Article(id=1322167769643205252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167714660078002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158960972, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158960972, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158960972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158960972, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167714660078002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='352', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158947863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158947863, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=261, endPage=269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167769982943877, articleId=1322167769643205252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Evidence summary on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia in children, columnId=1220689487877821128, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Interdisciplinary Nursing Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To summarize the evidence on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia(XLH) in children and to provide an evidence-based foundation for clinical practice.

Methods

Clinical questions on the assessment and management of XLH in children were formulated.Relevant professional association websites and databases were searched for relevant literature following the '6S' evidence model.The quality of literature was evaluated.The evidence was extracted,graded,and summarized.

Results

A total of 13 literature were included,comprising 4 guidelines,1 systematic review,2 clinical decision resources,and 6 expert consensus documents.The evidence on the assessment and management of XLH in children encompassed two main themes(assessment and intervention),which were further divided into 10 categories,namely clinical manifestations,laboratory investigations,imaging studies,conventional therapy,Burosumab therapy,surgical intervention,dental management,complications,genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis,and follow-up.These categories comprised a total of 30 individual evidence points.

Conclusions

This study summarizes the evidence on the assessment and management of XLH in children.Clinical healthcare professionals can selectively translate the evidence into practice based on the individual child's characteristics and disease progression.

, authors=Shangquan GAN, Chun YI, Cailin CHEN, Jing WU, Ru DING, Xuejun XIONG, authorsList=Shangquan GAN, Chun YI, Cailin CHEN, Jing WU, Ru DING, Xuejun XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuejun XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XIONG Xuejun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322167770888913544, articleId=1322167769643205252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病评估和管理的证据总结, columnId=1220689488053981904, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=交叉护理学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

汇总患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病(XLH)的评估和管理证据,为临床实践提供循证依据。

方法

针对患儿XLH的评估和管理提出问题,按照“6S”循证模型检索国内外相关学会网站及数据库中相关文献,对文献进行质量评价、证据提取、分级和汇总。

结果

共纳入13篇文献,包括4篇指南、1篇系统评价、2篇临床决策、6篇专家共识。形成的患儿XLH评估和管理证据包括评估和干预2个主题,共临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、常规治疗、布罗索尤单抗治疗、手术干预、口腔管理、并发症、遗传咨询和产前诊断、随访10个证据类别,涉及30条证据。

结论

本研究对患儿XLH评估和管理的证据进行总结,临床医护人员可基于证据并结合患儿特征、病情进展有选择地进行证据转化。

, authors=甘尚权, 蚁淳, 陈彩琳, 吴景, 丁如, 熊学军*, *, authorsList=甘尚权, 蚁淳, 陈彩琳, 吴景, 丁如, 熊学军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊学军, authorNote=

