Article(id=1322165010818781427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322164984558243894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=1763308800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158303217, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158303217, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158303217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158303217, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164984558243894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158296955, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158296955, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=9, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322165011015913716, articleId=1322165010818781427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Construction and preliminary application of a physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To construct a physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery and to evaluate its application effects.

Methods

Literature related to physical activity during home-based rehabilitation after lung cancer surgery was extracted and analyzed. Focus group interviews were conducted to understand the physical activity intervention needs of young and middle-aged patients after early-stage lung cancer surgery.A preliminary version of the physical activity program was developed and reported using the TIDieR intervention template.The preliminary program was revised through two rounds of Delphi expert consultations.The final version of the physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery was formed.Totally 50 young and middle-aged patients with early-stage lung cancer who were hospitalized in the thoracic surgery department of a grade A tertiary hospital in Suzhou from September to October 2023 and scheduled for lung cancer resection were recruited and randomly divided into control group and intervention group.The control group received routine discharge guidance,while the intervention group additionally received the developed physical activity program.The physical activity levels and physical function of the two groups were compared before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Intervention compliance,incidence of adverse events,and patient acceptance of the intervention program were also collected.

Results

The effective response rates for both rounds of the Delphi survey were 100%.The expert authority coefficient in the second round was 0.86,The Kendall's coefficient of concordance was 0.337(all P<0.001).The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.00 to 0.11.The final program included 12 modules and 25 items.A total of 50 middle-aged and young patients with early-stage lung cancer were recruited in this study. After excluding 12 cases,38 patients were finally included,with 19 cases in the control group and 19 cases in the intervention group respectively.Application results showed that after 8 weeks of intervention,the physical activity levels and physical function of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).No adverse events occurred in either group during the intervention.The intervention group demonstrated good compliance and high acceptance of the program.

Conclusions

The constructed program is scientific and practical.It could help to improve the physical activity levels and physical function of young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery.The program is well-accepted by patients.It has demonstrated good applicability.

, authors=Daoming CHEN1, Liqin YANG2, Mei'e NIU2, Hongying QIAN2, Qian ZHAO2, Zhenyun WU2, Jinting SUN3, Chunlan QIN3, Jiahui QIAN2, Yubin SU1, authorsList=Daoming CHEN, Liqin YANG, Mei'e NIU, Hongying QIAN, Qian ZHAO, Zhenyun WU, Jinting SUN, Chunlan QIN, Jiahui QIAN, Yubin SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongying QIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
QIAN Hongying, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322165011422761205, articleId=1322165010818781427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案的构建与初步应用, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案并评价其初步应用效果。

方法

提取并分析肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动相关文献,结合焦点小组访谈,了解中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动干预需求,形成中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案初稿,并按照TIDieR干预模板进行报告;后经2轮德尔菲专家咨询对方案初稿进行修订完善,形成中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案终稿。招募2023年9月—10月在苏州市某三级甲等医院胸外科住院并计划行肺癌切除术的中青年早期肺癌病人50例并随机分为对照组及试验组。对照组病人采用常规出院指导,试验组病人在常规出院指导基础上接受形成的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案,比较两组病人干预前和干预8周后的体力活动水平、身体功能、不良事件发生率,并收集试验组病人的干预依从性以及病人对干预方案的接受情况。

结果

2轮函询问卷的有效回收率均为100%,第2轮专家权威系数为0.86,肯德尔和谐系数为0.337(均P<0.001),变异系数为0.00~0.11;构建的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案终稿包含12个模块、25项内容。本研究最终共招募中青年早期肺癌病人38例(排除12例),其中对照组及试验组各19例。初步应用结果显示,干预8周后,试验组病人的体力活动水平和身体功能高于对照组(P<0.05);两组病人在干预中均无不良事件发生,且试验组病人的干预依从性较好,病人对方案的接受度较高。

结论

构建的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案具有科学性及实用性,有助于提高病人居家康复期体力活动水平和身体功能,且病人对方案的接受度较高,方案具有较好的适用性。

, authors=陈道明1, 杨丽琴2, 妞美娥2, 钱红英2, *, *, 赵茜2, 吴振云2, 孙锦庭3, 秦春兰3, 钱佳慧2, 苏钰斌1, authorsList=陈道明, 杨丽琴, 妞美娥, 钱红英, 赵茜, 吴振云, 孙锦庭, 秦春兰, 钱佳慧, 苏钰斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钱红英, authorNote=

陈道明,主管护师,硕士研究生

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钱红英,E-mail:
QIAN Hongying, E-mail:
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agent:development of an evidence and theory-based multi-behavior intervention[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2022,13:883354., articleTitle=Promoting physical activity in older adults with type 2 diabetes via an anthropomorphic conversational agent:development of an evidence and theory-based multi-behavior intervention, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529776955409220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=9, issue=4, pageStart=279, pageEnd=289, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=FUEMMELER B F, HOLZWARTH E, SHENG Y O, journalName=Games for Health Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FUEMMELER B F,HOLZWARTH E,SHENG Y O,et al.Mila Blooms:a mobile phone application and behavioral intervention for promoting physical activity and a healthy diet among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer[J].Games for Health Journal,2020,9(4):279-289., articleTitle=Mila 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Home-based physical activity program for early-stage lung cancer patients in young and middle-aged adults during postoperative recovery

