Latest ArticlesCardiac toxicity is one of the most common side effects of anticancer drugs. Cardiac toxicity results dysfunction of heart including hypotension, heart failure, and even cause death in extreme cases. The potential risk of cardiotoxicity is a huge concern in chemotherapeutics mediated cancer treatment. The individual with any pre-existing cardiac issues are excluded from clinical trials due to the potential risk of cardiotoxicity. Because of the potential cardiotoxicity, there is an emerging need for alternatives of some very potent anticancer drugs (doxorubicin/DOX, 5-fluorouracil/5FU, trastuzumab). While a patient is being treated with anticancer drugs, early blood screening, biomarker detection, and careful monitoring of cardiac functions are necessary to be able to avoid any irreversible cardiac damage. Therefore, early detection methodology to monitor cardiotoxicity in real-time, and a drug formulation that prevent interaction between drug and cardiac cell, seemingly have potential to mitigate the risk. In this review, we have summarized the cardiotoxicity of the most used anticancer drugs, their pathophysiology and some of the conventional and newer screening methods available to manage an individual patient in clinic. We have also incorporated our perspective on how a rationale designing of biomolecules can be used to overcome the cardiotoxicity generated chemotherapeutics.
Malignant tumors, with the characteristics of easy metastasis and recurrence, are a serious threat to health of mankind. It is urgent to develop promising clinical cancer targeted agents with combination of rapid diagnosis and efficient therapies. Compared with the conventional photosensitizing agents, the recent advances of nanoagents based on transition metal-oxide clusters possess unique structural and electronic properties, greatly improving cancer survival rate, meanwhile, keeping high contrast imaging. This review provides a brief introduction of metal-oxide clusters, including both nanoclusters to molecular clusters, specifically polyoxometalates (POMs). Subsequently, biocompatibility of metal-oxide clusters is emphasized from aspects of endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis. Through the classification of late and early transition metals oxide clusters, recent outcomes of light-guided nanoagents are represented with their intriguing chemical and optical properties in their diagnosing and photochemotherapy performance. It shed light on the summary of next generation multifunctional cancer targeting agents' developments as well as outlook of materials selection trends and research direction in the future.
In the field of cell studies, there is a burgeoning trend to further downscale the investigation from a single-cell level to a sub-single-cell level. Subcellular matter is the basic content in cells and correlates with cell heterogeneity. Sub-single cellular studies focus on the subcellular matter in single cells and aim to understand the details and heterogeneity of individual cells in terms of the subcellular matter or even at the single component/vesicle/molecule level. Hence, sub-single cellular studies can provide deeper insights into fundamental cell biology and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies and applications. Nonetheless, the contents of a single cell are not only ultra-small in volume but also extremely complex in composition, far exceeding the capabilities of most tools used in current cell studies. We believe that nanofluidics holds great potential in providing ideal tools for sub-single cellular studies, not only because of their capability to handle femtoliter/attoliter-scale samples, but also because of their possibility to manipulate and analyze subcellular matters at the single component/vesicle/molecule level in a high-throughput manner. In this review, we summarize the efforts in the field of nanofluidics for sub-single cellular studies, focusing on nascent progress and critical technologies that have the potential to overcome the technical bottlenecks. Some challenges and future opportunities to integrate with information sciences are also discussed.
Due to the frequent occurrence of oil spills and the large-scale production of oily wastewater, the treatment of oily sewage has become an important issue for sustainable development. Recently, materials prepared from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) for oil-water separation have been found to be effective due to their high separation efficiency, good recyclability, and superior sustainability. However, few reviews have focused on the advantages and limitations of LCB for sewage treatment. This review summarizes the performance of modified LCB in oily wastewater treatment, in terms of the advanced modification methods applied and the structural dimensions of LCB materials according to the principle of superwetting oil-water separation. Research on the preparation technologies, separation mechanisms, and treatment efficiency of different LCB materials are briefly summarized, along with the characteristics of different LCB material types for oily wastewater treatment. Finally, the future prospects and challenges faced in the development of LCB materials are discussed.
Pathogenic bacteria pose a global threat to public health and attract considerable attention in terms of food safety. Rapid and highly sensitive strategies for detecting pathogenic bacteria must be urgently developed to ensure food safety and public health. Microchips offer significant advantages for pathogenic bacterial detection in terms of speed and sensitivity compared with those of traditional techniques. Microfluidic devices, in particular, have attracted significant attention for the detection of pathogenic bacteria owing to their ease of operation, high throughput, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity. This review summarizes representative articles on the analysis of pathogenic bacteria using microchip-based systems. A detailed and comprehensive overview of microchip-based techniques for the detection of pathogenic bacteria is presented herein, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed to compare their applications. The accomplishments and shortcomings of these microchips have been highlighted, and the direction of development and prospects of the analysis of pathogenic bacteria have been examined. The content of this review is anticipated to provide constructive suggestions for further development of highly effective and advanced microchip-based strategies for detecting pathogenic bacteria.