甘尚权,护士,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
熊学军,E-mail:
XIONG Xuejun, E-mail:
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Diabetology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529876091982118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=125, issue=4, pageStart=401, pageEnd=411, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=GAUCHER C, WALRANT-DEBRAY O, NGUYEN T M, journalName=Hum Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAUCHER C,WALRANT-DEBRAY O,NGUYEN T M,et al.PHEX analysis in 118 pedigrees reveals new genetic clues in hypophosphatemic rickets[J].Hum Genet,2009,125(4):401-411., articleTitle=PHEX analysis in 118 pedigrees reveals new genetic clues in hypophosphatemic rickets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529876171673895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=26, issue=7, pageStart=1381, pageEnd=1388, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=CARPENTER T O, IMEL E A, HOLM I A, journalName=J Bone Miner Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARPENTER T O,IMEL E A,HOLM I A,et al.A clinician's guide to X-linked hypophosphatemia[J].J Bone Miner Res,2011,26(7):1381-1388., articleTitle=A clinician's guide to X-linked hypophosphatemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529876242977064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=R13, pageEnd=R30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=LINGLART A, BIOSSE-DUPLAN M, BRIOT K, journalName=Endocr Connect, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LINGLART A,BIOSSE-DUPLAN M,BRIOT K,et al.Therapeutic management of hypophosphatemic rickets from infancy to adulthood[J].Endocr Connect,2014,3(1):R13-R30., articleTitle=Therapeutic management of hypophosphatemic rickets from infancy to adulthood, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529876314280233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=108, issue=1, pageStart=209, pageEnd=220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=ACKAH S A, IMEL E A, journalName=J Clin Endocrinol Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ACKAH S A,IMEL E A.Approach to hypophosphatemic rickets[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2022,108(1):209-220., articleTitle=Approach to hypophosphatemic rickets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529878105248042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=23, issue=2, pageStart=934, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=FUENTE R, GARCÍA-BENGOA M, FERNÁNDEZ-IGLESIAS Á, journalName=Int J Mol Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FUENTE R,GARCÍA-BENGOA M,FERNÁNDEZ-IGLESIAS Á,et al.Cellular and molecular alterations underlying abnormal bone growth in X-linked hypophosphatemia[J].Int J Mol Sci,2022,23(2):934., articleTitle=Cellular and molecular alterations underlying abnormal bone growth in X-linked hypophosphatemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529878205911339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=114, issue=3, pageStart=255, pageEnd=266, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=BOSMAN A, APPELMAN-DIJKSTRA N M, BOOT A M, journalName=Calcif Tissue Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BOSMAN A,APPELMAN-DIJKSTRA N M,BOOT A M,et al.Disease manifestations and complications in dutch X-linked hypophosphatemia patients[J].Calcif Tissue Int,2024,114(3):255-266., articleTitle=Disease manifestations and complications in dutch X-linked hypophosphatemia patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529878591787308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=2, pageStart=228, pageEnd=239, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=EMMENS J E, DE BORST M H, BOORSMA E M, journalName=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EMMENS J E,DE BORST M H,BOORSMA E M,et al.Assessment of proximal tubular function by tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption capacity in heart failure[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2022,17(2):228-239., articleTitle=Assessment of proximal tubular function by tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption capacity in heart failure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529878973468973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=120, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=HUANG X L, JIANG Y, XIA W B, journalName=Bone Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG X L,JIANG Y,XIA W B.FGF23 and phosphate wasting disorders[J].Bone Res,2013,1(1):120-132., articleTitle=FGF23 and phosphate wasting disorders, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529879350956334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=103, pageStart=153892, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=ROTHENBUHLER A, SCHNABEL D, HÖGLER W, journalName=Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROTHENBUHLER A,SCHNABEL D,HÖGLER W,et al.Diagnosis,treatment-monitoring and follow-up of children and adolescents with X-linked hypophosphatemia(XLH)[J].Metabolism,2020,103S:153892., articleTitle=Diagnosis,treatment-monitoring and follow-up of children and adolescents with X-linked hypophosphatemia(XLH), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529879426453807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=688309, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=BARONCELLI G I, MORA S, journalName=Front Endocrinol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BARONCELLI G I,MORA S.X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets:multisystemic disorder in children requiring multidisciplinary management[J].Front Endocrinol,2021,12:688309., articleTitle=X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets:multisystemic disorder in children requiring multidisciplinary management, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529879749415216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=108, issue=5, pageStart=379, pageEnd=384, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=WALKER E Y X, LINDSAY T A J, ALLGROVE J, journalName=Arch Dis Child, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WALKER E Y X,LINDSAY T A J,ALLGROVE J,et al.Burosumab in management of X-linked hypophosphataemia:a retrospective cohort study of growth and serum phosphate levels[J].Arch Dis Child,2023,108(5):379-384., articleTitle=Burosumab in management of X-linked hypophosphataemia:a retrospective cohort study of growth and serum phosphate levels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529879829106993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=11, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=方韶晗, 邓芳, 袁悦, journalName=中华内分泌代谢杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方韶晗,邓芳,袁悦,等.布罗索尤单抗治疗儿童X连锁低磷性佝偻病疗效评估[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2024,40(1):11-16., articleTitle=布罗索尤单抗治疗儿童X连锁低磷性佝偻病疗效评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529879900410162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=王小红, 陈琼, 杨海花, journalName=中华内分泌代谢杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王小红,陈琼,杨海花,等.幼儿期应用布罗索尤单抗治疗X连锁低磷性佝偻病一例随访18个月分析[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2024,40(1):17-21., articleTitle=幼儿期应用布罗索尤单抗治疗X连锁低磷性佝偻病一例随访18个月分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529879967519027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=109, issue=2, pageStart=132, pageEnd=138, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=MARIN A, MORALES P, JIMÉNEZ M, journalName=Calcif Tissue Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARIN A,MORALES P,JIMÉNEZ M,et al.Characterization of oral health status in Chilean patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia[J].Calcif Tissue Int,2021,109(2):132-138., articleTitle=Characterization of oral health status in Chilean patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529880177234228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=759, pageEnd=768, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=SABANDAL M M I, ROBOTTA P, BÜRKLEIN S, journalName=Clin Oral Investig, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SABANDAL M M I,ROBOTTA P,BÜRKLEIN S,et al.Review of the dental implications of X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets(XLHR)[J].Clin Oral Investig,2015,19(4):759-768., articleTitle=Review of the dental implications of X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets(XLHR), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529880252731701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=108, issue=11, pageStart=2990, pageEnd=2998, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=IMEL E A, GLORIEUX F H, WHYTE M P, journalName=J Clin Endocrinol Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IMEL E A,GLORIEUX F H,WHYTE M P,et al.Burosumab vs phosphate/active vitamin D in pediatric X-linked hypophosphatemia:a subgroup analysis by dose level[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2023,108(11):2990-2998., articleTitle=Burosumab vs phosphate/active vitamin D in pediatric X-linked hypophosphatemia:a subgroup analysis by dose level, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529880315646262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=127, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=FUENTE R, GIL-PEÑA H, CLARAMUNT-TABERNER D, journalName=Rev Endocr Metab Disord, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FUENTE R,GIL-PEÑA H,CLARAMUNT-TABERNER D,et al.Correction to:X-linked hypophosphatemia and growth[J].Rev Endocr Metab Disord,2019,20(1):127., articleTitle=Correction to:X-linked hypophosphatemia and growth, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529880378560823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=1034580, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=MUGHAL M Z B, DE LUCAS-COLLANTES C, LINGLART A, journalName=Front Endocrinol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MUGHAL M Z B,DE LUCAS-COLLANTES C,LINGLART A,et al.Burosumab for X-linked hypophosphatemia in children and adolescents:opinion based on early experience in seven European countries[J].Front Endocrinol,2023,13:1034580., articleTitle=Burosumab for X-linked hypophosphatemia in children and adolescents:opinion based on early experience in seven European countries, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322529866147287249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, xref=1, 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ArticleFig(id=1322529871092371713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程及结果, figureFileSmall=6KrBrh2Ec7xtpRQN4Nq0cw==, figureFileBig=c9d/vV+Zu/H+QFALu/G/7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529871180452098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of included literature

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纳入文献国家证据来源证据类型文献主题
Haffner等[7]2019德国PubMed指南X连锁低磷血症的诊断和管理
Padidela等[19]2020英国EMbase指南布罗索尤治疗儿童和青少年X连锁低磷血症
徐潮等[20]2022中国中国知网指南中国低血磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊疗
中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]2024中国SinoMed指南低磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊治
Wang等[22]2024中国PubMed系统评价布罗索尤单抗治疗X连锁低磷血症患儿的前景
Thomas[23]2023美国UpToDate临床决策儿童佝偻病概述
Steven等[24]2024美国UpToDate临床决策遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病概述
Laurent等[25]2021比利时Web of Science专家共识比利时关于诊断和管理X连锁低磷血症的共识建议
Dahir等[26]2022美国Web of Science专家共识X连锁低磷血症的医疗保健从以儿童为中心向以成人为中心的过渡
Trombetti等[27]2022瑞士Web of Science专家共识X连锁低磷血症病人的评估、诊断和护理
中国妇幼保健协会儿童疾病和保健分会儿童遗传代谢疾病与保健学组等[28]2022中国中国知网专家共识X连锁显性遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病的诊治
中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组等[29]2022中国万方数据库专家共识儿童XLH的诊治与管理
Baroncelli等[30]2024意大利意大利儿科内分泌和糖尿病学会官网专家共识佝偻病的诊断、治疗和管理
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871251755267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献国家证据来源证据类型文献主题
Haffner等[7]2019德国PubMed指南X连锁低磷血症的诊断和管理
Padidela等[19]2020英国EMbase指南布罗索尤治疗儿童和青少年X连锁低磷血症
徐潮等[20]2022中国中国知网指南中国低血磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊疗
中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]2024中国SinoMed指南低磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊治
Wang等[22]2024中国PubMed系统评价布罗索尤单抗治疗X连锁低磷血症患儿的前景
Thomas[23]2023美国UpToDate临床决策儿童佝偻病概述
Steven等[24]2024美国UpToDate临床决策遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病概述
Laurent等[25]2021比利时Web of Science专家共识比利时关于诊断和管理X连锁低磷血症的共识建议
Dahir等[26]2022美国Web of Science专家共识X连锁低磷血症的医疗保健从以儿童为中心向以成人为中心的过渡
Trombetti等[27]2022瑞士Web of Science专家共识X连锁低磷血症病人的评估、诊断和护理
中国妇幼保健协会儿童疾病和保健分会儿童遗传代谢疾病与保健学组等[28]2022中国中国知网专家共识X连锁显性遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病的诊治
中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组等[29]2022中国万方数据库专家共识儿童XLH的诊治与管理
Baroncelli等[30]2024意大利意大利儿科内分泌和糖尿病学会官网专家共识佝偻病的诊断、治疗和管理
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871323058436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Methodological quality appraisal results of guidelines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献各领域标准化百分比(%)≥60%的领域数(个)≥30%的领域数(个)推荐
级别
范围和
目的
参与
人员
开发的
严谨性
表达的
清晰性
适用性编辑的
独立性
Haffner等[7]201994.4473.6184.9093.0577.0889.5866A级
Padidela等[19]202077.7851.3943.7572.2251.0462.5036B级
徐潮等[20]202293.0677.7856.2590.2857.2964.5846B级
中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]202483.3352.7853.1391.6764.5868.7546B级
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871390167301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