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模块内容
A Brief name(干预措施简称)中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案
B Why(干预的逻辑/理论)基于文献回顾及焦点小组访谈结果制定,具有科学性及实用性,有望促进中青年早期肺癌术后病人在居家康复期进行科学有效的体力活动,促进病人身体功能及肺功能的恢复,帮助病人顺利重返社会
C Materials(实施资料)C1 课题组制作体力活动手册,内容涵盖知识宣教、活动指导、注意事项等,病人可根据手册进行训练
C2 通过微信向病人发送体力活动训练问卷星,包括参加训练类型、时间、强度、有无不良事件、活动后感受等
C3 向病人发放小米智能手环,嘱病人每日佩戴手环,以监测活动心率
D Procedures(实施过程)住院期间,收集病人基线资料并教会病人如何配合研究团队实施体力活动方案。通过自制体力活动手册,学习进行体力活动干预的具体流程及注意事项。居家1~8周,实施体力活动方案:居家1~4周,实施第1阶段方案;居家5~8周,实施第2阶段方案
E Who provide(实施者)实施团队由6人组成,1名胸外科护士长担任组长,组员包括1名胸外科主治医师、1名胸外科专科护士及3名护理在读研究生。组长主要负责团队体力活动方案实施的统筹工作;胸外科主治医师负责对病人进行体力活动前评估;胸外科专科护士主要负责对体力活动方案进行指导;研究生配合进行体力活动方案的实施
F How(实施方法)F1 体力活动前评估与指导。入院当天,由1名胸外科主治医师对病人进行体力活动前评估,1名研究生负责记录评估结果。出院前1 d,由1名胸外科专科护士对经评估合格、可进行体力活动训练的病人进行活动指导,1名研究生负责记录
F2 居家1~8周,实施居家康复期体力活动训练
G Where(实施地点)体力活动评估与指导:胸外科办公室
体力活动训练:病人可自主选择居家或家附近空气清新、安全的场所
H When and how much(实施时间及强度)H1 入院当天:体力活动前评估,由1名胸外科主治医师进行面对面、一对一的评估,评估时间20~30 min。评估内容:①一般情况,体质指数(BMI)、血压、疾病史、疾病状态;②运动禁忌证评估,遵循冠心病病人运动禁忌证及美国运动医学会为心血管疾病和肺部疾病病人制定的运动禁忌证;③合并症,心血管疾病、关节炎/肌肉骨骼问题、淋巴水肿、外周神经病变等及肺癌的治疗效果;④当前体力活动水平;⑤身体功能及运动能力测试,1名研究生负责记录评估结果。评估结束后,综合评估结果,由研究团队讨论后决定病人是否接受下一步的活动指导
H2 出院前1 d:体力活动指导,由胸外科专科护士使用课题组制作的体力活动手册对经评估合格,可进行体力活动训练的病人进行面对面、一对一的指导,指导时间为30~60 min,指导内容包括介绍8周的体力活动训练安排;各项训练(有氧运动、抗阻运动、呼吸训练)的动作要领;自我监测活动强度的方法(心率、Borg评分);小米手环的使用方法;规范进行体力活动训练打卡的方法;自我安全监测及发生不良事件的应急处理;与研究人员保持联系的途径(微信、电话)。指导结束后答疑并考核(病人自述指导内容;并动作演示实践部分),确保每位病人掌握。未掌握者再次指导,并在实施阶段重点关注。出院后第1周微信回访病人,了解其掌握情况,并鼓励家属监督病人训练。1名研究生负责记录指导结果
H3 居家1~4周
H3-1 活动时间:病人可自主选择各项体力活动的开始时间(早、晚等),避开饭后半小时以及空腹状态
H3-2 活动地点:病人家中或家附近空气清新、安全的场所,特殊天气时在室内进行
H3-3 活动前热身:有氧运动与抗阻运动前进行5~10 min的热身活动,动作为扩胸运动、原地踏步、小腿后侧拉伸和提踵运动
H3-4 体力活动训练
H3-4-1 呼吸训练:①腹式呼吸,用鼻缓慢吸气,最大限度地向外扩张腹部,胸部保持不动;呼气时用嘴吐气,最大限度地向内收缩腹部而胸部保持不动;吸气与呼气的时间比例为1∶2或1∶3。②缩唇呼吸,病人闭嘴经鼻吸气2~4 s,然后通过缩唇缓慢呼气4~6 s,频率为每天2次,每次5~10 min;不限定训练强度,以不出现胸闷为宜
H3-4-2 有氧运动:步行,步行时频率保持每分钟<100步;保持上下肢协调活动,抬头、挺胸、收腹,充分摆动手臂,配合深而均匀的呼吸。频率为每周3~5次,每天1次,无需间隔进行。时间为每次≥30 min。强度设定,具体判断标准为:①步行频率每分钟<100步;②最大心率百分比(Hrmax)≤63%(HRmax=207-0.7×年龄)或Borg评分1~2分
H3-4-3 抗阻运动:①坐站转换,双手十字交叉抱于胸前,双脚打开与肩同宽;俯身,臀部离开座面,重心向前移动,双脚脚尖抓地支撑;屈髋、屈膝,关节伸展;重心垂直向上运动,起身。②坐位抬膝,坐在稳固的椅子上,保持上身直立,两腿分开与肩同宽,小腿与地面垂直,慢慢抬起小腿,置于地面水平,勾脚尖,保持4 s,再缓慢放下。动作重复次数:重复8~15次,完成不了8次重复者,按自身耐受情况进行,逐渐增至8~15次。动作组数:从1组开始,1组可稳定达到8~15次后,增加至2组或3组;频率:每周2次或3次,隔日进行;强度:低强度:Borg评分1分或2分
H3-5 强度控制与安全性监测:病人在训练过程中保持步频在推荐范围内,在训练结束后立即使用小米手环自行监测心率,最大心率应控制≤63%HRmax;并且自测Borg评分1分或2分为宜。在此标准范围内表示可耐受训练(中等程度耐受),继续按计划执行;超过强度标准者减少步频或活动时间,以达到低强度范围为适宜;出现严重不适者休息并暂停,后续征求研究团队意见后决定是否继续训练。抗阻运动结束后病人自测Borg评分1分或2分范围者,维持此活动安排;>2分者减少重复次数;<1分者增加重复次数(不高于15次)或组数(不超过3组),直至达到1分或2分后维持
H3-6 活动后放松:有氧运动及抗阻运动结束后进行5~10 min的放松活动,动作为直臂压腕、大腿前侧拉伸、小腿后侧拉伸,每个动作拉伸10 s
H3-7 安全防范和监测
H3-7-1 从低强度开始,循序渐进,逐渐过渡至中等强度;控制训练强度,严格按照设定范围进行,不超过最高范围
H3-7-2 活动适量表现:稍感疲倦;肌肉酸痛但休息后可消失;食欲和睡眠良好;次日感觉体力充沛,有活动欲望;活动后有微汗。满足以上标准者继续维持活动计划
H3-7-3 活动过量表现:严重疲倦感;全身肌肉酸痛;焦躁不安,难以集中精力;次日体力下降,难以继续活动。出现以上表现者,减少活动量,增加休息时间,并及时反馈至研究人员
H3-7-4 不良事件监测:运动过程若发生头晕目眩、心悸、胸痛、严重呼吸困难(如Borg评分≥7分)或发生软组织损伤、骨关节脱臼和骨折应立即中断,反应严重者及时至医院就诊
H4 居家第5~8周
H4-1 活动时间、地点、活动前热身、活动后放松、安全防范与监测同1~4周
H4-2 体力活动训练
H4-2-1 呼吸训练:类型同第1阶段;时间增至每次10~15 min;频率增至每天3次;强度不限定,以不出现胸闷为宜
H4-2-2 有氧运动:快步走,快步走时保持每分钟100~140步(中等强度),具体可分为100、110、120、130、140步。病人可根据自身的耐受强度(可中等程度耐受)选择相应步频。快步走时保持上下肢协调活动,抬头、挺胸、收腹,充分摆动手臂,配合深而均匀的呼吸。时间:每次≥30 min;频率为每周5~7 d;强度:①步频控制在每分钟100~140步;②HRmax 64%~75%或Borg评分3分或4分
H4-2-3 抗阻运动:①坐站转换、坐位抬膝(动作要领同第1阶段);②增加上肢阻力训练:使用康复专用弹力带进行,弹力带选择1 500 mm×(150) mm×0.25 mm,黄色,5磅(2.27 kg)。训练时两手握紧弹力带,缓慢拉至身体两侧180度,保持4 s,再慢慢回至起始位。重复次数:每组重复8~15次,完成不了8次重复者,按自身耐受情况进行,逐渐增加至8~15次;组数:每次同一动作1组可稳定达到8~15次后增加至2组或3组,以病人能耐受为宜;频率:每周2次或3次,隔日进行;强度:Borg评分3分或4分
H4-3 强度控制与安全性监测:心率应控制在HRmax 64%~75%。并且自测Borg评分,3分或4分为宜。在此范围内表示可耐受体力活动训练(中等程度耐受),继续按计划执行;两项皆超过此标准(HRmax>75%及Borg>4分)时,减少步频或活动时间,活动后再次测量,以达到中等强度范围为宜。出现严重不适者停止活动,后续征求研究团队意见后决定是否继续。抗阻运动结束后的静止状态下测量Borg评分,3分或4分为宜;>4分者减少抗阻运动每次重复次数(不低于8次)或组数(不少于2组);<3分者增加抗阻运动重复次数(不高于15次)或组数(不超过3组),直至达到3分或4分范围后维持次数
I Tailoring(个性化方案)根据干预中的实际情况及反馈决定是否调整体力活动目标
J Modifications(方案更改)根据病人实际情况决定是否更改
K How well(依从性/保真度)K1 每周固定时间(周三、周六)2次微信联系,每2周的固定时间(周末)通过1次电话了解病人干预情况,并在第4周周末微信提醒病人准备进入下一阶段体力活动干预
K2 了解病人干预情况,督促病人进行干预
K3 通过微信向病人发送体力活动问卷星调查,包括参加训练类型、时间、强度、有无不良事件、活动后感受等
K4 第1阶段体力活动训练结束后(4周)给予适当奖励,鼓励病人继续进行体力活动训练
M How well (actual)实际效果根据病人干预后的相关指标确定实际效果
), ArticleFig(id=1322529757141517065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块内容
A Brief name(干预措施简称)中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案
B Why(干预的逻辑/理论)基于文献回顾及焦点小组访谈结果制定,具有科学性及实用性,有望促进中青年早期肺癌术后病人在居家康复期进行科学有效的体力活动,促进病人身体功能及肺功能的恢复,帮助病人顺利重返社会
C Materials(实施资料)C1 课题组制作体力活动手册,内容涵盖知识宣教、活动指导、注意事项等,病人可根据手册进行训练
C2 通过微信向病人发送体力活动训练问卷星,包括参加训练类型、时间、强度、有无不良事件、活动后感受等
C3 向病人发放小米智能手环,嘱病人每日佩戴手环,以监测活动心率
D Procedures(实施过程)住院期间,收集病人基线资料并教会病人如何配合研究团队实施体力活动方案。通过自制体力活动手册,学习进行体力活动干预的具体流程及注意事项。居家1~8周,实施体力活动方案:居家1~4周,实施第1阶段方案;居家5~8周,实施第2阶段方案
E Who provide(实施者)实施团队由6人组成,1名胸外科护士长担任组长,组员包括1名胸外科主治医师、1名胸外科专科护士及3名护理在读研究生。组长主要负责团队体力活动方案实施的统筹工作;胸外科主治医师负责对病人进行体力活动前评估;胸外科专科护士主要负责对体力活动方案进行指导;研究生配合进行体力活动方案的实施
F How(实施方法)F1 体力活动前评估与指导。入院当天,由1名胸外科主治医师对病人进行体力活动前评估,1名研究生负责记录评估结果。出院前1 d,由1名胸外科专科护士对经评估合格、可进行体力活动训练的病人进行活动指导,1名研究生负责记录
F2 居家1~8周,实施居家康复期体力活动训练
G Where(实施地点)体力活动评估与指导:胸外科办公室
体力活动训练:病人可自主选择居家或家附近空气清新、安全的场所
H When and how much(实施时间及强度)H1 入院当天:体力活动前评估,由1名胸外科主治医师进行面对面、一对一的评估,评估时间20~30 min。评估内容:①一般情况,体质指数(BMI)、血压、疾病史、疾病状态;②运动禁忌证评估,遵循冠心病病人运动禁忌证及美国运动医学会为心血管疾病和肺部疾病病人制定的运动禁忌证;③合并症,心血管疾病、关节炎/肌肉骨骼问题、淋巴水肿、外周神经病变等及肺癌的治疗效果;④当前体力活动水平;⑤身体功能及运动能力测试,1名研究生负责记录评估结果。评估结束后,综合评估结果,由研究团队讨论后决定病人是否接受下一步的活动指导
H2 出院前1 d:体力活动指导,由胸外科专科护士使用课题组制作的体力活动手册对经评估合格,可进行体力活动训练的病人进行面对面、一对一的指导,指导时间为30~60 min,指导内容包括介绍8周的体力活动训练安排;各项训练(有氧运动、抗阻运动、呼吸训练)的动作要领;自我监测活动强度的方法(心率、Borg评分);小米手环的使用方法;规范进行体力活动训练打卡的方法;自我安全监测及发生不良事件的应急处理;与研究人员保持联系的途径(微信、电话)。指导结束后答疑并考核(病人自述指导内容;并动作演示实践部分),确保每位病人掌握。未掌握者再次指导,并在实施阶段重点关注。出院后第1周微信回访病人,了解其掌握情况,并鼓励家属监督病人训练。1名研究生负责记录指导结果
