Aiming at the problem of rapid repair of the debonding defect between the solid rocket motor insulation layer and the case in the battlefield environment, a comparative performance analysis of the bonding materials required for the rapid repair of the debonding between the nitrile rubber insulation layer and the steel case is carried out through experiments, and the adhesives suitable for the corresponding conditions and performance requirements are screened out. Firstly, combined with the requirements for the rapid repair of the debonding between the solid rocket motor insulation layer and the case, the curing conditions and performance indicators required for the adhesives used for rapid repair are analyzed. Further, mechanical property and ablation tests of 11 kinds of adhesives from three major categories, namely acrylate, epoxy resin, and silicone, are conducted. Finally, a grouting machine for rapid repair is designed and a fluidity test is carried out. The test results show that the X701-1 adhesive can meet the curing conditions and performance requirements for the rapid repair of the debonding between the nitrile rubber insulation layer and the steel case.