指南的方法学质量评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献各领域标准化百分比(%)≥60%的领域数(个)≥30%的领域数(个)推荐
级别
范围和
目的
参与
人员
开发的
严谨性
表达的
清晰性
适用性编辑的
独立性
Haffner等[7]201994.4473.6184.9093.0577.0889.5866A级
Padidela等[19]202077.7851.3943.7572.2251.0462.5036B级
徐潮等[20]202293.0677.7856.2590.2857.2964.5846B级
中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]202483.3352.7853.1391.6764.5868.7546B级
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871482441990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evidence summary on the assessment and management of XLH in children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题证据类别证据内容证据
等级
推荐
强度
评估临床表现1 骨骼系统
1.1 表现为骨骼异常,多在1岁负重走路后出现双下肢畸形(如膝内翻、膝外翻、胫骨扭转、胫骨股骨弯曲)、步态异常;胸廓畸形(肋串珠、鸡胸、漏斗胸);部分患儿可出现颅骨结构异常(如前额突出、颅缝早闭、I型Chiari畸形);患儿多在9~12月龄后出现生长障碍,表现为非匀称型矮小[7,21-26,28-30]4b级A级
2 牙齿
2.1 常见牙齿发育异常(如恒牙萌出异常、齿距不规则、牙釉质发育不全、牙髓腔扩大等)、龋齿、牙周脓肿、牙周炎等[7,24,26,28-30]3c级A级
实验室检查3 血生化指标
3.1 血磷水平低,不同年龄段儿童血磷正常参考值范围不同,血钙多正常;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平升高,<6月龄婴儿ALP>500 U/L时考虑异常,但需排除其他疾病影响;肾小管最大磷酸盐重吸收率与肾小球滤过率的比值(TmP/GFR)下降;甲状旁腺激素(PTH)正常或轻度升高;25 羟维生素 D[25(OH)D]和1,25-双羟维生素D[1,25(OH)2D]正常或轻度下降;成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)大多升高,少数可正常[7,20-21,23-24,27-29]1c级A级
影像学检查4 X线
4.1 骨骼X线主要表现为骨骺板钙化带消失或增宽、模糊,呈杯口样、毛刷状改变,骨干弯曲畸形,骨质疏松等。上述异常优先发生在股骨远端、胫骨近端和桡骨远端等快速生长的部位。皮质骨往往表现为增厚,缺乏骨吸收的特征[7,20-21,24-25,28-29]5b级A级
4.2 牙齿X线可见乳牙或恒牙的牙髓腔增大,且牙髓角变长,延伸至釉质牙本质[29]1c级B级
干预常规治疗5 磷酸盐制剂联合活性维生素D
5.1 磷酸盐
推荐中性磷酸盐制剂,剂量(以磷元素计算)为20~60 mg/(kg·d),分4~6次口服;避免磷酸盐日总剂量(以磷元素计算)>80 mg/kg[7,20-21,24-25,27-30]
5b级A级
5.2 活性维生素D
临床常用骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇。推荐骨化三醇初始剂量为20~30 ng/(kg·d)或阿法骨化醇初始剂量为30~50 ng/(kg·d)。骨化三醇可每日给药1次或2次,而阿法骨化醇由于半衰期较长,应每日给药1次[7,20-21,24-25,27-30]
5b级A级
布罗索尤单抗治疗6 布罗索尤单抗
6.1 接受布罗索尤单抗治疗期间不能同时口服磷酸盐和活性维生素D类似物,对正在接受常规治疗的患儿,给予布罗索尤单抗治疗前需停药1周[7,19,21,29]5b级A级
6.2 布罗索尤单抗治疗患儿XLH的起始剂量为0.8 mg/kg,每2周1次皮下注射。最低起始剂量为10 mg,最大剂量为90 mg[7,20-21,25,27-29]1c级A级
6.3 布罗索尤单抗治疗有效的指标为血磷达到正常低限、ALP正常或接近正常、生长速率增加、下肢畸形和影像学好转、尿磷重吸收率和1,25(OH)2D正常或接近正常、6 min步行试验结果较治疗前提高5%~10%等[29]5b级A级
6.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗过程中须监测空腹血磷水平,以调整用药剂量,一般剂量调整间隔时间不小于4周,调整剂量可为每次0.4 mg/kg。若血磷高于各年龄段的正常上限值,应停止给药[7,19-20,27-29]1c级A级
手术干预7 手术治疗
7.1 经药物治疗12个月后,若仍存在持续性畸形或发生病理性骨折,考虑手术治疗,并由具有代谢性骨病专业知识的骨科医生实施手术[7,20-21,25,29]5b级B级
7.2 手术必须在骨骼发育成熟(女孩14岁和男孩16岁)前2~3年实施,注意避免长时间放置钢板引起矫枉过正,术后定期进行临床和功能评估直至骨骼成熟[7,20-21,25,29]5b级A级
7.3 患儿停止生长或骨骼成熟后严重的下肢畸形可通过在畸形部位进行截骨治疗[20-21]5b级B级
口腔管理8 口腔管理
8.1 常规治疗可改善牙本质矿化,减少牙周脓肿的数量,日常生活应注意口腔卫生,建议每次餐后刷牙,每日刷牙2次或3次[20]5c级A级
8.2 每6个月进行1次口腔检查评估有无牙髓问题,必要时需行口腔全景影像检查[27,29]5c级A级
8.3 并发急性脓肿时,恒牙首选牙髓治疗和恒牙再治疗;乳牙的髓腔内治疗取决于感染程度、复发情况;牙列不齐时,可考虑牙科正畸治疗[20,28-29]5b级B级
8.4 建议对患儿进行乳牙和恒牙咬合面封闭治疗以防止细菌通过牙釉质的微裂隙侵入牙本质和牙髓[7,20]5b级A级
并发症9 并发症处理
9.1 腹痛和腹泻:常规治疗从小剂量开始逐渐滴定增加剂量以减少或避免胃肠道反应[20,25,29-30]5c级A级
9.2 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进:治疗中监测血PTH水平,疗效监测中不应以血磷纠正为目标,应及时加用或调整活性维生素D剂量[7,20,25,29]5b级A级
9.3 肾钙质沉积或肾结石:治疗中需监测24 h尿钙或次尿钙的浓度,24 h尿钙水平应<4 mg/kg或尿钙/尿肌酐<0.3 mg/mg;每年监测肾功能、行泌尿系超声检查[20,28]5b级A级
9.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗可能会出现轻微的注射部位反应、四肢疼痛、发热、皮疹、肌痛和头痛。轻度通常无须特殊治疗,可自行消退[7,19,21,25,27,29-30]5b级B级
遗传咨询和
产前诊断
10 遗传咨询和产前诊断
10.1 建议对先证者进行家系筛查和家系谱分析,有利于及早发现未确诊的个体[21,27-29]5b级A级
10.2 对有妊娠计划的家庭,建议进行遗传咨询,预测后代患病风险,减少不良妊娠[21]5c级A级
10.3 在先证者基因诊断明确的基础上,可进行产前诊断,如穿刺取绒毛膜或羊水进行相关基因检测,或在胚胎植入前进行移植前诊断[21,29]5b级B级
随访11 随访
11.1 团队及项目:由1名代谢性骨病专家组织多学科团队进行随访。评估项目应包括身高、生长速度、体重;步态、活动能力、疼痛程度;骨骼畸形状况;口腔和牙齿;听力和相关神经系统的症状和体征;脊柱检查等[7,20-21,25-26,29-30]5b级A级
11.2 频次:在患儿快速生长阶段或开始治疗后至少每3个月随访1次,在对治疗有积极反应和(或)病情稳定的患儿中至少每6个月随访1次[21]5c级B级
11.3 实验室检查:血钙、磷、ALP水平;25(OH)D水平;肌酐、PTH水平;尿钙与尿磷水平或排泄量;TmP/GFR[7][20]5b级A级
11.4 X线随访:双手腕关节正位和双膝关节X线检查,治疗开始阶段每3~6个月检查1次,之后每1~2年检查1次。建议对5岁患儿行全口曲面断层片(上下颌和牙齿的X线成像)检查[7,20]5b级A级
11.5 B超随访:每年进行肾脏超声检查以筛查肾脏钙沉积[7,19-20,25,28]5b级B级
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871574716679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

