To investigate the effects of mixing alfalfa and rapeseed straw in different ratios on the nutritional and fermentation quality of silage， a study was conducted using alfalfa at the early flowering stage and mature rapeseed straw as raw materials. The materials were mixed in the following ratios：10∶0 （T1），8∶2 （T2），7∶3 （T3），6∶4 （T4），5∶5 （T5），4∶6 （T6），3∶7 （T7），2∶8 （T8），and 0∶10 （T9）. The silage bags were opened after 5，10，20，40， and 60 days of fermentation. Silage quality was comprehensively evaluated using sensory evaluation and the V-Score system， and its nutritional and fermentation characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that alfalfa alone （T1） exhibited poor fermentation， while the addition of rapeseed straw increased lactic acid content， and decreased pH and ammonia-nitrogen/total nitrogen （NH₃-N/TN）. Silage made from rapeseed straw alone （T9） had low nutritional value. As the proportion of alfalfa increased， the contents of crude protein and crude fat increased， while the neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） contents decreased. Prolonging the ensiling time led to decreasing trends in dry matter， crude protein， crude fat， NDF， and ADF contents across all treatments. Both sensory evaluation and V-Score indicated the highest scores at 40 day silage. At this time point， all treatments showed lower pH values. The optimal mixed silage effect was achieved with the alfalfa to rapeseed straw ratio of 6∶4 and the fermentation period of 40 day. These findings provide a theoretical basis for determining the best mixing ratio and fermentation duration for alfalfa and rapeseed straw silage.

To advance the application of near-infrared （NIR） spectroscopy in assessing the quality of mulberry （Morus alba L.） silage， a total of 105 silage samples were collected. Interval Partial Least Squares （iPLS） was employed to extract informative spectral intervals， and rapid NIR prediction models were subsequently developed using Partial Least Squares （PLS）. The results indicated that the models for crude protein， acid detergent fiber， neutral detergent fiber， and pH exhibited the best performance and were suitable for practical prediction （R²cv， R²p>0.8； RPDcv， RPDp>2.5）. Models for dry matter， lactic acid， and condensed tannins demonstrated moderate performance and were adequate for approximate estimation （2<RPDcv<2.5； 2<RPDp<2.5）. In contrast， the model for hydrolyzable tannins required further refinement （RPDp<2）. Collectively， these findings suggest that models constructed based on characteristic spectral intervals offer enhanced stability and predictive accuracy. This approach provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient production and utilization of mulberry silage， while also offering valuable insights for the development of NIR analytical instrumentation.

To elucidate the variation patterns of glomalin-related soil protein （GRSP） and their underlying drivers during the degradation and restoration of alpine meadows， this study quantified key soil physicochemical properties， soil organic carbon （SOC）， easily extractable GRSP （E-GRSP）， and total GRSP （T-GRSP） in both the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers. The relationships between these variables and potential driving factors were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. Results showed that in the 0-10 cm layer， SOC decreased significantly with grassland degradation （P<0.05）， and artificial restoration was more effective than natural regeneration in enhancing SOC levels. Both E-GRSP and T-GRSP in the 0-10 cm layer exhibited an initial decline followed by a subsequent increase during the processes of degradation and recovery （P<0.05）， whereas the ratios of E-GRSP/SOC and T-GRSP/SOC displayed an opposite trend. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a highly significant positive correlation （P<0.01） between T-GRSP， E-GRSP， and SOC across the 0-20 cm soil profile. Redundancy analysis indicated that SOC was the primary explanatory variable for variations in both GRSP content and GRSP/SOC ratios throughout the 0-20 cm soil depth. Collectively， these findings suggest that grassland restoration promotes the preservation of GRSP in alpine meadow soils， and increased GRSP content contributes to enhanced SOC accumulation， highlighting its crucial role in soil carbon sequestration and the stability of soil carbon pools. This study provides valuable insights into carbon sequestration mechanisms in grassland ecosystems， supports improvements in soil structure stability， facilitates soil quality assessment， and offers practical guidance for ecological restoration efforts.