H3 居家1~4周
H3-1 活动时间:病人可自主选择各项体力活动的开始时间(早、晚等),避开饭后半小时以及空腹状态
H3-2 活动地点:病人家中或家附近空气清新、安全的场所,特殊天气时在室内进行
H3-3 活动前热身:有氧运动与抗阻运动前进行5~10 min的热身活动,动作为扩胸运动、原地踏步、小腿后侧拉伸和提踵运动
H3-4 体力活动训练
H3-4-1 呼吸训练:①腹式呼吸,用鼻缓慢吸气,最大限度地向外扩张腹部,胸部保持不动;呼气时用嘴吐气,最大限度地向内收缩腹部而胸部保持不动;吸气与呼气的时间比例为1∶2或1∶3。②缩唇呼吸,病人闭嘴经鼻吸气2~4 s,然后通过缩唇缓慢呼气4~6 s,频率为每天2次,每次5~10 min;不限定训练强度,以不出现胸闷为宜
H3-4-2 有氧运动:步行,步行时频率保持每分钟<100步;保持上下肢协调活动,抬头、挺胸、收腹,充分摆动手臂,配合深而均匀的呼吸。频率为每周3~5次,每天1次,无需间隔进行。时间为每次≥30 min。强度设定,具体判断标准为:①步行频率每分钟<100步;②最大心率百分比(Hrmax)≤63%(HRmax=207-0.7×年龄)或Borg评分1~2分
H3-4-3 抗阻运动:①坐站转换,双手十字交叉抱于胸前,双脚打开与肩同宽;俯身,臀部离开座面,重心向前移动,双脚脚尖抓地支撑;屈髋、屈膝,关节伸展;重心垂直向上运动,起身。②坐位抬膝,坐在稳固的椅子上,保持上身直立,两腿分开与肩同宽,小腿与地面垂直,慢慢抬起小腿,置于地面水平,勾脚尖,保持4 s,再缓慢放下。动作重复次数:重复8~15次,完成不了8次重复者,按自身耐受情况进行,逐渐增至8~15次。动作组数:从1组开始,1组可稳定达到8~15次后,增加至2组或3组;频率:每周2次或3次,隔日进行;强度:低强度:Borg评分1分或2分
H3-5 强度控制与安全性监测:病人在训练过程中保持步频在推荐范围内,在训练结束后立即使用小米手环自行监测心率,最大心率应控制≤63%HRmax;并且自测Borg评分1分或2分为宜。在此标准范围内表示可耐受训练(中等程度耐受),继续按计划执行;超过强度标准者减少步频或活动时间,以达到低强度范围为适宜;出现严重不适者休息并暂停,后续征求研究团队意见后决定是否继续训练。抗阻运动结束后病人自测Borg评分1分或2分范围者,维持此活动安排;>2分者减少重复次数;<1分者增加重复次数(不高于15次)或组数(不超过3组),直至达到1分或2分后维持
H3-6 活动后放松:有氧运动及抗阻运动结束后进行5~10 min的放松活动,动作为直臂压腕、大腿前侧拉伸、小腿后侧拉伸,每个动作拉伸10 s
H3-7 安全防范和监测
H3-7-1 从低强度开始,循序渐进,逐渐过渡至中等强度;控制训练强度,严格按照设定范围进行,不超过最高范围
H3-7-2 活动适量表现:稍感疲倦;肌肉酸痛但休息后可消失;食欲和睡眠良好;次日感觉体力充沛,有活动欲望;活动后有微汗。满足以上标准者继续维持活动计划
H3-7-3 活动过量表现:严重疲倦感;全身肌肉酸痛;焦躁不安,难以集中精力;次日体力下降,难以继续活动。出现以上表现者,减少活动量,增加休息时间,并及时反馈至研究人员
H3-7-4 不良事件监测:运动过程若发生头晕目眩、心悸、胸痛、严重呼吸困难(如Borg评分≥7分)或发生软组织损伤、骨关节脱臼和骨折应立即中断,反应严重者及时至医院就诊
H4 居家第5~8周
H4-1 活动时间、地点、活动前热身、活动后放松、安全防范与监测同1~4周
H4-2 体力活动训练
H4-2-1 呼吸训练:类型同第1阶段;时间增至每次10~15 min;频率增至每天3次;强度不限定,以不出现胸闷为宜
H4-2-2 有氧运动:快步走,快步走时保持每分钟100~140步(中等强度),具体可分为100、110、120、130、140步。病人可根据自身的耐受强度(可中等程度耐受)选择相应步频。快步走时保持上下肢协调活动,抬头、挺胸、收腹,充分摆动手臂,配合深而均匀的呼吸。时间:每次≥30 min;频率为每周5~7 d;强度:①步频控制在每分钟100~140步;②HRmax 64%~75%或Borg评分3分或4分
H4-2-3 抗阻运动:①坐站转换、坐位抬膝(动作要领同第1阶段);②增加上肢阻力训练:使用康复专用弹力带进行,弹力带选择1 500 mm×(150) mm×0.25 mm,黄色,5磅(2.27 kg)。训练时两手握紧弹力带,缓慢拉至身体两侧180度,保持4 s,再慢慢回至起始位。重复次数:每组重复8~15次,完成不了8次重复者,按自身耐受情况进行,逐渐增加至8~15次;组数:每次同一动作1组可稳定达到8~15次后增加至2组或3组,以病人能耐受为宜;频率:每周2次或3次,隔日进行;强度:Borg评分3分或4分
H4-3 强度控制与安全性监测:心率应控制在HRmax 64%~75%。并且自测Borg评分,3分或4分为宜。在此范围内表示可耐受体力活动训练(中等程度耐受),继续按计划执行;两项皆超过此标准(HRmax>75%及Borg>4分)时,减少步频或活动时间,活动后再次测量,以达到中等强度范围为宜。出现严重不适者停止活动,后续征求研究团队意见后决定是否继续。抗阻运动结束后的静止状态下测量Borg评分,3分或4分为宜;>4分者减少抗阻运动每次重复次数(不低于8次)或组数(不少于2组);<3分者增加抗阻运动重复次数(不高于15次)或组数(不超过3组),直至达到3分或4分范围后维持次数
I Tailoring(个性化方案)根据干预中的实际情况及反馈决定是否调整体力活动目标
J Modifications(方案更改)根据病人实际情况决定是否更改
K How well(依从性/保真度)K1 每周固定时间(周三、周六)2次微信联系,每2周的固定时间(周末)通过1次电话了解病人干预情况,并在第4周周末微信提醒病人准备进入下一阶段体力活动干预
K2 了解病人干预情况,督促病人进行干预
K3 通过微信向病人发送体力活动问卷星调查,包括参加训练类型、时间、强度、有无不良事件、活动后感受等
K4 第1阶段体力活动训练结束后(4周)给予适当奖励,鼓励病人继续进行体力活动训练
M How well (actual)实际效果根据病人干预后的相关指标确定实际效果
), ArticleFig(id=1322529757229597450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of general characteristics between the two groups of patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类对照组(n=19)试验组(n=19)统计值P
年龄(岁)45.79±8.9949.26±7.65t=-1.2830.208
性别[例(%)]男9(47.37)8(42.11)χ2=0.1060.744
女10(52.63)11(57.89)
BMI(kg/m2)22.05±1.7522.03±2.60t=0.0220.983
婚姻状况[例(%)]已婚17(89.47)15(78.95)
未婚0(0.00)3(15.79)0.406①
离异2(10.53)1(5.26)
居住情况[例(%)]夫妻同住15(78.95)14(73.68)
与子女同住4(21.05)4(21.05)0.220①
独居0(0.00)1(5.26)
居住地[例(%)]农村3(15.79)2(10.53)1.000①
城市16(84.21)17(89.47)
文化程度[例(%)]初中3(15.79)3(15.79)
高中及专科11(57.89)10(52.63)1.000①
本科及以上5(26.32)6(31.58)
职业情况[例(%)]在职15(78.95)16(84.21)1.000①
不在职4(21.05)3(15.79)
吸烟情况[例(%)]从不吸11(57.89)14(73.68)0.495①
已戒烟8(42.11)5(26.32)
每周运动时长[例(%)]<0.5 h3(15.79)3(15.79)
0.5~<1.0 h10(52.63)11(57.89)1.000①
1.0~1.5 h6(31.58)5(26.32)
家庭人均月收入[例(%)]2 000~<4 000元5(26.31)4(21.05)0.909①
4 000~<6 000元11(57.89)10(52.63)
6 000~8 000元1(5.26)3(15.79)
>8 000元2(10.53)2(10.53)
医疗费用支付方式[例(%)]职工医保13(68.42)13(68.42)1.000①
居民医保4(21.05)3(15.79)
新型农村合作医疗0(0.00)1(5.26)
自费2(10.53)2(10.53)
病理类型[例(%)]原位癌8(42.11)9(47.37)
原位癌伴微浸润9(47.37)9(47.37)1.000①
贴壁主型2(10.53)1(5.26)
肺功能分级[例(%)]Ⅰ级17(89.47)18(94.74)1.000①
Ⅱ级2(10.53)1(5.26)
合并症[例(%)]是2(10.53)1(5.26)1.000①
否17(89.47)18(94.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1322529757326066443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组病人一般资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类对照组(n=19)试验组(n=19)统计值P
年龄(岁)45.79±8.9949.26±7.65t=-1.2830.208
性别[例(%)]男9(47.37)8(42.11)χ2=0.1060.744
女10(52.63)11(57.89)
BMI(kg/m2)22.05±1.7522.03±2.60t=0.0220.983
婚姻状况[例(%)]已婚17(89.47)15(78.95)
未婚0(0.00)3(15.79)0.406①
离异2(10.53)1(5.26)
居住情况[例(%)]夫妻同住15(78.95)14(73.68)
与子女同住4(21.05)4(21.05)0.220①
独居0(0.00)1(5.26)
居住地[例(%)]农村3(15.79)2(10.53)1.000①
城市16(84.21)17(89.47)
文化程度[例(%)]初中3(15.79)3(15.79)
高中及专科11(57.89)10(52.63)1.000①
本科及以上5(26.32)6(31.58)
职业情况[例(%)]在职15(78.95)16(84.21)1.000①
不在职4(21.05)3(15.79)
吸烟情况[例(%)]从不吸11(57.89)14(73.68)0.495①
已戒烟8(42.11)5(26.32)
每周运动时长[例(%)]<0.5 h3(15.79)3(15.79)
0.5~<1.0 h10(52.63)11(57.89)1.000①
1.0~1.5 h6(31.58)5(26.32)
家庭人均月收入[例(%)]2 000~<4 000元5(26.31)4(21.05)0.909①
4 000~<6 000元11(57.89)10(52.63)
6 000~8 000元1(5.26)3(15.79)
>8 000元2(10.53)2(10.53)
医疗费用支付方式[例(%)]职工医保13(68.42)13(68.42)1.000①
居民医保4(21.05)3(15.79)
新型农村合作医疗0(0.00)1(5.26)
自费2(10.53)2(10.53)
病理类型[例(%)]原位癌8(42.11)9(47.37)
原位癌伴微浸润9(47.37)9(47.37)1.000①
贴壁主型2(10.53)1(5.26)
肺功能分级[例(%)]Ⅰ级17(89.47)18(94.74)1.000①
Ⅱ级2(10.53)1(5.26)
合并症[例(%)]是2(10.53)1(5.26)1.000①
否17(89.47)18(94.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1322529757560947468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of physical activity levels between the two groups before and after intervention(x±s)