患儿XLH评估和管理的证据总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题证据类别证据内容证据
等级
推荐
强度
评估临床表现1 骨骼系统
1.1 表现为骨骼异常,多在1岁负重走路后出现双下肢畸形(如膝内翻、膝外翻、胫骨扭转、胫骨股骨弯曲)、步态异常;胸廓畸形(肋串珠、鸡胸、漏斗胸);部分患儿可出现颅骨结构异常(如前额突出、颅缝早闭、I型Chiari畸形);患儿多在9~12月龄后出现生长障碍,表现为非匀称型矮小[7,21-26,28-30]4b级A级
2 牙齿
2.1 常见牙齿发育异常(如恒牙萌出异常、齿距不规则、牙釉质发育不全、牙髓腔扩大等)、龋齿、牙周脓肿、牙周炎等[7,24,26,28-30]3c级A级
实验室检查3 血生化指标
3.1 血磷水平低,不同年龄段儿童血磷正常参考值范围不同,血钙多正常;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平升高,<6月龄婴儿ALP>500 U/L时考虑异常,但需排除其他疾病影响;肾小管最大磷酸盐重吸收率与肾小球滤过率的比值(TmP/GFR)下降;甲状旁腺激素(PTH)正常或轻度升高;25 羟维生素 D[25(OH)D]和1,25-双羟维生素D[1,25(OH)2D]正常或轻度下降;成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)大多升高,少数可正常[7,20-21,23-24,27-29]1c级A级
影像学检查4 X线
4.1 骨骼X线主要表现为骨骺板钙化带消失或增宽、模糊,呈杯口样、毛刷状改变,骨干弯曲畸形,骨质疏松等。上述异常优先发生在股骨远端、胫骨近端和桡骨远端等快速生长的部位。皮质骨往往表现为增厚,缺乏骨吸收的特征[7,20-21,24-25,28-29]5b级A级
4.2 牙齿X线可见乳牙或恒牙的牙髓腔增大,且牙髓角变长,延伸至釉质牙本质[29]1c级B级
干预常规治疗5 磷酸盐制剂联合活性维生素D
5.1 磷酸盐
推荐中性磷酸盐制剂,剂量(以磷元素计算)为20~60 mg/(kg·d),分4~6次口服;避免磷酸盐日总剂量(以磷元素计算)>80 mg/kg[7,20-21,24-25,27-30]
5b级A级
5.2 活性维生素D
临床常用骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇。推荐骨化三醇初始剂量为20~30 ng/(kg·d)或阿法骨化醇初始剂量为30~50 ng/(kg·d)。骨化三醇可每日给药1次或2次,而阿法骨化醇由于半衰期较长,应每日给药1次[7,20-21,24-25,27-30]
5b级A级
布罗索尤单抗治疗6 布罗索尤单抗
6.1 接受布罗索尤单抗治疗期间不能同时口服磷酸盐和活性维生素D类似物,对正在接受常规治疗的患儿,给予布罗索尤单抗治疗前需停药1周[7,19,21,29]5b级A级
6.2 布罗索尤单抗治疗患儿XLH的起始剂量为0.8 mg/kg,每2周1次皮下注射。最低起始剂量为10 mg,最大剂量为90 mg[7,20-21,25,27-29]1c级A级
6.3 布罗索尤单抗治疗有效的指标为血磷达到正常低限、ALP正常或接近正常、生长速率增加、下肢畸形和影像学好转、尿磷重吸收率和1,25(OH)2D正常或接近正常、6 min步行试验结果较治疗前提高5%~10%等[29]5b级A级
6.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗过程中须监测空腹血磷水平,以调整用药剂量,一般剂量调整间隔时间不小于4周,调整剂量可为每次0.4 mg/kg。若血磷高于各年龄段的正常上限值,应停止给药[7,19-20,27-29]1c级A级
手术干预7 手术治疗
7.1 经药物治疗12个月后,若仍存在持续性畸形或发生病理性骨折,考虑手术治疗,并由具有代谢性骨病专业知识的骨科医生实施手术[7,20-21,25,29]5b级B级
7.2 手术必须在骨骼发育成熟(女孩14岁和男孩16岁)前2~3年实施,注意避免长时间放置钢板引起矫枉过正,术后定期进行临床和功能评估直至骨骼成熟[7,20-21,25,29]5b级A级
7.3 患儿停止生长或骨骼成熟后严重的下肢畸形可通过在畸形部位进行截骨治疗[20-21]5b级B级
口腔管理8 口腔管理
8.1 常规治疗可改善牙本质矿化,减少牙周脓肿的数量,日常生活应注意口腔卫生,建议每次餐后刷牙,每日刷牙2次或3次[20]5c级A级
8.2 每6个月进行1次口腔检查评估有无牙髓问题,必要时需行口腔全景影像检查[27,29]5c级A级
8.3 并发急性脓肿时,恒牙首选牙髓治疗和恒牙再治疗;乳牙的髓腔内治疗取决于感染程度、复发情况;牙列不齐时,可考虑牙科正畸治疗[20,28-29]5b级B级
8.4 建议对患儿进行乳牙和恒牙咬合面封闭治疗以防止细菌通过牙釉质的微裂隙侵入牙本质和牙髓[7,20]5b级A级
并发症9 并发症处理
9.1 腹痛和腹泻:常规治疗从小剂量开始逐渐滴定增加剂量以减少或避免胃肠道反应[20,25,29-30]5c级A级
9.2 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进:治疗中监测血PTH水平,疗效监测中不应以血磷纠正为目标,应及时加用或调整活性维生素D剂量[7,20,25,29]5b级A级
9.3 肾钙质沉积或肾结石:治疗中需监测24 h尿钙或次尿钙的浓度,24 h尿钙水平应<4 mg/kg或尿钙/尿肌酐<0.3 mg/mg;每年监测肾功能、行泌尿系超声检查[20,28]5b级A级
9.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗可能会出现轻微的注射部位反应、四肢疼痛、发热、皮疹、肌痛和头痛。轻度通常无须特殊治疗,可自行消退[7,19,21,25,27,29-30]5b级B级
遗传咨询和
产前诊断
10 遗传咨询和产前诊断
10.1 建议对先证者进行家系筛查和家系谱分析,有利于及早发现未确诊的个体[21,27-29]5b级A级
10.2 对有妊娠计划的家庭,建议进行遗传咨询,预测后代患病风险,减少不良妊娠[21]5c级A级
10.3 在先证者基因诊断明确的基础上,可进行产前诊断,如穿刺取绒毛膜或羊水进行相关基因检测,或在胚胎植入前进行移植前诊断[21,29]5b级B级
随访11 随访
11.1 团队及项目:由1名代谢性骨病专家组织多学科团队进行随访。评估项目应包括身高、生长速度、体重;步态、活动能力、疼痛程度;骨骼畸形状况;口腔和牙齿;听力和相关神经系统的症状和体征;脊柱检查等[7,20-21,25-26,29-30]5b级A级
11.2 频次:在患儿快速生长阶段或开始治疗后至少每3个月随访1次,在对治疗有积极反应和(或)病情稳定的患儿中至少每6个月随访1次[21]5c级B级
11.3 实验室检查:血钙、磷、ALP水平;25(OH)D水平;肌酐、PTH水平;尿钙与尿磷水平或排泄量;TmP/GFR[7][20]5b级A级
11.4 X线随访:双手腕关节正位和双膝关节X线检查,治疗开始阶段每3~6个月检查1次,之后每1~2年检查1次。建议对5岁患儿行全口曲面断层片(上下颌和牙齿的X线成像)检查[7,20]5b级A级
11.5 B超随访:每年进行肾脏超声检查以筛查肾脏钙沉积[7,19-20,25,28]5b级B级
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患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病评估和管理的证据总结
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甘尚权 , 蚁淳 , 陈彩琳 , 吴景 , 丁如 , 熊学军 *, *
护理研究 | 交叉护理学研究 2026,40(2): 261-269
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护理研究 |交叉护理学研究 2026 , 40 (2) : 261 -269
患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病评估和管理的证据总结
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甘尚权, 蚁淳, 陈彩琳, 吴景, 丁如, 熊学军*, *
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学护理学院,广东 510006
通讯作者:
熊学军,E-mail:
XIONG Xuejun, E-mail:
作者简介:

