Full
WANG Chuanmin (2001-), male, Doctoral candidate. E-mail: 1967817852@qq.com
Outline
Piezoelectric ceramics like PZT are essential for energy harvesting and sensing, yet conventional bulk materials face limitations. Introducing ceramics with a porosity decouples the piezoelectric constant (d33) from the dielectric constant, significantly enhancing the piezoelectric voltage constant (g33) and hydrostatic figure of merit (gh) for hydrophone applications. However, conventional fabrication methods, such as pore-forming agent burnout, result in random, irregular pores that cause uneven polarization, mechanical instability, and performance degradation. Digital light processing (DLP) offers an effective solution of enabling the precise fabrication of complex geometries. This study was to utilize DLP to construct the Gyroid-structured porous PZT ceramics based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). These structures could provide superior connectivity and mechanical stability, compared to random pores. The study was to investigate the influence of porosity on electro-mechanical properties and validate the material application in high-sensitivity piezoelectric hydrophones.
A photosensitive ceramic slurry was prepared via mixing PZT-5H powder with oligomers (HDDA, TMPTA) and photoinitiators. Gyroid-structured green bodies with the porosities ranging from 55% to 70% were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP) and subsequently sintered at 1200 ℃. The microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties were measured based on standard analysis. For application testing, the piezoelectric hydrophones were assembled. The influence of encapsulation was evaluated via comparing surface sealing against complete epoxy filling. The hydroacoustic performance, including open-circuit output voltage, receiving sensitivity, and directivity, was tested in an anechoic tank by a comparison method against a standard hydrophone (GF-197) at 100-500 kHz.
The DLP-fabricated ceramics accurately reproduce the Gyroid designs. As a porosity increases to 70%, the relative dielectric constant and polarization decrease linearly due to the reduced ceramic volume. However, the piezoelectric constant (d33) remains remarkably stable (i.e., 568 pC/N) rather than degrading, attributed to the Gyroid structure's uniform stress distribution and effective polarization. The sample with a porosity of 70% achieves an exceptional piezoelectric voltage constant (g33) of 103.4 (mV·m)/N. In hydrophone assembly, a surface sealing preserves the electromechanical performance, whereas a complete filling significantly reduces d33 due to the clamping effects. The resulting porous hydrophone demonstrates a maximum receiving sensitivity of -196.9 dB at 150 kHz, outperforming a standard hydrophone by 21.1 dB. Also, it exhibits a tunable directivity, with beam width narrowing as frequency increases, validating its suitability for high-sensitivity detection.
This study indicated that fabricating Gyroid-structured PZT ceramics via DLP could be an effective strategy to enhance piezoelectric performance. The unique topology of the Gyroid structure ensured that the electrical connectivity of the ceramic phase remained stable as porosity increased, maintaining consistent local electric fields and enabling full polarization. This structural advantage resulted in a stable d33 (568 pC/N) even at a porosity of 70%, leading to a drastically improved piezoelectric voltage constant (g33) of 103.4 mV·m/N, compared to random porous ceramics. The practical application demonstrated that a porous hydrophone achieved a receiving sensitivity of -196.9 dB to 21.1 dB. These findings could highlight a promising potential of TPMS-structured porous ceramics in overcoming the limitations of conventional materials for advanced hydroacoustic sensing.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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