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组别例数干预前干预8周后差值t值P
对照组19538.89±111.21517.95±81.05-20.95±93.750.9740.343
试验组19533.79±101.01703.95±42.81170.16±117.37-6.319<0.001
t值0.148-8.845-5.546
P0.883<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322529757649027853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组干预前后体力活动水平比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别例数干预前干预8周后差值t值P
对照组19538.89±111.21517.95±81.05-20.95±93.750.9740.343
试验组19533.79±101.01703.95±42.81170.16±117.37-6.319<0.001
t值0.148-8.845-5.546
P0.883<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322529757980377870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of 6MWD between the two groups before and after intervention(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别例数干预前干预8周后差值t值P
对照组19498.00±49.70491.11±40.00-6.89±39.320.7640.455
试验组19501.42±31.18528.16±42.3526.74±45.14-2.5820.019
t值-0.254-2.7732.449
P0.8010.0090.019
), ArticleFig(id=1322529758395613967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两组干预前后6MWD比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别例数干预前干预8周后差值t值P
对照组19498.00±49.70491.11±40.00-6.89±39.320.7640.455
试验组19501.42±31.18528.16±42.3526.74±45.14-2.5820.019
t值-0.254-2.7732.449
P0.8010.0090.019
), ArticleFig(id=1322529758496277264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of intervention compliance in the patient experimental group