甘尚权,护士,硕士研究生在读

Evidence summary on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia in children
Shangquan GAN, Chun YI, Cailin CHEN, Jing WU, Ru DING, Xuejun XIONG
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong 510006 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XIONG Xuejun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.011
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目的

汇总患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病(XLH)的评估和管理证据,为临床实践提供循证依据。

方法

针对患儿XLH的评估和管理提出问题,按照“6S”循证模型检索国内外相关学会网站及数据库中相关文献,对文献进行质量评价、证据提取、分级和汇总。

结果

共纳入13篇文献,包括4篇指南、1篇系统评价、2篇临床决策、6篇专家共识。形成的患儿XLH评估和管理证据包括评估和干预2个主题,共临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、常规治疗、布罗索尤单抗治疗、手术干预、口腔管理、并发症、遗传咨询和产前诊断、随访10个证据类别,涉及30条证据。

结论

本研究对患儿XLH评估和管理的证据进行总结,临床医护人员可基于证据并结合患儿特征、病情进展有选择地进行证据转化。

儿童  /  X连锁低磷性佝偻病  /  评估  /  管理  /  证据总结  /  循证护理
Objective

To summarize the evidence on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia(XLH) in children and to provide an evidence-based foundation for clinical practice.

Methods

Clinical questions on the assessment and management of XLH in children were formulated.Relevant professional association websites and databases were searched for relevant literature following the '6S' evidence model.The quality of literature was evaluated.The evidence was extracted,graded,and summarized.

