Large-scale development of surface fractures exacerbates ecosystem degradation, damages engineering infrastructure, and poses constraints on regional ecological security and socio-economic development. To characterize the scale characteristics of fractures under high-intensity mining and establish an effective prevention and control system, this study took the 615 working face of Guanbanwusu Coal Mine as the research background. The overlying strata structure was divided under the guidance of the combined rock strata theory, and a fracture-rate-based quantitative characterization method was proposed for the fracture development process. Furthermore, quantitative relationships between the depth-thickness ratio and surface fracture scale parameters (maximum width, average penetration, and average advance distance) were revealed, and the corresponding collaborative control technology was proposed. The following beneficial findings were yielded. The overlying strata damage is divided vertically into four zones (according to the distribution of thick-hard strata and collapsed blocks) and horizontally into five zones (according to the extent of mining influence). Four combined rock strata structures of the overlying strata are determined, and stepwise breakage in overlying strata ultimately drives fractures to the surface. The intensified dilatancy of rock blocks near the goaf enhances the skewness and irregularity of the subsidence curve. The depth-thickness ratio shows a negative linear correlation with the maximum fracture width, and a negative exponential correlation with both the average penetration and advance distance. A decreasing depth-thickness ratio induces a transition in fracture type, from tensile and step-type dominance to collapse and step-type dominance. Based on these findings, the collaborative control technology of surface fractures was proposed. Key measures include optimization of mining sequences to mitigate surface subsidence, geophysical positioning combined with targeted remediation to enhance the stability of the overlying strata structural arch, and zone-specific treatment based on fracture classification and zoning. These measures conduce to facilitating the restoration of the regional ecological environment. This research provides significant insights for safeguarding regional ecological security and human settlements.