Fire and smoke detection is a critical component of intelligent surveillance and disaster early warning systems, with wide applications in forest fire prevention, industrial safety and other fields. However, existing algorithms often suffer from low detection precision, slow speed, and large model size under natural environments. To address these issues, this paper proposes a fire and smoke detection method based on the lightweight YOLOv8n. The proposed model replaces the original backbone with PP-LCNet to reduce model size, introduces the CARAFE upsampling operator to enhance feature reconstruction, and integrates the EMA attention mechanism to improve target perception capability. Experimental results show that, compared with the original YOLOv8n, the improved model reduces parameters by 1.01 M and computational cost by 2.2 G, while achieving a detection precision of 94.8% and an mAP50 of 93.6%. It outperforms other mainstream lightweight detection models, achieving an excellent balance between precision and real-time performance, and demonstrates strong practical value.

Brain tumors are highly invasive neurological diseases, and accurate early diagnosis is crucial for developing personalized treatment plans. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) based on deep learning techniques has achieved significant progress in medical image analysis, but limitations remain in terms of classification accuracy, computational efficiency, and interpretability. To address these issues, this study proposes an optimized EfficientNet model based on transfer learning and fine-tuning strategies. The model improves certain convolutional and fully connected layers and adds a global average pooling layer and a Dropout layer at the top of the network to enhance feature extraction capability and classification performance. Additionally, gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) is introduced to visualize the model's decision-making process, effectively highlighting key discriminative regions of brain tumors, thereby improving interpretability and clinical reliability. Experimental results on the Figshare dataset demonstrate that the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 99.35% on the test set while significantly reducing parameter count and computational complexity, outperforming baseline models including VGG16, ResNet152V2, and Vision Transformer across all major metrics. Furthermore, cross-dataset validation shows that the model attains an accuracy of 92.51%, further demonstrating its robust stability and generalization capability.

Aiming at the problems of small target size, fuzzy edges, and vulnerability to noise and background interference in defect areas of photovoltaic infrared images, an improved algorithm based on YOLOv11 was proposed. Firstly, a guided local-global spatial attention (GLGSA) module is designed to effectively integrate Local salient region information and Global context semantics to improve the discrimination of feature representation. Secondly, the GLGSA module was combined with the bidirectional feature fusion structure BiFPN to construct the GLGSA-BiFPN structure to improve the effect of multi-scale feature fusion. The P2 detection layer was added to enhance the detection ability of minimal targets. Finally, the NWD loss function is introduced to replace the original loss function to enhance the positioning accuracy of small targets. Experimental verification is carried out on the PV-HSD-2025 photovoltaic hot spot data set. The results show that the detection accuracy of the improved algorithm mAP₅₀ and mAP_50-95 is 9.1% and 5.6% higher than that of YOLOv11n. Effectively improve the accuracy of photovoltaic small target defect detection.

This paper proposes a set of high-precision visual measurement methods to address the challenges of perspective distortion, thickness corner offset, and continuous tracking of multiple workpieces in the dynamic environment of intelligent manufacturing. In the preprocessing stage, the collected images are converted into approximately orthographic projection views through camera calibration and perspective correction. To obtain accurate edge images, this paper proposes an edge detection algorithm based on multi-scale edge fusion. By applying guided filtering to the collected images at different scales and then using dynamic Canny edge detection, the complete contour of the workpiece is obtained. To address the corner offset caused by the thickness of the workpiece, this paper proposes a high-precision corner extraction algorithm based on thickness interference elimination. By fusing sub-pixel corners and fitted corners, precise corner positioning is achieved. In addition, an object tracking algorithm is designed to match and identify the centroids of the workpieces, enabling automatic size recognition and measurement of multiple workpieces in consecutive frames. Experimental results show that this method can measure the sizes of multiple workpieces in arbitrary poses, with a mean error of 0.599 mm and a standard deviation of 0.172 mm, meeting the measurement requirements in industrial production.

Addressing the key challenges of insulator fault detection in drone-based power inspection scenarios, such as high missed detection rate for small targets, significant interference from complex backgrounds, and insufficient real-time performance, this study proposes an improved YOLOv10n detection model based on multi-scale feature collaborative optimization. By constructing a lightweight adaptive feature extraction network and a hierarchical fusion mechanism of multi-scale semantic enhancement architecture, dynamic deformable grouped convolution and channel recalibration strategies are adopted in the shallow network to enhance the sensitivity to micro-defect features, while a multi-branch dilated convolution pyramid and cross-dimensional attention mechanism are established in the deep network to build cross-scale associations, achieving a collaborative optimization of detection accuracy and computational efficiency. A shape-sensitive InSh-IoU loss function is proposed, which dynamically adjusts the weight coefficient of the bounding box shape to reduce the positioning error of targets with abnormal aspect ratios, enabling more accurate localization of insulators. Verified by a self-built insulator fault dataset, this model maintains real-time detection speed while achieving an average detection accuracy (mAP@0.5) of 97.12%, an improvement of 2.82% over the baseline model.