已有研究结果表明,神经性厌食症病人的DNA甲基化模式改变可能反映了疾病严重性。早期ACEs可通过压力相关基因的表观遗传修饰影响个体终身的应激敏感性[45]。且研究显示,位于基因启动子区域或其附近的CpG位点(胞嘧啶-磷酸鸟嘌呤二核苷酸序列)甲基化水平与童年情感虐待严重程度呈正相关,这种表观遗传改变与HPA轴活性升高存在关联[6]。同时,有研究者在神经性厌食症病人中观察到与饮食敏感性相关的α-突触核蛋白基因超甲基化;具有童年性虐待史的暴食症女性病人存在DRD2基因甲基化水平升高趋势;暴食症病人表现出BDNF基因启动子区域位点特异性甲基化改变,这种表观遗传变异在伴有冲动调节障碍、情绪不稳定的个体中尤为明显,提示表观遗传机制可能在特定亚型饮食障碍发病中扮演着重要角色[46]。
儿童创伤经历和冲动性与暴饮暴食风险增加有关。在神经生物学层面上,大脑中的情感和动机回路均受ACEs影响,这些影响可能会对与食物和饮食调节相关的内部线索体验造成破坏,如通过应激激素(如糖皮质激素)对大脑皮层和边缘系统产生影响,进而影响病人的冲动控制。这些破坏和与食物相关的不适应行为模式发展可能会增加进食障碍发生风险[47]。针对神经性厌食症病人的研究结果显示,冲动性是对瘦的渴望和异常饮食行为的重要中介。Collares Machado等[48]研究发现,男性和女性在ACEs和冲动性方面差异不明显,但在暴饮暴食行为方面差异较大,女性通常具有更高水平的暴饮暴食行为,更有可能被诊断为暴食症,这可能是由于暴饮暴食后的厌恶感、抑郁感或罪恶感、对身体形象更不满意和追求苗条身材在女性中更为普遍。此外,还有研究结果显示,具有冲动特质的父母更易实施虐待或忽视行为,这种行为可能通过行为模仿、干扰神经发育和/或遗传机制传递给儿童[49],这种代际传递的冲动特质可能促使个体发展出进食障碍表现。
情绪调节是调节和维持构成情绪的感觉、行为和生理反应的关键能力。不良的情绪调节会导致一系列精神疾病,包括进食障碍和创伤后应激障碍。情绪失调往往会出现在暴露于创伤,特别是具有ACEs的个体中。在成长过程中频繁遭受言语攻击(如自我价值感被贬低)或情感体验被忽视、批评甚至惩罚的儿童,往往在成年后表现出明显的情绪调节障碍。情绪失调对个体的情绪表达、识别和交流以及管理强烈情绪策略的使用具有长期的负面影响[50]。经历过童年创伤的个体常难以有效识别、理解和调节自身情绪体验,可能通过暴饮暴食等适应不良的行为方式逃避或缓解负面情绪。Sloan等[51]研究表明,情绪失调在神经性贪食症女性病人中尤为显著,该群体会同时表现出情绪调节障碍和物质滥用问题。因此,当个体面临强烈情绪体验却缺乏适应性调节策略时,可能会诉诸暴饮暴食或物质滥用等替代性方式来试图改变或逃离令人痛苦的负面情绪状态。这种应对机制虽然在短期内可能缓解情绪困扰,但长期来看却会形成恶性循环,进一步加剧健康问题。
认知行为疗法是目前针对进食障碍病人的最成熟、最有实证依据的治疗方法。进食障碍的认知行为疗法包括行为改变(如改变饮食习惯、减少暴饮暴食和催吐)同时关注控制饮食、体重和体型相关的核心信念以及次级认知补偿信念[52]。已有研究发现,对患有暴食症和神经性贪食症的病人采用认知行为疗法,可以缓解其暴饮暴食行为,同时相关的饮食障碍精神病理情况也会得到改善[53]。目前,心理疗法被认为是对进食障碍较有效的治疗方法之一,但其也存在一定局限性,如恢复率低,在病程较长、改变动机较低、共病较多、进食障碍精神病理学较严重、人际功能和关系较差的病人中应用效果不佳。当前,我国对进食障碍病人的认知行为疗法研究较少,未来可根据我国治疗现状,因地制宜地构建认知行为临床治疗方案。
专注同情心的饮食失调疗法是专门为进食障碍人群开发,旨在解决恐惧、障碍以及对他人同情心和自我同情心的抗拒[54]。饮食失调疗法提供了一种结构化的方法来帮助病人控制混乱的饮食模式、创伤症状(针对创伤病人)以及这些症状形成的过程。此外,它也是一种专注于同情心的方法过程,可用于应对遵循结构化饮食计划病人的身体和情感需求,减少病人羞耻感。已有研究发现,接受专注同情心饮食失调疗法的进食障碍病人饮食病理症状减少,饮食失调疗法更加适合长期随访的病人,在有ACEs的病人中,其在长期治疗饮食不佳方面效果较好[55]。
ACEs可通过生物学与心理学的相关途径影响个体进食情况,并对生理、认知行为和心理功能造成负面影响,其中情绪虐待、家庭影响、身体虐待、性虐待、身体忽视等因素为造成进食障碍的关键。然而有关心理治疗干预在具有ACEs的进食障碍病人中的应用效果尚未形成一致结论,针对进食障碍的心理疗法虽有发展,但对于有ACEs的进食障碍病人,推荐的认知治疗方法还有待进一步探索和验证,未来仍需进行大样本、多中心试验予以验证。我国目前针对具有ACEs的进食障碍病人的研究较少,有待进一步探索,关于我国进食障碍病人行为的现状调查十分必要。未来我国研究者也需开展ACEs影响进食障碍的相关基础研究,以提供循证医学依据,为进食障碍的预防和干预提供依据。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.021
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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    1中南大学湘雅护理学院,湖南 410013
    2中南大学湘雅三医院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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