The freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) is one of a major factors leading to the damage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in severely cold regions. The seismic performance evaluation of FTC-damaged RC beam-column connections is critical to the assessment of structural safety. However, the studies on the seismic performance evaluation of FTC-damaged RC beam-column connections under severe cold environments are still scarce. In this study, the influences of freeze-thaw cycles (N) and axial force ratio (n) on the seismic performance of RC beam-column connections are deeply investigated. Based on the test results, a calculation model of the shear force-strain envelope curve of RC connections that integrates the effects of the inhomogeneous temperature field distribution and axial compression ratio was established. The results show that with the increase of NFTC_s, the bearing capacity of the RC connections and the shear bearing capacity of the core area decrease, while the ductility, shear strain γ, and shear deformation to the total deformation Δ_PZ/Δ gradually increase, and after 300 freeze-thaw cycles, Δ_PZ/Δ is up to 21.90%. The established shear force-distortion calculation model for the FTC-damaged RC core area can accurately calculate the shear force V_jh and shear distortion γ. The mean error of both the shear force V_jh and shear distortion γ does not exceed 20%, and the standard deviation does not exceed 0.1. Furthermore, the precision of V_jh is slightly higher than that of γ. The shear skeleton curve calculation model established can be used to evaluate the seismic performance of FTC-damaged RC beam-column connections under earthquake actions.