Results

A total of 13 literature were included,comprising 4 guidelines,1 systematic review,2 clinical decision resources,and 6 expert consensus documents.The evidence on the assessment and management of XLH in children encompassed two main themes(assessment and intervention),which were further divided into 10 categories,namely clinical manifestations,laboratory investigations,imaging studies,conventional therapy,Burosumab therapy,surgical intervention,dental management,complications,genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis,and follow-up.These categories comprised a total of 30 individual evidence points.

Conclusions

This study summarizes the evidence on the assessment and management of XLH in children.Clinical healthcare professionals can selectively translate the evidence into practice based on the individual child's characteristics and disease progression.

children  /  X-linked hypophosphataemia  /  assessment  /  management  /  evidence summary  /  evidence-based nursing
甘尚权, 蚁淳, 陈彩琳, 吴景, 丁如, 熊学军. 患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病评估和管理的证据总结. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (2) : 261 -269 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.011
Shangquan GAN, Chun YI, Cailin CHEN, Jing WU, Ru DING, Xuejun XIONG. Evidence summary on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia in children[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (2) : 261 -269 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.011
X连锁低磷性佝偻病(X-linked hypophosphataemia,XLH)是由X染色体上的PHEX基因(定位于Xp22.1)突变引起的伴性显性遗传病,是遗传性佝偻病和骨软化症中最常见的类型[1-2],占家族性低磷性佝偻病的80%以上[3],发病率较高[4]。XLH在婴儿期主要表现为佝偻病和生长迟缓,在儿童期负重行走后逐渐演变为更明显的下肢畸形和步态异常[5],常伴有牙齿发育异常[6]、肌力下降[7]、听力受损[8]等多系统受累。此外,XLH并不随患儿生长板闭合而终止,而是持续发展至成年期,病人表现为骨软化症,并可出现肌肉萎缩、骨关节炎[9],严重影响其生活质量。早期诊治可促进病人骨矿化,避免严重骨骼畸形,对于改善病人长期预后,优化最终身高[10]具有重要意义。目前我国已发布的低磷性佝偻病诊疗指南多侧重对不同分型的低磷性佝偻病的鉴别诊断,而国外发布的儿童XLH诊疗专家共识对XLH干预措施的推荐存在一定异质性。本研究通过系统检索国内外儿童XLH评估和管理相关证据,并对证据进行评价、综合和总结,形成证据汇总,旨在为临床医护工作者准确评估XLH并采取针对性的干预措施提供循证依据。
采用PIPOST模式构建循证问题[11]。1)目标人群(population,P):XLH患儿;2)干预措施(intervention,I):患儿XLH的评估和管理;3)应用证据人员(professional,P):医护人员;4)结局指标(outcome,O):XLH骨骼畸形的改善程度及并发症发生率;5)证据应用场所(setting,S):儿科、骨科、内分泌科;6)证据类型(type of evidence,T):指南、专家共识、临床决策、最佳临床实践、证据总结、系统评价、随机对照试验。
按照证据金字塔“6S”循证模型自上而下逐步检索各层级证据[12],以“低磷性/低磷血症”“佝偻病”“儿童”“评估/诊断/识别/预防”为中文检索词检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)等数据库,以“familial hypophosphatemic rickets/hypophosphatemic rickets,familial/rickets,familial hypophosphatemic/generalized resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D/generalized resistance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D/hypocalcemic vitamin D-resistant rickets/hypocalcemic vitamin D resistant rickets/rickets,hereditary vitamin D-resistant/rickets,hereditary vitamin D resistant/vitamin D-resistant rickets with end-organ unresponsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/vitamin D resistant rickets with end organ unresponsiveness to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol/vitamin D-resistant rickets,hereditary/vitamin D resistant rickets,hereditary/hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets/hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets/hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets/hypophosphatemic rickets,hereditary/rickets,hereditary hypophosphatemic/hypophosphatemic rickets,X-linked dominant/hypophosphatemic rickets,X linked dominant/hypophosphatemic rickets,X-linked recessive/hypophosphatemic rickets,X linked recessive/vitamin D-resistant rickets,X-linked/vitamin D resistant rickets,X linked/rickets,X-linked hypophosphatemic/hypophosphatemic rickets,X-linked/X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/X-linked hypophosphatemia/X linked hypophosphatemia/hypophosphatemia,X-linked/hypophosphatemia,X linked”“child/children”“screening/screening tool/screening scale/screening*/assessment/assessment*/evaluation/identification/identifi*/ recognition/appraisal/prevent/diagnosis/diagnoses/diagnose/ diagnoses and examinations/diagnoses and examination/examination and diagnoses/examinations and diagnoses/antemortem diagnosis/antemortem diagnoses/diagnoses,antemortem/diagnosis,antemortem/postmortem diagnosis/ diagnoses,postmortem/diagnosis,postmortem/postmortem diagnoses”等为英文检索词,检索澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI)循证卫生保健中心数据库、美国医疗保健研究与质量局官网、国际指南协作网、苏格兰校际指南网、英国国家临床优化研究所官网、美国儿科学会(American Academy of Pediatrics,AAP)官网、意大利儿科内分泌和糖尿病学会(Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology,SIEDP)官网、加拿大安大略注册护士协会官网及UpToDate、ACP Journal Club、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、CINAHL、EMbase等数据库。