To explore the effects of different intercropping patterns of silage corn （Zea mays L.） and sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor） / grain corn （Z. mays） on forage yield， quality， and interspecies relationships， and to identify the optimal intercropping configuration， this experiment used silage corn （S）， sweet sorghum （T）， and grain corn （M） as controls， setting up six intercropping patterns： S₄T₂ （4 rows of silage corn∶2 rows of sweet sorghum）； S₃T₃ （3 rows of silage corn∶3 rows of sweet sorghum）； S₂T₄ （2 rows of silage corn： 4 rows of sweet sorghum）； S₄M₂ （4 rows of silage corn∶2 rows of grain corn）； S₃M₃ （3 rows of silage corn∶3 rows of grain corn）； S₂M₄ （2 rows of silage corn∶4 rows of grain corn）. The results indicated that intercropping significantly affected the agronomic traits of the forage crops compared to sole cropping （P<0.05）. The fresh grass yield of the S₃T₃ treatment was the highest， reaching 107.8 t·hm^-2； the S₃M₃ treatment exhibited the highest yields of hay， crude protein yield， and crude protein content， measuring 36.3 t·hm^-2， 3.5 t·hm^-2， and 9.6%， respectively， an increase of 17.3%， 14.6%， and 58.2% compared to sole silage corn. Intercropping significantly improved the Land Equivalent Ratio （LER=1.1~1.4）， indicating a yield advantage in the system. Notably， S₂T₄， S₃T₃， S₂M₄， and S₃M₃ treatments demonstrated stronger aggressivity and competitive ratio （Aggressivity， A>0； Competitive ratio， CR>1） for silage corn. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the intercropping of 3 rows of silage corn with 3 rows of sweet sorghum （S₃T₃） was the optimal pattern for effectively enhancing crop yield and quality.

In order to explore the effects of moss crust on the growth of common grass and soil properties in alpine meadow， Elymus breviaristatus was used as a material. And the effects of moss inoculation on the growth and soil properties of E. breviaristatus were studied under indoor pot conditions with different moss inoculation rates （10 g·pot^-1， 15 g·pot^-1， 20 g·pot^-1 and no moss inoculation as a control）. The results showed that the inoculation of moss could promote the germination and growth of the plant. Under the condition of 10 g·pot^-1 inoculation， the germination rate， plant height， aboveground and underground biomass， and relative water content of plant were increased by 32.0%， 25.1%， 93.1%， 135.4% and 37.4%， respectively. The contents of soluble organic carbon， available nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil increased to different degrees after moss inoculation. The activities of urease， sucrase， α-1， 4-glucosidase， β-1， 4-glucosidase， cellobiohydrolase and β-1， 4-xylosidase in soil increased by 69.2%， 372.5%， 197.2%， 110.1%， 44.2% and 105.6%， respectively. The effect was particularly obvious under the treatment of 15 g·pot^-1 inoculation. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the growth index and soil properties， and moss inoculation affected the growth of the plant by changing soil properties. Therefore， in the restoration of degraded alpine meadow， it can be considered to inoculate an appropriate amount of moss to improve soil fertility and to promote vegetation recovery， which provides a theoretical basis for the near-natural restoration measures of alpine meadow using moss.

Dichondra （Dichondra repens） is a warm-season perennial ground cover plant belonging to the Convolvulaceae， which is widely utilized in landscaping， soil and water conservation， and orchard ground cover. Low-temperature stress is a main limiting factor restricting its promotion and utilization. In this study， we evaluated turf performance and cold adaptability of 12 dichondra genotypes， including nine wild materials which were collected from Southwest China， two nationally certified cultivars， and one widely-used introduced cultivar. The results found significant variations in leaf area， uniformity， leaf color， green period， canopy height， and establishment rate among the 12 genotypes. A comprehensive evaluation of turf performance by using the subordinate function values analysis indicated that the wild Dr5 exhibited superior characteristics including fast establishment， short canopy height， dark green leaf color， high uniformity， and the longest green period， demonstrating high lawnscape value. In contrast， wild Dr17 showed the poorest turf performance. Under consecutive two-year low-temperature stress， all genotypes showed significant declines in chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters （Fv/Fm and PI_ABS）， but electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content exhibited varying degrees of increase. Notably， Dr5 demonstrated the lowest semilethal temperature， lower EL and MDA content， and higher chlorophyll content， Fv/Fm， and PIABS. These findings indicated that Dr5 had significantly lower oxidative damage to cell membrane， enhanced membrane stability， and superior photosynthetic performance under cold stress. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of cold tolerance using the subordinate function values analysis over two years， cold tolerance of 12 genotypes was ranked in descending order as follows： Dr5>Dr21>Dr1>Dr32>Dr2>Dr33>Dr30>Dr3>Dr4>Dr15>Dr11>Dr17. Dr5 exhibited the strongest cold resistance， and Dr17 had the weakest cold tolerance. Given its excellent turf quality and exceptional cold tolerance， Dr5 could be used as a superior germplasm for landscaping and a key candidate for breeding cold-tolerant dichondra cultivars. These findings also lay a foundation for further research into the low-temperature adaptation mechanism of different dichondra genotypes.

