Latest ArticlesBenzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been added in wheat flour because of its bleaching effect. However, the abnormal used BPO has caused increasing concern due to its strong oxidization capability which may have adverse effects on living organisms. Herein, we present a carbon dot (CD)-based fluorescent and colorimetric probe for visually, sensitively and selectively sensing BPO. The addition of BPO could quench the red fluorescence of CDs peaked at 622 and 677 nm, and decrease the absorbance at 613 nm, while increase the absorbance at 450 nm, resulting in a fluorescence turn-off and colorimetric spectral response. Moreover, the CDs had short response time of 10 min and high sensitivity towards BPO with a low limit of detection of 28 nmol/L. The applicability of the CDs in detecting BPO in wheat, noodle and starch samples was further demonstrated, and good recovery results were obtained.
Imaging dynamics of membrane proteins of live cells in a wash-free and real-time manner has been a challenging task. Herein, we report unprecedented applications of malachite green (MG), an organic dye widely used in pigment industry, as a switchable fluorophore to monitor membrane enzymes or non-catalytic proteins in live cells. Conformationally flexible MG is non-fluorescent in aqueous solution, yet covalent binding with endogenous proteins of cells significantly enhances its fluorescence at 670 nm by restricting flexibility of dye. Integrating a phosphate-caged quinone methide precursor with MG yielded a covalent labeling fluorogenic probe, allowing real-time imaging of membrane alkaline phosphatase (ALP, a model catalytic protein) activity in live cells with over 100-fold enhancement of fluorescence intensity. Moreover, MG is also applicable to image non-catalytic protein by conjugation with protein-specific ligand. A fluorogenic probe consisted of c-RGDfK peptide and MG proved to be compatible with wash-free and real-time visualization of non-catalytic integrin αvβ3 in live cells with high contrast.
Three novel series of α-aminoamides derivatives were designed and synthesized based on ralfinamide, and their Nav1.7 inhibitory activities were evaluated using manual patch clamp electrophysiology. Active compounds inhibited Nav1.7 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 2.9 µmol/L to 21.4 µmol/L. Among them, the most potent compound 19h exhibited about 12-fold potency better than ralfinamide. The investigation of their structure-activity relationship gives a strategy to improve the Nav1.7 inhibition of ralfinamide analogues. Compound 19h was efficacious in antinociception in the mouse spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain without causing sedation in the open field test.
We comment the recent paper which reported a series of TPA derivatives to show acid-induced tunable white light emission.
Photothermal therapy (PTT), typically ablates tumors via hyperthermia generated from photothermal agents (PTAs) under laser irradiation, has attracted great attentions in the past decades. Unfortunately, longstanding, frequent and high-power density laser irradiations are needed to maintain the hyperthermal status (> 50 ℃) for efficient therapy, which will damage the skin and nearby healthy tissues. Suppressing cancer cells with a mild temperature elevation is more attractive and feasible for PTT. Recently, low-temperature photothermal therapy (LTPTT), which could inhibit tumor under mild hyperthermia, has been widely investigated by researchers. Herein, we systematically summarized the strategies to achieve LTPTT. Diverse PTAs including organic and inorganic materials reported for LTPTT were introduced. The established strategies for LTPTT were intensively described. Finally, the challenges as well as future perspectives in this field were discussed.
Biological drugs are attracting tremendous attention in disease treatment. However, their application is significantly limited by their inherent properties, such as high hydrophilicity, poor membrane-permeability, low stability, and larger size. Liposome-based drug delivery systems are emerging as promising tools to improve their delivery, owing to their ability to reduce toxicity, improve bioavailability, and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drug by optimizing delivery to the specific target site. Here, we reviewed the types of liposomes and their applications as carriers for biological drugs to treat various diseases, emphasized the commercial products, and ultimately provided perspectives in this field.