检索时限为建库至2025年1月20日。中文数据库以中国知网为例,检索式为:(主题:低磷性+低磷血症)AND(主题:佝偻病)AND(主题:评估+诊断+识别+预防)AND(主题:儿童)。英文数据库以PubMed为例,检索式为:((("familial hypophosphatemic rickets"[MeSH]) OR ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((hypophosphatemic rickets,familial[Title/Abstract]) OR (rickets,familial hypophosphatemic[Title/Abstract])) OR (generalized resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D[Title/Abstract])) OR (generalized resistance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypocalcemic vitamin D-resistant rickets[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypocalcemic vitamin D resistant rickets[Title/Abstract])) OR (rickets,hereditary vitamin D-resistant[Title/Abstract])) OR (rickets,hereditary vitamin D resistant[Title/Abstract])) OR (vitamin D-resistant rickets with end-organ unresponsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol[Title/Abstract])) OR (vitamin D resistant rickets with end organ unresponsiveness to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol[Title/Abstract])) OR (vitamin D-resistant rickets,hereditary[Title/Abstract])) OR (vitamin D resistant rickets,hereditary[Title/Abstract])) OR (hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets[Title/Abstract])) OR (hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets[Title/Abstract])) OR (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemic rickets,hereditary[Title/Abstract])) OR (rickets,hereditary hypophosphatemic[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemic rickets,X-linked dominant[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemic rickets,X linked dominant[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemic rickets,X-linked recessive[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemic rickets,X linked recessive[Title/Abstract])) OR (vitamin D-resistant rickets,X-linked[Title/Abstract])) OR (vitamin D resistant rickets,X linked[Title/Abstract])) OR (rickets,X-linked hypophosphatemic[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemic rickets,X-linked[Title/Abstract])) OR (X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets[Title/Abstract])) OR (X-linked hypophosphatemia[Title/Abstract])) OR (X linked hypophosphatemia[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemia,X-linked[Title/Abstract])) OR (hypophosphatemia,X linked[Title/Abstract]))) AND (((((((((((((screening[Title/Abstract]) OR (screening tool[Title/Abstract])) OR (screening scale[Title/Abstract])) OR (screening*[Title/Abstract])) OR (assessment[Title/Abstract])) OR (assessment*[Title/Abstract])) OR (evaluation[Title/Abstract])) OR (identification[Title/Abstract])) OR (identifi*[Title/Abstract])) OR (recognition[Title/Abstract])) OR (appraisal[Title/Abstract])) OR (prevent[Title/Abstract])) OR (("diagnosis" [MeSH]) OR ((((((((((((((diagnoses[Title/Abstract]) OR (diagnose[Title/Abstract])) OR (diagnoses[Title/Abstract] AND examinations[Title/Abstract])) OR (diagnoses[Title/Abstract] AND examination[Title/Abstract])) OR (examination[Title/Abstract] AND diagnoses[Title/Abstract])) OR (examinations[Title/Abstract] AND diagnoses[Title/Abstract])) OR (antemortem diagnosis[Title/Abstract])) OR (antemortem diagnoses[Title/Abstract])) OR (diagnoses,antemortem[Title/Abstract])) OR (diagnosis,antemortem[Title/Abstract])) OR (postmortem diagnosis[Title/Abstract])) OR (diagnoses,postmortem[Title/Abstract])) OR (diagnosis,postmortem[Title/Abstract])) OR (postmortem diagnoses[Title/Abstract]))))) AND (("child"[MeSH]) OR (children[Title/Abstract]))。
纳入标准:1)研究对象为XLH病人;2)研究内容涉及XLH病人的症状评估和管理;3)研究类型为临床决策、专家共识、指南、最佳临床实践、证据总结、系统评价、随机对照试验。排除标准:1)重复发表文献;2)非中英文文献;3)无法获取全文的文献;4)不完整的指南或仅包含简介、目录、摘要等的指南;5)已有更新的文献;6)质量评价较低的文献;7)未公开发表的文献。