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项目分类T1-T2T2-T3T1-T3
有氧运动参与度参与有氧运动[例(%)]19(100.00)18(94.74)18(94.74)
体力活动问卷星调查表填写的天数(d)11.05±4.2719.53±5.7630.58±10.03
有氧运动完成度达到目标时间人数[例(%)]16(84.21)14(73.68)14(73.68)
目标有氧运动完成程度(%)83.3385.0084.38
抗阻运动参与度参与抗阻运动的人数[例(%)]17(89.47)14(73.68)14(73.68)
体力活动问卷星填写天数(d)10.04±1.358.21±2.5718.25±3.92
抗阻运动完成度抗阻运动完成程度(%)84.70(43.72,100.00)74.90(30.00,100.00)79.80(36.86,100.00)
实际完成抗阻运动总天数/预期完成抗阻运动总天数(%)74.5665.7970.18
呼吸训练参与度参与呼吸训练人数[例(%)]18(94.74)16(84.21)16(84.21)
体力活动问卷星调查表填写的天数(d)19.05±5.2716.52±5.7635.57±11.03
呼吸训练完成度达到目标时间人数[例(%)]15(78.95)13(68.42)13(68.42)
目标呼吸训练完成程度(%)70.0060.0063.33
), ArticleFig(id=1322529758810850065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165010818781427, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验组病人干预依从性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类T1-T2T2-T3T1-T3
有氧运动参与度参与有氧运动[例(%)]19(100.00)18(94.74)18(94.74)
体力活动问卷星调查表填写的天数(d)11.05±4.2719.53±5.7630.58±10.03
有氧运动完成度达到目标时间人数[例(%)]16(84.21)14(73.68)14(73.68)
目标有氧运动完成程度(%)83.3385.0084.38
抗阻运动参与度参与抗阻运动的人数[例(%)]17(89.47)14(73.68)14(73.68)
体力活动问卷星填写天数(d)10.04±1.358.21±2.5718.25±3.92
抗阻运动完成度抗阻运动完成程度(%)84.70(43.72,100.00)74.90(30.00,100.00)79.80(36.86,100.00)
实际完成抗阻运动总天数/预期完成抗阻运动总天数(%)74.5665.7970.18
呼吸训练参与度参与呼吸训练人数[例(%)]18(94.74)16(84.21)16(84.21)
体力活动问卷星调查表填写的天数(d)19.05±5.2716.52±5.7635.57±11.03
呼吸训练完成度达到目标时间人数[例(%)]15(78.95)13(68.42)13(68.42)
目标呼吸训练完成程度(%)70.0060.0063.33
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中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案的构建与初步应用
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陈道明 1 , 杨丽琴 2 , 妞美娥 2 , 钱红英 2, *, * , 赵茜 2 , 吴振云 2 , 孙锦庭 3 , 秦春兰 3 , 钱佳慧 2 , 苏钰斌 1
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(1): 9-20
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (1) : 9 -20
中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案的构建与初步应用
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陈道明1, 杨丽琴2, 妞美娥2, 钱红英2, *, * , 赵茜2, 吴振云2, 孙锦庭3, 秦春兰3, 钱佳慧2, 苏钰斌1
作者信息
  • 1徐州医科大学附属医院,江苏 221004
  • 2苏州大学附属第一医院
  • 3苏州大学苏州医学院护理学院
通讯作者:
钱红英,E-mail:
QIAN Hongying, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈道明,主管护师,硕士研究生

