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Outline
Underwater explosive load calculation and numerical simulation are the key issues of the design of underwater conventional weapons and protection of ships and submarine. Numerical simulation of underwater explosions involves large deformation, the moving material interface and multi-media coupling. It has brought a lot of difficulties and challenges to the grid-based numerical algorithm. The material point method (MPM) is a meshfree method and takes the advantages of the both Euler and Lagrangian methods. Extension of the material point method to the numerical simulation of underwater explosion and the multi-medium coupling process was introduced. At last, spherical TNT underwater explosion in one-dimensional and TNT underwater explosion in two-dimensional were simulated. Blast wave produced by TNT exploding was computed. The spatial distribution and variation of the explosion flow field parameters were analysed. The calculated results are in good agreement with the results of AUTODYN, empirical formula of Cole and SPH, and provide a important reference to engineering applications.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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