Drought and phosphorus deficiency are key factors limiting oat （Avena sativa） production in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to elucidate the effects of water and phosphorus stress on oat growth， identify the primary limiting factors， and screen for key indicators of oats’ synergistic adaptation to water and phosphorus constraints. This study utilized 14 oat cultivars in pot experiments， with treatments including a control （CK）， low phosphorus stress （-P）， drought stress （-W）， and combined drought and low phosphorus stress （-W-P）. Additionally， this experiment measured 18 indicators， including agronomic traits， biomass， and phosphorus accumulation， among others. Results indicated that stress treatment significantly suppressed oat aboveground biomass and biomass of individual aboveground organs， spikelet number， grain per spike， and phosphorus accumulation at the 0.05 level. Moreover， the degree of inhibition is greater under combined stress than under single stress. Different indicators exhibited varying degrees of susceptibility to each factor， with water availability being the primary growth-limiting factor. Methods such as grey relational analysis and principal component analysis jointly identified grain biomass， aboveground biomass， spikelet number， grain per spike， belowground biomass， flag leaf area， and phosphorus accumulation in plants and grains as key indicators reflecting oats' tolerance to water and phosphorus stress. The findings of this study provide theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for the breeding and evaluation of drought-tolerant and low-phosphorus-tolerant oat cultivars on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The identification and characterization of phenotypic traits are the foundation for understanding crop germplasm resources for breeding new cultivars. The sorghum germplasm from Central Asia demonstrated unique genotypes. It is of great significance to fully understand these materials for sorghum breeding in China. This study focused on 44 sorghum germplasm resources introduced from Central Asia. Precise characterization of phenotypic traits was systematically conducted， combined with multivariate statistical methods （including correlation analysis， cluster analysis， and principal component analysis） for systematic evaluation. Data analysis revealed that the tested accessions exhibited high heterogeneity at the phenotypic level， possessed diverse genetic backgrounds， and demonstrated complex interrelationships among traits. Cluster analysis grouped the 44 sorghum accessions into five clusters. Based on different breeding objectives， suitable germplasm resources can be selected. Principal component analysis （PCA） and comprehensive evaluation were performed on the sorghum resources. Based on F-values， the top 10 accessions with the best overall performance were identified. Among them， 7 germplasm materials belonged to Cluster II， and their phenotypic characteristics were significantly superior to that of the other clusters （e.g.， with mean plant height reaching 286.33 cm and panicle weight at 102.50 g）. They showed particularly outstanding performance in stalk lodging resistance and grain yield potential， making them valuable core parental materials for germplasm innovation and the development of hybrid combinations. This study analyzed the phenotypic diversity of sorghum germplasm resources and classified them based on similar phenotypes. This study provides a theoretical foundation for sorghum cultivation in semi-arid and arid regions， and also lays a foundation for the efficient utilization of sorghum germplasm resources and the development of new varieties.

To investigate the response mechanism of terpenoid root exudates to salt stress in halophytes， Elytrigia elongata was used as a model species. Gradients of NaCl solutions were applied to soil to simulate control， light， moderate， and severe salt stress conditions. A non-targeted metabolomics approach was employed to identify the profiles and relative abundances of terpenoid compounds in root exudates， and correlations between terpenoid abundance， root morphological traits， and rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that compared with the control， the relative abundance of sesquiterpenes， monoterpenes， diterpenes and other terpenoids in root exudates significantly decreased by 8.61%-16.41% under light， moderate and severe salt stress treatments. Triterpenoids and triterpene saponins significantly decreased by 24.54% and 12.43% respectively only under light salt stress. Soil pH emerged as the primary factor influencing terpenoid exudation in Elytrigia elongata. As soil salinity increased， pH decreased， thereby suppressing the secretion of sesquiterpenoids， monoterpenoids， diterpenoids， and other terpenoid classes. These findings provide critical insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to saline environments.

To explore the allelopathic mechanism of Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss， a degradation indicator species of mountain meadows in northwest Yunnan， in this study we analyzed its effects on soil phosphorus transformation and related indicators by adding different concentrations of 4-Nitrophenol （4-NP） and 2-Phenethylamine （2-PEA） to the soil. The results showed that both allelochemicals significantly increased soil microbial biomass phosphorus， aluminum-bound phosphorus， calcium-bound phosphorus， and moderately reactive organic phosphorus content， decreased pH and iron-bound phosphorus， occluded phosphorus， moderately stable and highly stable organic phosphorus content （P<0.05）， and promoted the proliferation of bacteria and actinomycetes. 4-NP significantly enhanced phytase activity and reduced acid phosphatase activity. 2-PEA significantly increased acid phosphatase， phytase， and phosphodiesterase activities， while reduced alkaline phosphatase activity （P<0.05）. In summary， the addition of 4-NP and 2-PEA directly affects soil physicochemical properties， changes the content of organic and inorganic phosphorus components， indirectly achieves the accumulation of soil nutrients in its rhizosphere environment， and promotes its further expansion.