根据文献筛选结果确定文献质量评价工具。指南采用临床指南研究与评估工具Ⅱ(Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and EvaluationⅡ,AGREEⅡ)[13]进行评价;系统评价采用(Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews,AMSTAR)评估工具进行评价[14];临床决策采用证据总结评价工具(Critical Appraisal for Summaries of Evidence,CASE)[15]进行评价;专家共识采用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心专家共识评价标准(2017)[16]进行评价。质量评价由4名研究者分2组(每组2人)独立进行,研究者均接受过循证护理学课程的系统培训,结束后将2组评价结果进行对照,不一致时通过讨论决定。
采用JBI证据分级及证据推荐级别系统(2014版)[17]确定证据等级,对存在原有分级的证据,通过分析证据分级系统评价标准并结合证据来源将其转化为JBI证据等级。来自JBI的证据直接采用其原有证据分级。由证据质量评价小组对所得证据进行提取、分类、整合,当不同来源证据结论存在冲突时,遵循循证证据优先、最新发表的权威证据优先、高质量证据优先原则[18]。根据证据的可行性、适宜性、临床意义、有效性评价结果对形成的推荐意见进行推荐级别分类,包括A级推荐(强推荐)和B级推荐(弱推荐)。
初步检索获得文献1 155篇,剔除与主题不相关、重复文献后共获得文献73篇,阅读文献内容复筛,最终纳入文献13篇[7,19-30],包括4篇指南[7,19-21],1篇系统评价[22],2篇临床决策[23-24],6篇专家共识[25-30]。文献筛选流程及结果见图1,纳入文献的基本特征见表1。
共纳入4篇指南[7,19-21],1篇[7]为A级推荐,3篇[19-21]为B级推荐,予以纳入。方法学评价结果详见表2。
共纳入1篇系统评价[22],所有条目评价结果均为“是”,予以纳入。
共纳入2篇临床决策[23-24],所有条目均评价为“是”,予以纳入。
共纳入6篇专家共识[25-30],所有条目均评价为“是”,予以纳入。
通过对提取的证据进行讨论、分析和整合,最终纳入30条患儿XLH的评估和管理证据,包括评估、干预2个主题,共临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、常规治疗、布罗索尤单抗治疗、手术干预、口腔管理、并发症、遗传咨询和产前诊断、随访10个证据类别。详见表3。
XLH在儿童时期主要累及骨骼、肌肉组织、牙齿等,但症状缺乏特异性,难以与其他佝偻病相鉴别。故XLH的诊断需综合患儿临床表现、影像学检查、血生化检测等进行分析[7,28-29]。PHEX基因突变是确诊XLH的重要依据,约有87%的家族性和72%的散发病例存在PHEX突变[31]。而肾磷酸盐消耗、ALP水平升高和FGF23水平升高是XLH的生化标志[32-33]。因此,对存在佝偻病体征或骨骼畸形者,可先进行血磷、血钙、ALP、PTH、FGF23等生化指标检测及影像学检查。若存在低血磷、尿磷丢失增加,骨骼X线呈现长骨干骺端杯口状、毛刷样改变,在排除营养缺乏(维生素D缺乏)或维生素D代谢异常所导致的佝偻病后,考虑低磷性佝偻病;进一步行PHEX基因检测,若存在PHEX基因变异,可确诊XLH。有阳性家族史者可直接行基因检测分析确诊。需要注意的是,营养性佝偻病和XLH可能共存,如常规治疗后血清磷酸盐水平未改善,应考虑XLH诊断,否则考虑为维生素D或钙缺乏[7]。
XLH患儿通常在出生后第1年或第2年即可出现佝偻病临床症状[7],并随着病情发展,逐渐出现骨痛、步态障碍、踝/膝关节活动范围减小、牙周脓肿和/或颅骨狭窄[34-35]。早期治疗可改善XLH患儿的生长、生化和影像学结果[36]。因此,患儿XLH的治疗应遵循早诊断、早治疗原则,目标是尽可能纠正或改善骨骼异常、缓解骨痛等临床症状、减轻功能障碍;改善身高、牙齿矿化以及肌肉功能,避免手术需要。XLH的特点是肾磷酸盐重吸收减少、尿磷增多,表现为TmP/GFR值下降[37-38],同时伴有1,25(OH)2D产生受损。故临床上常采取口服磷酸盐和活性维生素D的治疗方法,以补偿肾磷酸盐浪费、对抗1,25(OH)2D缺乏[39]。已有研究表明,常规治疗方法可改善30%~60%XLH病人的骨骼畸形,提高病人生长速度,优化其牙本质矿化[40]。
布罗索尤单抗是全人源FGF23单克隆抗体IgG1,能够靶向结合并抑制过量的FGF23生物活性,抑制其下游信号通路,增加肾脏重吸收磷以及血清活性维生素D水平,促进肠道对磷酸盐和钙的吸收,提高血清磷水平,降低ALP水平,改善骨骼矿化,减少骨骼疾病[21-22]。已有研究表明,越早使用布罗索尤单抗,XLH患儿身高改善越明显[41]。我国真实世界研究结果显示,布罗索尤单抗治疗效果明显、安全且不良反应较少[42-43]。建议将布罗索尤单抗治疗作为1岁或以上XLH患儿以及具有严重骨异常放射学证据的青少年一线治疗方法,病人一经确诊应尽早使用,一旦开始应持续使用至生长板闭合[7,19-20]。但需要注意的是,接受布罗索尤单抗治疗期间不能同时口服磷酸盐和活性维生素D,对正在接受常规治疗的患儿,给予布罗索尤单抗治疗前需停药1周[7,19-30]。
手术一般不作为XLH患儿的首选治疗方案,其仅适用于靠药物治疗难以改善的严重骨骼畸形。手术的目的是改善下肢生物力线及下肢外形、减少负重行走疲劳及疼痛,旨在使病人骨骼成熟时下肢长度相等、下肢力线良好、关节活动舒适。进行手术治疗前,患儿至少需坚持行12个月的常规治疗。手术疗效取决于患儿剩余骨生长潜力[20],故手术必须在骨骼发育成熟(女孩14岁和男孩16岁)前2~3年实施。
牙齿疾病是XLH患儿的主要健康负担之一[44]。由于肾磷酸盐缺乏导致牙齿矿化缺陷[45],XLH患儿通常存在不同程度的自发性牙周脓肿[32],若不加以控制,脓肿扩散至周围解剖结构可导致颌面部蜂窝织炎,进而引发全身症状[7]。目前普遍认可的XLH治疗方法是以药物预防为主,手术干预为辅[7,20,25,27-29],即接受常规治疗方法以减少患儿口腔并发症,嘱患儿注意口腔卫生,建议每次餐后刷牙,每日刷牙2次或3次,患儿定期接受口腔检查,当牙周脓肿或牙龈炎发作时可使用抗生素应对,为防止细菌通过牙釉质微裂隙侵入牙本质和牙髓,建议对XLH患儿进行乳牙和恒牙咬合面封闭治疗。对于牙齿畸形患儿可进行手术正畸治疗,但需注意口腔卫生并坚持常规药物治疗。
尽管磷酸盐与活性维生素D可在一定程度上改善患儿的骨骼畸形和生长速度,但其疗效不稳定,且长期使用可导致甲状旁腺功能亢进、高钙尿症、肾钙质沉积症和肾结石等不良事件[46-47]。因此,需要强调在常规治疗过程中严密监测血PTH水平,疗效监测不应以血磷纠正为目标,应及时加用或调整活性维生素D剂量,以避免中性磷过量、诱发继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,一旦患儿出现三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,应考虑切除甲状旁腺[7,19-20,29]。肾钙质沉积发病风险与口服磷酸盐日剂量相关,治疗中还应监测24 h尿钙或次尿钙浓度,确保24 h尿钙水平应<4 mg/kg或尿钙/尿肌酐<0.3 mg/mg,同时应每年监测肾功能、行泌尿系超声检查[19]。已有研究发现,布罗索尤单抗治疗后可能会出现轻微的注射部位反应、四肢疼痛、发热、皮疹、肌痛和头痛[48],但其严重程度通常较轻,较少因药物导致治疗停止的情况,通常无须特殊治疗即可自行消退。
XLH确诊后,建议向患儿及其家属进行遗传咨询,通过先证者分析家庭成员患病情况有利于预测后代患病风险,减少不良妊娠结局。由于XLH为X连锁显性遗传病,当男性XLH病人与健康女性结婚时,会出现男性后代正常,女性后代患病的情况;当女性病人与健康男性结婚时,会出现后代有50%患病风险的情况;当男女双方均为XLH病人时,会出现女性后代患病,男性后代有50%患病风险的情况[29]。在先证者基因诊断明确的基础上,可进行产前诊断,如穿刺取绒毛膜或羊水进行PHEX基因检测;或在胚胎植入前,进行移植前诊断。对于有家族史的新生儿应进行基因检测,以便尽早诊断,以免治疗延迟[7,19]。
XLH患儿往往存在骨骼、肌肉、听力及神经等多系统受累,建议组建多学科团队参与随访,长期随访监测内容包括临床症状及体征、生化指标、影像学改变及并发症监测等[20-21]。且不同年龄段患儿的随访监测重点应不同,青春期后应转至成人科继续诊治,并坚持终身治疗和随访。XLH病人转至成人科前的过渡期管理对其生存质量具有重大影响,此期病人常存在青春期叛逆及住校等生活环境改变,可能导致服药不规律,进而导致症状及骨骼病变加重,因此应加强随访,及时调整治疗方案[29]。
本研究对患儿XLH的评估和管理证据进行总结,有利于为临床实践提供循证依据。考虑到临床情景复杂多变,建议医护人员结合患儿个体特征、病情进展有选择性地进行证据转化。此外,因XLH具有终身维持治疗的特性,对于XLH病人如何从儿童期平稳过渡到青春期、成人期,各学科团队应如何高效配合运转等方面的研究尚不充足,未来有必要开展更多高质量研究。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.011
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
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  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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    1广州中医药大学护理学院,广东 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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