Construction and preliminary application of a physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery
Daoming CHEN1, Liqin YANG2, Mei'e NIU2, Hongying QIAN2 , Qian ZHAO2, Zhenyun WU2, Jinting SUN3, Chunlan QIN3, Jiahui QIAN2, Yubin SU1
Affiliations
  • 1Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu 221004 China
  • 2The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
  • 3School of Nursing, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University
  • Corresponding Author:
    QIAN Hongying, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.002
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目的

构建中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案并评价其初步应用效果。

方法

提取并分析肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动相关文献,结合焦点小组访谈,了解中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动干预需求,形成中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案初稿,并按照TIDieR干预模板进行报告;后经2轮德尔菲专家咨询对方案初稿进行修订完善,形成中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案终稿。招募2023年9月—10月在苏州市某三级甲等医院胸外科住院并计划行肺癌切除术的中青年早期肺癌病人50例并随机分为对照组及试验组。对照组病人采用常规出院指导,试验组病人在常规出院指导基础上接受形成的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案,比较两组病人干预前和干预8周后的体力活动水平、身体功能、不良事件发生率,并收集试验组病人的干预依从性以及病人对干预方案的接受情况。

结果

2轮函询问卷的有效回收率均为100%,第2轮专家权威系数为0.86,肯德尔和谐系数为0.337(均P<0.001),变异系数为0.00~0.11;构建的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案终稿包含12个模块、25项内容。本研究最终共招募中青年早期肺癌病人38例(排除12例),其中对照组及试验组各19例。初步应用结果显示,干预8周后,试验组病人的体力活动水平和身体功能高于对照组(P<0.05);两组病人在干预中均无不良事件发生,且试验组病人的干预依从性较好,病人对方案的接受度较高。

结论

构建的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案具有科学性及实用性,有助于提高病人居家康复期体力活动水平和身体功能,且病人对方案的接受度较高,方案具有较好的适用性。

中青年  /  肺癌  /  居家康复  /  体力活动  /  干预方案  /  不良事件  /  依从性
Objective

To construct a physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery and to evaluate its application effects.

Methods

Literature related to physical activity during home-based rehabilitation after lung cancer surgery was extracted and analyzed. Focus group interviews were conducted to understand the physical activity intervention needs of young and middle-aged patients after early-stage lung cancer surgery.A preliminary version of the physical activity program was developed and reported using the TIDieR intervention template.The preliminary program was revised through two rounds of Delphi expert consultations.The final version of the physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery was formed.Totally 50 young and middle-aged patients with early-stage lung cancer who were hospitalized in the thoracic surgery department of a grade A tertiary hospital in Suzhou from September to October 2023 and scheduled for lung cancer resection were recruited and randomly divided into control group and intervention group.The control group received routine discharge guidance,while the intervention group additionally received the developed physical activity program.The physical activity levels and physical function of the two groups were compared before the intervention and after 8 weeks of intervention. Intervention compliance,incidence of adverse events,and patient acceptance of the intervention program were also collected.

Results

The effective response rates for both rounds of the Delphi survey were 100%.The expert authority coefficient in the second round was 0.86,The Kendall's coefficient of concordance was 0.337(all P<0.001).The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.00 to 0.11.The final program included 12 modules and 25 items.A total of 50 middle-aged and young patients with early-stage lung cancer were recruited in this study. After excluding 12 cases,38 patients were finally included,with 19 cases in the control group and 19 cases in the intervention group respectively.Application results showed that after 8 weeks of intervention,the physical activity levels and physical function of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).No adverse events occurred in either group during the intervention.The intervention group demonstrated good compliance and high acceptance of the program.

Conclusions

The constructed program is scientific and practical.It could help to improve the physical activity levels and physical function of young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery.The program is well-accepted by patients.It has demonstrated good applicability.

