As the mining of mineral resources extends to depths, the importance of cemented backfill in maintaining stope stability and achieving green mining has become increasingly prominent. The cemented backfill is a multi-phase heterogeneous material. After the filling slurry is filled into the stope, the mechanical properties of the cemented backfill are affected by the coupling of multiple factors such as material composition, maintenance conditions, external loads, and seepage fields. It shows significant spatiotemporal evolution and nonlinear characteristics. Solving the quality problems of the cemented backfill induced by seepage has far-reaching theoretical value and engineering practical significance for ensuring safe, efficient, and green mining of mines. In recent years, fruitful results have been achieved in the mechanical evolution characteristics, failure characteristics and fluid-solid coupling response of cemented backfill at macro-fine-micro scales. First, the influencing factors and evolution rules of the strength of the cemented backfill are summarized from the aspects of cementitious material type, proportioning parameters, maintenance conditions, etc., and the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the cemented backfill are clarified. Second, the failure mode and crack propagation behavior of the cemented backfill under static and dynamic loads are summarized, and a comparative analysis is conducted with the failure theory of rock-like materials. Furthermore, the application results of multi-scale observation methods based on SEM, XRD, CT scanning, acoustic emission and other methods in revealing the intrinsic relationship between the microstructure evolution and macroscopic mechanical behavior of the cemented backfill are summarized; the mechanical response and damage evolution mechanism of the cemented backfill under the action of seepage-stress coupling are focused on, and the characteristics, limitations of indoor tests and numerical simulation methods are reviewed. Finally, in view of the problems in current research such as insufficient universality of constitutive models, unclear multi-scale mechanisms, and disconnected field applications, future development directions such as constructing a time-varying damage-seepage coupling model, developing a multi-scale collaborative observation and simulation platform, and promoting a closed-loop research system of "indoor experiments-numerical simulation-field monitoring" are proposed, in order to provide theoretical support and technical reference for performance improvement, stability evaluation, and engineering applications of the cemented backfill in deep complex environments.