Full
Outline
Micro-jetting and micro-spallation at metal interfaces under intense shock loading play pivotal roles in applications such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF). These phenomena exhibit inherent complexity due to their multi-scale dynamics, strong nonlinearity, and coupled multi-field interactions. Under extreme irradiation conditions, the formation of high-pressure nanoscale helium bubbles significantly alters interface failure mechanisms. Using molecular dynamics methods, we investigate micro-jet growth and damage evolution in helium-containing copper subjected to double supported shock loadings. Helium bubbles demonstrate lower critical activation stress thresholds for expansion compared to void nucleation, with these thresholds being dependent on bubble distribution and number density. Under low-pressure primary shocks, helium-containing metals produce more pronounced micro-jets than pure metals. During secondary shocks, helium bubbles promote jet fragmentation, resulting in higher maximum velocities at micro-jet tips while maintaining comparable velocity distributions in micro-jet bodies. Secondary shocks show negligible effects on bulk helium bubbles that were previously compressed by initial shocks and partially rebounded due to rarefaction waves without complete recovery. Near-surface ruptured bubble walls may reattach to bubble bases after secondary shocks, temporarily re-trapping helium atoms that are subsequently released during unloading-induced re-expansion and rupture. The collapse mechanism of helium bubbles under secondary shock is closely related to the helium bubbles size and the strength of secondary shock. This study establishes fundamental physical understanding and provides a theoretical foundation for future cross-scale investigations of coupled micro-jetting and micro-spallation evolution in irradiated helium-containing metals.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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