young and middle-aged  /  lung cancer  /  home-based rehabilitation  /  physical activity  /  intervention program  /  adverse events  /  compliance
陈道明, 杨丽琴, 妞美娥, 钱红英, 赵茜, 吴振云, 孙锦庭, 秦春兰, 钱佳慧, 苏钰斌. 中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案的构建与初步应用. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (1) : 9 -20 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.002
Daoming CHEN, Liqin YANG, Mei'e NIU, Hongying QIAN, Qian ZHAO, Zhenyun WU, Jinting SUN, Chunlan QIN, Jiahui QIAN, Yubin SU. Construction and preliminary application of a physical activity program for young and middle-aged patients during home-based rehabilitation after early-stage lung cancer surgery[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (1) : 9 -20 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.002
肺癌是全球第二大最常见癌症,死亡率位居癌症之首位[1]。近年来,随着诊断技术的发展和居民健康监测意识的增强,早期肺癌(原发性IA或IB期)病人占比逐渐增加[2]。与此同时,肺癌的发病年龄趋于年轻化[3]。调查显示,我国中青年(18~59岁)肺癌病人构成比接近30%[3]。中青年早期肺癌病人已成为不可忽视的肺癌群体。根治性手术切除是中青年早期肺癌推荐的首选局部治疗方式,可有效切除病变组织,阻止癌细胞扩散,提升生存率,改善疾病预后[4]。然而,术后病人常经历身体功能及肺功能的明显下降[5],常见症状为咳嗽、疼痛、疲乏、气短等经久不愈[6-7],致使多数病人出现体力活动受限的现象[7],且该现象至少持续3~6个月[7]。而体力活动受限导致病人肺功能和身体功能恢复缓慢[8],形成恶性循环,继而影响病人顺利重返社会[9]。目前,加速康复外科理念迅速发展,其有效减轻病人手术应激反应、促进病人术后恢复的多模式优化方案逐步得到较好反馈。然而,目前病人的住院时间缩短,居家康复期逐步延长[9]。中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期的体力活动需得到重点关注。体力活动是指由骨骼肌收缩并消耗能量引起的任何身体活动[10]。美国癌症协会发布了癌症病人体力活动的管理指南,鼓励包括肺癌病人在内的癌症病人进行规律的体力活动,目标是达到每周150~300 min中等强度的体力活动或每周75~150 min高强度的体力活动,或两者的等量结合[11]。然而,有研究表明,仅不到30%的肺癌术后病人达到推荐水平[7],远低于健康同龄人群及其他癌症(乳腺癌、结直肠癌等)病人[12]。科学、规范的体力活动方案是有效指导病人进行体力活动训练,进而提升病人体力活动水平的重要方法。然而,目前尚缺乏针对中青年早期肺癌术后病人的居家康复期体力活动水平提升干预研究。中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期的体力活动干预具有独特性,亟需构建适用于此类人群的体力活动方案,以解决其居家康复期的康复需求。因此,本研究构建中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案并探究其初步应用效果,旨在为医护人员开展相关实践提供借鉴。
以“lung neoplasms”“lung cancer”“physical activity”“exercise”“exercise therapy”“physical exercise”“sports”为英文检索词,以“肺癌”“肺肿瘤”“肺占位”“非小细胞肺癌”“居家”“康复期”“术后”“出院后”“院外”“体力活动”“锻炼”“运动治疗”“身体活动”“运动”为中文检索词,采取主题词与自由词相结合的方式检索国内外各大指南网、专业协会网站及数据库,包括国际指南协作网(GIN)、美国国立指南库(NGC)、英国卫生与临床优化研究所(NICE)官网、加拿大安大略注册护士协会(RNAO)官网、医脉通指南网、美国国家综合癌症网络(NCCN)官网、美国癌症协会(ACS)官网、美国运动医学会(ACSM)官网、中国抗癌协会(CACA)官网、美国胸科协会(ATS)官网、英国胸科协会(BTS)官网、加拿大胸科学会(CTS)官网、美国胸科医师协会(ACCP)官网、美国呼吸护理协会(AARC)官网、乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI)循证卫生保健中心数据库、UpToDate、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、荷兰医学文摘数据库(EMbase)、CINAHL、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库(WanFang Data)、维普网(VIP)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(Sinomed)。检索时限为2013年2月1日—2023年2月28日。文献类型包括指南、临床决策、最佳实践、证据总结、系统评价、专家共识、随机对照研究等,排除非中英文文献。初步检索获得相关文献9 598篇,阅读全文后最终获得文献36篇,包括2篇指南、3篇专家共识、1篇证据总结、19篇系统评价、11篇随机对照研究。基于文献研究,确定方案的基本框架为体力活动前评估、体力活动指导、体力活动方案实施、安全性监测,并提取相应要素内容。
采用目的抽样法,招募2023年3月—4月在苏州市某三级甲等医院胸外科住院的16例中青年早期肺癌术后病人为研究对象,进行面对面焦点小组访谈,挖掘其居家康复期体力活动的现实干预需求,进一步丰富方案内容。在焦点小组访谈过程中,研究者本人为主持人,另有1名助手对整个过程进行记录,在征求病人同意后,对焦点小组访谈过程进行录音。研究者提前准备好开放性问题,在访谈开始前,研究者本人先用10 min向病人介绍整个流程,随后提出事先准备好的问题,并允许病人自由讨论,根据病人的讨论延伸相关问题。若病人一直保持沉默,主持人鼓励病人发言,并引导整个讨论围绕主题进行。访谈提纲:1)您认为手术前后您的体力活动方面有什么改变?2)您一般倾向于在哪里进行体力活动?3)您认为哪种体力活动的干预类型、强度、频率及持续时间最能促进您进行体力活动?4)您认为在促进您居家康复期体力活动的工作中,医护人员可以提供哪方面的支持?5)您觉得还有什么建议吗?
在对纳入文献相关内容进行提取及汇总的基础上,结合焦点小组访谈结果,经充分讨论最终形成中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案初稿。为提升干预方案的完整性及可复制性,方案使用TIDieR(template for intervention description and replication)干预模板[13-14]进行报告。
2023年5月—6月,取得专家同意后采用电子邮件或微信的形式邀请17名经验丰富且从事肺癌诊疗或护理相关工作的临床医疗、护理专家以及从事运动医学或康复领域的专家进行2轮专家函询。专家纳入标准:熟悉肺癌诊治和护理的临床医疗、护理专家及从事运动医学或康复领域工作的权威专家;具有专科领域10年及以上工作经验;中级及以上职称;本科及以上学历;自愿参与研究。根据临床实际,围绕初稿的框架及内容进行修改和完善。第1轮专家函询发放问卷17份,回收有效问卷17份,有效问卷回收率为100%。第2轮发放问卷17份,回收有效问卷17份,有效问卷回收率为100%。函询专家均来自三级甲等医院或知名院校,涵盖临床医学、临床护理、运动医学、护理教育、护理管理多学科领域。专家年龄(42.30±8.76)岁,工作年限(17.83±7.31)年,硕士研究生及以上学历11人(64.71%),副高级及以上职称15人(88.24%)。
函询专家的判断依据为0.94,熟悉程度为0.77,专家权威程度系数为0.86。第1轮专家函询,各条目内容的可行性评分为4.33~4.93分,标准差为0.26~0.64分,变异系数为0.05~0.14;第2轮专家咨询中,各条目内容的可行性评分为4.46~5.00分,标准差为0.00~0.51分,变异系数为0.00~0.11。2轮函询专家的Kendall's W值分别为0.258,0.337(均P<0.001),第2轮Kendall's W值比第1轮Kendall's W值有所提高,说明专家的意见协调程度提高,咨询结果可靠。
第1轮专家函询中,专家建议如下。1)修改“体力活动指导由康复科专科护士进行”,肺癌病人主要在胸外科,由康复科人员进行体力活动指导可行性不够;2)修改干预实施地点为“出院前的体力活动评估与指导:胸外科办公室;体力活动训练病人可自主选择居家或家附近空气清新,安全的场所进行训练”;3)在进行指导效果的评价时,病人短时记忆考核结果可能会令人满意,后期需加强督促;4)应增加“特殊天气(比如雨天时)选择在哪里进行体力活动训练”;5)增加呼吸训练强度为:不出现胸闷为宜;6)有氧运动强度控制:休息后由家人陪同进行少量活动,调整为“休息并暂停,后续在征求医护人员意见后决定是否继续进行训练”;7)在已有的体力活动强度判断标准基础上,增加确定强度后的处理措施,以便病人进行自我监测与处理。研究小组综合专家意见和建议,共对方案初稿中具体内容进行修改,形成第2轮函询问卷。指标筛选原则:保留重要性均数>3.5分且变异系数<0.25的指标,指标修改或增加原则为有2名及以上专家提出相似的修改建议[15]。第2轮专家函询后,结合专家意见,并经课题组讨论,共对方案中干预实施流程的2项相关内容进行了修改,最终形成的方案包含12个模块、25项内容,其中干预措施简称1项、干预逻辑1项、实施资料3项、实施过程3项、实施者1项、实施方法2项、实施地点2项、实施时间及强度4项、个性化方案1项、方案更改1项、依从性/保真度4项、实际效果1项。具体见表1。
采用便利抽样法,选取2023年9月—10月在苏州某三级甲等医院胸外科计划行肺癌切除术的中青年早期肺癌病人。纳入标准:符合中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南[16]分期标准的肺癌病人,临床Ⅰ期,计划接受肺癌切除术;年龄为18~59岁;经研究者讲解后能够掌握小米手环使用方法;知情同意,自愿参加本研究。排除标准:符合冠心病病人运动禁忌证及美国运动医学会规定的运动禁忌证[17-18];患有导致体力活动严重受限的疾病,如严重贫血、重症肌无力、骨折、直立性低血压、心肌梗死或肺栓塞急性期等;肺癌切除术后病理诊断为良性结节或非Ⅰ期肺癌;存在语言、认知障碍或精神疾病而无法沟通者;已经参与其他类似干预项目者。将病人随机分为对照组和试验组。样本量参考Julious[19]有关初步应用研究样本量的建议,每组至少需要12例,考虑到20%的脱落率,每组至少需要约15例。最终确定每组各纳入病人25例,共计50例。本研究已获得医院伦理委员会批准[审批号:(2022)伦研批第513号],所有病人及家属均知情同意。
在中青年早期肺癌术后病人出院前1 d向病人发放一份出院健康教育处方,接受胸外科专科护士的常规出院指导,内容包括健康教育(疾病基础知识、戒烟、自我管理技能等)、社会心理指导、营养支持、鼓励自主进行居家体力活动,并指导病人记录每次体力活动情况,包括活动类型、时间、强度(自测Borg评分、使用小米手环监测心率)、频率、活动后感受及有无不适等内容。
在常规出院指导的基础上给予前期构建的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案进行干预。于出院前1 d向病人发放《中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动手册》,并由胸外科专科护士进行一对一的面对面指导。讲解内容包括:居家康复期体力活动不足的危害,进行居家体力活动的益处,1~8周具体的体力活动训练安排,各项训练的动作要点,自我监测强度的方法(自测Borg评分、使用小米手环监测心率),规范记录每次体力活动训练的方法,自我安全监测及发生不良事件的应急处理,与研究人员保持联系的途径(微信、电话)等。指导结束后进行答疑及考核,病人自述文字部分,并演示实践部分,确保病人熟知指导内容。出院后1周内回访病人对体力活动指导内容的掌握情况,并鼓励家属监督病人进行训练。出院后第1~8周,实施居家康复期体力活动训练。
出院后,研究者每周三、周六通过微信随访2次,每2周周末电话随访1次。对照组随访内容包括健康宣教、了解病人康复情况、进行自主体力活动情况;试验组病人随访内容包括了解病人对体力活动干预方案内容的掌握情况、干预方案的执行情况、是否有不适症状及训练后感受。对依从性不佳者,及时了解原因,加强指导监督。
采用自行设计的一般资料和临床资料调查表收集资料,内容包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、BMI、婚姻状况、居住情况、居住地、文化程度、职业、吸烟情况、每周运动时长、医疗费用支付方式、家庭人均月收入、肺功能分级、合并症、病理类型。
该问卷是世界卫生组织推荐各国采用的体力活动评估工具,其有效性和可靠性已在多个国家得到验证。IPAQ分为长、短卷两个版本,体力活动短卷(IPAQ-S)共7个条目,涵盖高强度体力活动、中等强度体力活动、步行和久坐4个维度,要求调查对象回忆过去1周所从事的各项体力活动,测量简便。2004年,屈宁宁等[20]将其翻译成中文版,其重测信度系数为0.88,效标关联系数为0.76,在体力活动相关研究中广泛应用。评分按IPAQ-S标准方法。首先,分别计算各强度体活动的MET-min/week[某种强度体力活动的能量消耗=对应代谢当量(METs)×每天活动时间(min)×每周活动天数(d)]。常用METs为:低强度(步行)=3.3 METs,中等强度=4.0 METs,高强度=8.0 METs;然后,将不同强度体力活动MET-min/week相加得出总MET-min/week。根据IPAQ推荐的短卷分类标准,将总体体力活动水平分为低、中和高3个水平[21]。
参考前者研究[22],采用6 min步行试验评估病人的身体功能。测试方法依据美国胸科学会指南标准化方案进行[23]。将病人在规定的6 min的步行距离(six-minute walk distance,6MWD)用于研究分析,行走距离的增加表明身体功能的提高。既往研究表明,6MWD在肺癌中最小临床重要差异值(MCID)为22~42 m[24]。
不良事件指在体力活动训练中出现胸闷、胸痛、心律失常、脸色苍白、大汗淋漓、眩晕、严重呼吸困难、精神状态改变、心悸和进行性疲劳,或发生软组织损伤、骨关节脱臼和骨折等意外,出现以上表现1次计发生1次不良事件。
