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In cold-region rock engineering, ice-filled fractures significantly weaken the mechanical properties of rock masses, which severely impacts the safety and stability of projects. To investigate the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of ice-filled fractured rock masses, uniaxial compression tests, acoustic emission monitoring, and discrete element numerical simulations were conducted in this study. On this basis, the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of ice-filled fractured sandstone were systematically examined, with a focus on how fracture thickness (5–30 mm) and dip angle (0°–90°) influenced rock mass strength, elastic modulus, energy evolution, and crack propagation. The results show that compressive strength, elastic modulus, and pre- and post-peak energy all decrease non-linearly with the increase in fracture thickness, among which the elastic modulus drops by 20%–34%. The fracture dip angle was found to dominate the classification of failure modes. Vertical fractures (90°) exhibit the highest strength (23.56 MPa) due to efficient stress transfer, while low-angle fractures (15°–30°) experience a 30%–45% reduction in strength due to interface shear effects. Three failure modes were identified: ice layer crushing (α≤15°), interface slip (15°–75°), and rock main fracture (α≥75°). A micro-parameter system for the ice-rock composite medium was developed based on the PFC discrete element model, achieving over 90% agreement between simulation results and experimental data. By considering the coupling effects of fracture thickness and dip angle, the D-P strength criterion was modified, and the theoretical values deviate from experimental data by less than ±5% These findings provide theoretical support for the stability evaluation and disaster prevention in cold-region rock engineering and lay the groundwork for studying ice-rock interaction mechanisms in complex freeze-thaw environments.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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