Inspired by the biosystems, the artificial smart membrane to control the mass transport and molecular conversion has attracted increasing attention in the fields of membrane separation, desalination, nanofiltration, healthcare and environmental remediation. However, the trade-off limitations in polymeric membranes greatly hinder the development of smart membranes with high permeability and manipulability. Recently, inspired by the unique physical/chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, 2D materials-based smart membranes (2DSMs) with the ability of intelligent regulation under different stimuli are highly suitable for membrane applications. According to the desired properties, the 2DSMs with abundant functional groups can be designed through chemical modification to change the original properties and obtain tunable interlayer spacings under different external conditions. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on artificial smart membranes based on 2D materials. The design concept and fabrication strategy of 2DSMs are first introduced. Following that, the developed 2DSMs are introduced and classified by the type of responsive stimuli, including pH, magnetic field, electric field, light and temperature. Then, the 2DSMs exhibiting unique performances as membrane separation, pressure sensors, blue energy harvesting, photoelectrochemical sensors and biomimetic devices are presented. Finally, the perspectives and challenges in the developments of 2DSMs are discussed
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is pivotal to drive green hydrogen generation from water electrolysis, but yet is strictly overshadowed by the sluggish reaction kinetics. Earth-abundant and cut-price transition-metal compounds, particularly CoFe layered-double-hydroxides (LDHs), show the distinct superiorities in contrast to noble metals and their derivatives. In this review, we firstly underline their fundamental issues in electrocatalytic water oxidation, including CoFe LDHs crystal structure, the surface of (hydr)oxides confined to OER and the controversial roles of Fe species, aiming at understanding the structure-related activity and catalytic mechanism. Advanced approaches for optimizing OER activity of CoFe LDHs are then comprehensively overviewed, which will shed light on the different working mechanisms and provide a concise analysis of their unique advantages. Finally, a perspective on the future development of CoFe LDHs electrocatalysts is offered. We hope this review can give a concise and explicit guidance for the development of transition-metal-based electrocatalysts in the energy field.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been attracting growing concerns since the first report in 2005. With the well-defined and ordered structures, COFs express big potential in mass transport, storage/separation and energy conversion applications. From the perspective of both theory and application, the construction of crystalline COFs with high quality and variety is highly worth to be devoted to. To give insight into the crystalline process of COFs and deeply understand the factors of COFs crystallization, this review was concentrated on the recent progress in construction of crystalline COFs. Accordingly, the types and crystallization process of COFs were summarized firstly. And then the factors on crystallinity and the measures for improving the crystallinity of COFs were classified and discussed in detail. Finally, the perspectives for the development of COFs in further was given at the end of this review.
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic framework nanosheets (CONs) are attracting increasing research attention because of their unique properties derived from their ultrathin thickness, high surface-to-volume atomic ratio, and extremely large surface area. 2D CONs can provide high transport pathways for charge carriers (e.g., electrons, holes and ions) through either the conjugated skeletons or the open channels. Therefore, they have shown great potential in energy related applications. In this review, we firstly introduce the recent developments and characteristics of 2D CONs by focusing on the two typical synthetic methods, i.e., top-down and bottom-up methods. Then, the energy-related applications in energy storage and conversion of 2D CONs are summarized. Finally, we give our personal views on the challenges and perspectives for the future research of 2D CONs and their composites.
Metabolites can directly reflect and modulate cell responses and phenotypical changes by influencing energy balances, intercellular signals, and many other cellular functions throughout the lifespan of cells. Taking into account the heterogeneity of cells, single-cell metabolite analysis offers an insight into the functional process within one cell. Microfluidics as a powerful tool has attracted significant interest in the single-cell metabolite analysis field. The microfluidic platform is possible to observe, classify, and stimulate individual cells. It can also transport single-cell to subsequent analysis steps in a fast and controllable way to determine and analyze the composition and content of metabolites. The reviews of topics in microfluidics for single-cell metabolite analysis have been published in the past few years. However, most of them focused on metabolite analysis with mass spectrometry. Here, we covered the advances of microfluidic devices for single-cell metabolite analysis, with a focus on single-cell isolation and manipulation. What is more, we summarized the detection methods and applications of single-cell metabolites.
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