Full
LIU Yangxi (1997-), female, Ph.D. E-mail: liuyangxi_mail@163.com
Outline
Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnxFe1-xPO4, 0 < x < 1, LMFP) has emerged as a highly promising cathode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. It inherits the exceptional safety profile, low cost, and structural stability of LiFePO4 (LFP) with a higher operational voltage (~4.1 V vs. Li+/Li) and increased theoretical energy density due to the Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple. These attributes make LMFP a compelling candidate for applications demanding high energy density, such as electric vehicles and grid storage, particularly within the context of global decarbonization efforts.
However, the widespread commercialization of LMFP faces significant hurdles. First, Its intrinsically low electronic and ionic conductivity severely restrict the improvement of rate capability and power density of LMFP, rendering it difficult to meet the demands of high-power applications. Sencond, LMFP also suffers from challenges associated with the Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn3+ ions during cycling. This distortion induces severe lattice strain, promotes Mn2+ dissolution into the electrolyte, and accelerates side reactions (e.g., the formation of Li4P2O7). The dissolved Mn2+ can migrate to the anode, damaging the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the anode surface. Meanwhile, this process consumes active lithium in the battery, increases polarization, and ultimately leads to rapid capacity fading and a significant decline in cycling stability.
To overcome these limitations, extensive research focuses on enhancing LMFP's conductivity and mitigating the Jahn-Teller effects. Key modification strategies include: 1) Particle size optimization and morphology control: Reducing particle size and engineering crystal morphology (e.g., maximizing the electrochemically active (010) facet) to shorten lithium-ion diffusion pathways. 2) Surface coating: Conductive coatings (especially carbon-based materials) improve surface electronic conductivity and protect against electrolyte decomposition. 3) Ion doping: Substituting cations (e.g., Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Nb5+) at Li, Fe, or Mn sites enhances bulk electronic/ionic conductivity and stabilizes the crystal structure. 4) Composite electrodes: Combining LMFP with highly conductive materials improves overall electrode kinetics. Consequently, the implementation of these strategies leads to a significant enhancement in the electrochemical performance of LMFP.
Enhancing conductivity is pivotal for optimizing LMFP electrochemical performance. Current strategies effectively improve electronic conductivity via carbon coating, doping, conductive additives, and nanostructuring, while ionic conductivity benefits from morphology design, ion doping, and ionically conductive surface coatings. However, single modification approaches remain insufficient to fundamentally resolve LMFP's low conductivity. Future research must focus on synergistic modification strategies, constructing integrated 3D electron/ion conduction networks within particles and electrodes. Additionally, deeper investigation into microstructure-property relationships is essential to guide material optimization. This will enable cost-effective ultra-fast charging solutions for new energy vehicles and grid storage, advancing high-safety, long-lifetime, high-rate lithium batteries for energy transition.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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