Macrophage is the key innate immune effector in first-line defense against the pathogens, and can be polarized into different phenotypes to regulate a variety of immunological functions. However, the plasticity of macrophage is extraordinarily recruited, activated, and polarized under pathological conditions, playing paramount roles in occurrence, development, and prognosis of various chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), atherosclerosis (AS), and cancer. To this end, macrophage has become an important therapeutic target for etiological treatment of these diseases. Meanwhile, with the development of nanotechnology, various nano-drug delivery systems have been explored to target macrophages for disease modulation, displaying unique advantages to address both pharmaceutic and biopharmaceutic limitations of various drugs. This review aims to summarize the recent progress of macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for chronic diseases immunotherapy. First, the origin, polarization and biological functions of macrophages have been introduced, in which macrophages can differentiate into different phenotypes in response to physiological stimuli to play various immunological roles. Then, the macrophage disorder has been reviewed in related with various chronic diseases, and several representative diseases, including AS, RA, obesity, and cancer, have been discussed in detail to elucidate the pathological contributions of macrophages for disease progress. Next, strategies to regulate macrophages for diseases immunotherapy, such as macrophages depletion, macrophage reprograming, inhibition of macrophage recruitment, are summarized, and particular attention has been paid on bio-functional nanomaterials to engineer macrophages via different mechanisms. Further, methods for macrophage-targeting delivery nanosystems are discussed based on both passive and active targeting approaches. Finally, the perspective is speculated for potential clinical translation, and there still has significant room for the development of novel macrophage-targeting nanomedicine for precise, effective, and biosafe therapy.
Carbon dots (CDs), novel luminescent zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, have been widely applied due to their low toxicity, optimal optical properties, and easy modification. However, the current controllable equipment and mechanism explanation of CDs are relatively vague and require urgent resolution. Full-color emission CDs, an essential CDs category, have attracted people's attention given their light and color-tunable properties. In addition to a wider range of biological and optoelectronic device applications, full-color emission CDs have similar structures and significantly affected the fluorescence mechanism of CDs. At present, few studies have reported on the summary research of CDs emitted by its full color, which greatly limits the development of CDs mechanisms and applications. As such, the present review detailed the full-color CDs development status, to which a suitable method for preparing full-color CDs was presented and the existing fluorescence emission mechanism of full-color CDs was summarized. Herein, we comprehensively introduced full-color CDs applications in biology and optoelectronics. Finally, we made an outlook on the development and potential applications of full-color CDs. The present review aims to contribute novel insights and methods for understanding full-color CDs.
In this review, the methodologies for fluorine incorporation of 40 fluorine-containing agrochemicals that received an international standardization organization (ISO) name during the last decade are described. The predominant approach for fluorine introduction of these agrochemicals is to use a fluorine-containing building block. Here we present how the fluorine-containing building blocks are introduced into these agrochemicals. The synthetic methods of fluorine-containing building blocks that are not easily available are also specifically discussed. Fluoroarenes, difluomethylarenes and trifluomethylarenes are the main building blocks that have been used in this review. Fluorine-containing small molecules, such as alcohol, amine, ketoester, olefin are also widely used. The only example of late-stage fluorination is the synthesis of fungicide quinofumelin. We believe the fluorine introduction methods described here can provide ideas for the development of new and economical pesticide synthetic routes, and stimulate researchers to develop new fluorine incorporation methods and create new pesticides.
In the field of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) of wastewater, many materials can be used as heterogeneous catalysts. The role of these catalysts is to activate oxidants and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to decompose refractory pollutants. Perovskite oxide, an emerging catalyst in the field of AOPs, has been extensively studied in wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, the application of perovskite in AOP systems still faces some problems, such as leaching of metal ions, a small surface area, a low number of active sites, etc. Herein, this critical review comparatively examines the activation mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxydisulfate. Furthermore, the formation pathways of oxidizing species based on recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies were evaluated. In addition, the impacts of water parameters and constituents such as initial pH, oxidant concentration, catalyst dosage, natural organic matter, halide, phosphate, and carbonate were discussed. Finally, a critical discussion and prospects of mechanism exploration and possible materials development are proposed to confront the existing challenges in the application of perovskite oxides in AOPs.
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