参考窦凤娇[25]研制的运动依从性问卷,结合本研究干预方案内容,形成体力活动问卷星调查表,内容包括是否完成了规定数量的呼吸训练、有氧运动及抗阻运动,活动后最大心率及Borg评分,是否存在不适症状及训练后感受。研究人员每周2次(周三、周六)回收并记录试验组病人的干预依从性。病人通过微信扫码研究人员发送的问卷星填写体力活动训练情况。依据前者研究[26-27],结合本研究内容,干预依从性具体划分为有氧运动依从性、抗阻运动依从性及呼吸训练依从性,均从参与度及完成度两方面进行评估,评估时间为第1阶段[出院后第1天(T1)至出院第4周末(T2)]和第2阶段[第4周末(T2)至第8周末(T3)]。
有氧运动参与度包括参与有氧运动的人数及体力活动问卷星填写的天数,无论是否完成要求数量,病人参与即可。完成度包括达到目标时间人数和目标有氧运动完成程度,达到目标时间人数指第1阶段每周至少3 d达到目标时间(30 min);第2阶段每周至少5 d达到目标时间(30 min)的受试者;目标有氧运动完成程度具体计算方法为:完成程度=实际有氧运动总天数/预期总天数(第1阶段12 d,第2阶段20 d)。
抗阻运动参与度包括参与抗阻运动的人数及问卷星调查填写天数,无论是否完成要求,只要参与即可。完成度包括抗阻运动完成程度(%)和实际完成天数(%)两项内容,具体计算方法:1)完成程度=(实际每天训练组数×每组完成次数×运动天数)/[预期每天运动组数(3组)×每组次数(15次)×预期完成天数]。2)实际完成抗阻运动总天数=实际完成抗阻运动天数×该阶段完成总人数;预期完成抗阻运动总天数=预期完成抗阻运动天数×该阶段完成总人数。由实际与预期二者的比值判断病人总体完成抗阻运动天数的百分比。
呼吸训练参与度包括参与呼吸训练人数及问卷星调查填写天数,无论是否完成要求,病人参与即可。完成度包括达到目标时间人数和目标呼吸训练完成程度。达到目标时间人数指第1阶段每天达到目标时间(5 min)、第2阶段每天达到目标时间(10 min)的受试者;目标呼吸训练完成程度具体计算方法为:完成程度=实际呼吸训练总时间/预期总时间(第1阶段每天5 min、第2阶段每天10 min)。
在干预结束后,研究者通过电话访谈形式收集病人对干预方案的接受情况,询问病人对干预方案的主观感受以及反馈意见,内容包括:您在进行体力活动训练后有哪些变化?在进行体力活动训练过程时,您面临的主要困难或障碍是什么?针对体力活动训练方案的改进,您有哪些意见和建议?
对参与资料收集的进行统一培训,在胸外科病房进行资料收集。若病人无法亲自填写纸质版问卷,则由研究者口述解释条目内容,病人回答核实后填写。使用统一指导语采用面对面的形式调查;所有问卷回收后,采用EpiData软件对数据资料进行编码并双人核对录入,发现错误及时溯源并校正,确保数据准确可靠。
严格按照纳入、排除标准招募病人。为避免沾染,纳入的病人互不认识,且要求试验组病人在研究期间不得将体力活动手册提供给对照组病人或其家属借阅。用于监测活动心率的运动手环统一使用小米智能手环(蓝牙4.0版本)。研究团队人员全程参与并监督干预。建立研究团队微信群,干预过程中,研究生定期整理病人遇到的问题并汇报至群里,就存在的问题研究团队成员及时进行沟通交流,以把控干预的完成。资料收集阶段熟练掌握相关测试、问卷的使用,确保资料收集的准确性。问卷填写前,研究人员采用统一指导语告知病人填写要求,问卷填写过程中及时解答病人疑惑,同时避免主观干扰病人。资料收集结束后在病人同意的前提下留下联系方式,方便及时联系病人,减少无应答偏倚。数据录入与资料分析阶段,由2名研究生录入,核对无误,保证数据的准确性。负责数据分析的研究者接受SPSS 数据处理课程学习,保证数据分析的客观性和科学性。
数据首先录入Excel,双人核对检查无误后导入SPSS 26.0进行数据统计与处理。年龄、体力活动水平、6MWD等定量资料呈正态分布时,使用均数±标准差(x±s)描述,非正态分布时使用中位数及四分位数[M(P25,P75)]描述;性别、居住地、文化程度、职业等定性资料使用频数及百分比(%)进行描述。符合正态分布的定量资料比较采用两独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析,非正态分布的定量资料比较采用非参数检验Mann-Whitney秩和检验或采用Kruskal Wallis检验;定性资料比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
本研究共招募中青年早期肺癌病人50例,排除10例,其中3例存在不适宜进行体力活动干预的并发症;2例因个人原因拒绝参与干预;2例术后病理结果为良性结节;3例术后病理结果为非Ⅰ期肺癌。研究初期纳入40例病人,其中试验组20例,对照组20例。干预8周后完成第2次评估的病人共38例,其中试验组19例,对照组19例。干预前两组病人的各项资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组资料具有可比性。见表2。
结果显示,干预前两组体力活动水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预8周后,试验组体力活动水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组内比较结果表明,试验组干预8周后的体力活动水平高于干预前(P<0.05),而对照组干预前后体力活动水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。详见表3。此外,试验组与对照组两组差值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前试验组的基线6MWD与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后,两组6MWD比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且干预后试验组与对照组6MWD差值为37.05 m,达到了MCID。组内比较结果表明,试验组干预后6MWD提升(P<0.05),而对照组干预前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组6MWD差值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。干预实施过程中试验组病人及对照组病人均未报告发生不良事件。
干预期间8例病人未全程参与体力活动训练,其中1例仅停止有氧运动,5例仅停止抗阻运动,3例仅停止呼吸训练。具体参与度和完成度详见表5。
干预8周完成后,研究者与试验组病人取得联系,最终19例病人中有11例同意进行电话访谈。11例病人均对干预方案的有效性表示了肯定,对干预方案的接受度均较高。
规律的体力活动可降低成人肺癌的发病风险[11],改善肺癌病人的疾病预后[7;28]。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》建议落实预防为主,推进健康生活方式,减少疾病发生,强化早诊断、早治疗、早康复[29]。癌症人群的相关证据表明,居家体力活动干预有助于癌症病人尽早重返工作岗位[30],故加强对中青年早期肺癌术后病人有效的体力活动宣教与健康指导,对降低其发病率、改善疾病预后、促进重返工作岗位有重要意义。本研究通过系统回顾国内外与肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动相关文献,结合中青年早期肺癌术后病人的体力活动实际干预需求,构建了中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案初稿。采用2轮德尔菲专家咨询对方案初稿进行修订。参与咨询的专家涵盖临床医疗、临床护理、护理管理、运动医学等不同领域,代表性较好。2轮咨询问卷的有效回收率均为100%,说明专家参与本研究的积极性高。专家权威系数为0.86,体现了参与咨询专家的学术权威性。第2轮专家函询的变异系数范围为0~0.11,说明至第2轮专家咨询结束,专家意见基本趋于一致,对方案的评分一致性较高,较为认可此方案。因此,最终形成的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案具有一定的科学性、实用性及较高的专家认可度,可为中青年早期肺癌术后病人提供有效的体力活动指导,以促进其居家康复期体力活动水平的恢复及提升。
研究显示,干预后试验组病人的体力活动水平高于对照组(P<0.05),说明本研究构建的中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动方案在提升病人的体力活动水平方面优于常规出院指导。分析原因可能是:本研究较好地融合了行为改变技术以促进干预实施。根据既往研究,肺癌病人接受体力活动相关教育有助于促进其体力活动行为改变,病人会把肺癌作为改变行为的机会和开始锻炼的诱因[31]。首先,本研究对病人进行体力活动的充分指导与宣教,加深病人对于进行体力活动训练的益处认知,有助于病人强化自身的体力活动训练意识,促进其体力活动行为改变。其次,干预过程中嘱病人严格遵循既定强度标准进行训练,通过自测心率及Borg评分控制训练强度,在确保安全的同时达到提升体力活动水平的预期效果。最后,研究人员主动联系病人,通过微信发送问卷星,了解病人体力活动训练情况,包括进行各项训练的类型、频率、时间、强度,活动后感受,有无不适等。病人无需自行使用纸笔记录,简化其实施自我监测的流程。以上设置为中青年早期肺癌术后病人参与居家康复期体力活动训练了提供了有效支持,减少了病人进行体力活动的阻碍因素[31-32]。本研究结果与澳大利亚的一项研究结果[33]一致,该研究干预方案包括无监督的家庭有氧运动、面对面咨询、每周电话咨询及病人教育(提供了行为改变技术和体力活动监测设备)。在该研究中,干预人员接受了行为改变技术的专业培训以促进病人参与干预。提示在今后的研究中应充分探索行为改变技术对肺癌病人体力活动行为改变的益处,参考国外经验,开展行为改变相关专业培训,以更有效地激发病人参与体力活动训练的动机,切实提升病人的体力活动水平。
肺癌术后病人易出现通气不足、运动能力下降、呼吸肌力和肺容量减少和残余容量增加[34]。有氧运动可增强肌肉有氧代谢能力,减少乳酸水平[32];抗阻运动可增加术后上下肢肌力,增加瘦体重[35];呼吸训练可促进术后呼吸肌力恢复,增加肺容积,减轻呼吸困难,促进病人肺功能的恢复[36]。本研究体力活动干预方案结合3种运动方式,有效改善了中青年早期肺癌术后病人的身体功能。本研究结果与多项研究一致,Liu等[37]的研究结果显示,相较于标准护理,呼吸训练及有氧运动可以更有效地改善肺癌术后病人的6MWD;Cavalheri等[38]研究表明,8周包括有氧运动(步行/骑车)及抗阻运动(上肢/下肢)的体力活动计划提高了肺癌术后化疗病人的身体功能及运动能力。然而,有个别研究与本研究结果相悖。Edbrooke等[39]的研究纳入92例晚期肺癌病人进行8周基于家庭的体力活动干预,干预方法包括有氧运动和阻力训练。研究显示,干预后试验组与对照组的6MWD组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。究其原因,该研究并没有监督试验组病人进行体力活动训练的强度。尽管病人在最初阶段接受了口头、视频和书面教育,但许多病人的锻炼强度可能低于规定水平,这可能导致身体功能变化不明显[39]。本研究通过使用小米手环及自我进行Borg评分帮助病人自我监测体力活动训练强度,并设定强度标准,要求病人按照标准进行自我监测,同时通过主动问卷星调查了解病人的体力活动训练强度,尽可能地确保病人遵守既定的体力活动训练强度,促进身体功能的提升。
本研究两组病人均未发生不良事件,且试验组病人的干预依从性较好,对于干预方案的接受度较高,说明干预方案在中青年早期肺癌术后病人中具有较好的适用性。良好的依从性是从体力活动干预中获益的主要决定因素之一[40]。肺癌术后病人参与居家体力活动的依从性受症状、共病、久坐的生活方式、环境因素、干预设置、距离及交通问题等多种因素影响,应充分考虑以上因素,以促进干预顺利进行[7,32]。本研究充分考虑了病人在居家期的体力活动干预需求,病人可选择在家中或家附近区域进行体力活动,无需至医院进行集中训练,减少了其时间及交通成本。此外,鼓励病人家属监督病人进行体力活动训练,调动病人的社会支持。研究人员在实施阶段与病人保持联系,定期了解病人的体力活动训练情况,了解病人依从性下降的原因,鼓励病人继续进行训练。使用课题组自制的中青年早期肺癌术后居家康复期体力活动手册辅助干预,手册内容全面丰富,配以图示,生动形象,易于病人理解接受,为病人进行体力活动训练提供了有效支持。以上举措有效提升了中青年早期肺癌术后病人的干预依从性,确保了干预的顺利实施。研究发现,通过使用应用程序自动化发布体力活动信息、实施远程视频会议等方式有助于刺激病人参与体力活动[41]。未来可尝试在中青年早期肺癌术后病人中应用,结合病人的需求,探索更灵活、有效的辅助干预措施,以更有效地提升病人参与体力活动的依从性。
本研究还通过对试验组病人进行访谈,了解其对于干预方案的接受情况。参与访谈的病人均表示接受体力活动干预方案,对体力活动干预效果的有效性给予了肯定,同时表达了对参与居家康复期体力活动的兴趣。由此可见,中青年早期肺癌术后病人在居家康复期需要医护人员的体力活动专业指导,尽早介入干预对病人的体力活动认知及行为改变有着至关重要的作用。对于病人在干预过程中遇到的困难及障碍,应引起医护人员的充分关注。应采取相应策略以减轻病人不适症状,如针对病人不同情况制定个性化的体力活动计划、定期给予评估及症状监测等。对于干预方案中需要改进的部分充分重视,比如未来可考虑采用统一规格的家用简易呼吸训练仪进行呼吸训练,方便病人对其呼吸训练强度及效果进行自我监测。此外,应探索更多灵活的干预辅助方式,比如视频、抖音直播等方式以促进病人进行体力活动干预。研究发现,基于移动医疗的游戏化设计将游戏与干预方案结合,具有较强的趣味性,可有效提升癌症病人参与干预的兴趣,改善癌症病人的运动情况[42]。未来可探索在中青年早期肺癌术后病人中应用,并加入关于肺癌疾病康复及复查相关知识与提醒,方便病人在居家康复期接收更全面的信息,以更大幅度地提升其参与体力活动的信心,帮助病人尽快恢复至术前状态,顺利重返社会。
本研究通过全面回顾肺癌术后病人居家康复期体力活动相关文献并对文献内容进行提取分析,结合中青年早期肺癌术后病人的体力活动干预需求,经2轮德尔菲专家咨询制定了适用于中青年早期肺癌术后病人的居家康复期体力活动方案,构建的方案具有一定的科学性及实用性。为期8周的初步应用研究结果表明,干预方案有助于提升中青年早期肺癌术后病人居家康复期的体力活动水平,改善病人的身体功能,病人的干预依从性较高,干预中病人无不良事件发生,病人对于干预方案的接受度较高,方案具有较好的适用性。但本研究尚存在一定不足,如研究人群来源单一且样本量略少,随访时间较短,未来可尝试开展多中心、大样本的临床研究并延长观察时间,以验证并不断完善干预方案。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-18
  • 修回日期:2025-11-17
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    1徐州医科大学附属医院,江苏 221004
    2苏州大学附属第一医院
    3苏州大学苏州医学院护理学院

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钱红英,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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