Latest ArticlesTo lower the operation temperature and increase the durability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), increasing attentions have been paid on developing cathode materials with good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity at intermediate-temperature (IT, 500–750 ℃) range. However, most cathode materials exhibit poor catalytic activity, or they thermally mismatch with SOFC electrolytes and undergo severe degeneration. Infiltrating catalysts on existing backbone materials has been proved to be an efficient method to construct highly active and durable cathodes. In this mini-review, the advantages of infiltration-based cathode compared with new material-based cathodes are summarized. The merits and drawbacks of different backbones are illustrated. Different types of catalysts for infiltration are depicted in detail. Suggestions on the material/structure optimization of the infiltrated cathodes of IT-SOFC are provided.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials capable of efficient solution-processed non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are of important and practical significance for further development of OLEDs. In this work, a new electron-donating segment, 2,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (2Cz-DMAC), was designed to develop solution-processable non-doped TADF emitters. 2Cz-DMAC can not only simultaneously increase the solubility of compounds and suppress harmful aggregation-caused quenching, but also efficiently broaden the delocalization of the highest occupied molecular orbital and promote the reverse intersystem crossing process. Three new TADF emitters, 2-(2,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)dibenzo[b, d]thiophene 5,5-dioxide (2Cz-DMAC-BTB), 2-(2,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (2Cz-DMAC-TXO), 2-(2,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)thianthrene 5,5,10,10-tetraoxide (2Cz-DMAC-TTR), were developed by using 2Cz-DMAC segment as the electron-donor. As anticipated, the solution-processed non-doped OLEDs employing 2Cz-DMAC-BTB, 2Cz-DMAC-TXO and 2Cz-DMAC-TTR as the emitters respectively exhibited green, orange and red emissions with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 14.0%, 6.6% and 2.9%. These results successfully demonstrate the feasibility and convenience of developing efficient solution-processable non-doped TADF emitters based on 2Cz-DMAC segment.
The self-assembly characteristics of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives molecules 1–3 at the 1-phenyloctane/HOPG (HOPG = highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) interface had been carefully studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) method. The number of F atoms on the phenyl group had significantly affected the self-assembly structures. High-resolution STM images make clear the different assembly structures between the molecules 1–3, which attribute to the different F atom numbers and pyridine group in the molecule. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to reveal the formation mechanism.
Biological drugs are attracting tremendous attention in disease treatment. However, their application is significantly limited by their inherent properties, such as high hydrophilicity, poor membrane-permeability, low stability, and larger size. Liposome-based drug delivery systems are emerging as promising tools to improve their delivery, owing to their ability to reduce toxicity, improve bioavailability, and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drug by optimizing delivery to the specific target site. Here, we reviewed the types of liposomes and their applications as carriers for biological drugs to treat various diseases, emphasized the commercial products, and ultimately provided perspectives in this field.
Photothermal therapy (PTT), typically ablates tumors via hyperthermia generated from photothermal agents (PTAs) under laser irradiation, has attracted great attentions in the past decades. Unfortunately, longstanding, frequent and high-power density laser irradiations are needed to maintain the hyperthermal status (> 50 ℃) for efficient therapy, which will damage the skin and nearby healthy tissues. Suppressing cancer cells with a mild temperature elevation is more attractive and feasible for PTT. Recently, low-temperature photothermal therapy (LTPTT), which could inhibit tumor under mild hyperthermia, has been widely investigated by researchers. Herein, we systematically summarized the strategies to achieve LTPTT. Diverse PTAs including organic and inorganic materials reported for LTPTT were introduced. The established strategies for LTPTT were intensively described. Finally, the challenges as well as future perspectives in this field were discussed.
Carbon dots (CDs), novel luminescent zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, have been widely applied due to their low toxicity, optimal optical properties, and easy modification. However, the current controllable equipment and mechanism explanation of CDs are relatively vague and require urgent resolution. Full-color emission CDs, an essential CDs category, have attracted people's attention given their light and color-tunable properties. In addition to a wider range of biological and optoelectronic device applications, full-color emission CDs have similar structures and significantly affected the fluorescence mechanism of CDs. At present, few studies have reported on the summary research of CDs emitted by its full color, which greatly limits the development of CDs mechanisms and applications. As such, the present review detailed the full-color CDs development status, to which a suitable method for preparing full-color CDs was presented and the existing fluorescence emission mechanism of full-color CDs was summarized. Herein, we comprehensively introduced full-color CDs applications in biology and optoelectronics. Finally, we made an outlook on the development and potential applications of full-color CDs. The present review aims to contribute novel insights and methods for understanding full-color CDs.
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) are effective and environmentally friendly for the treatment of refractory organic pollutants. Among EAOPs, heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) process with in-situ formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an eco-friendly, cost-effective and easy-operable technology to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) with high redox potential. The generation of ·OH is determined by the synergistic H2O2 formation and activation. The surface catalytic mechanisms for H2O2 activation in the heterogeneous EF process were discussed. Some required features such as heteroatom doping and oxygen groups for H2O2 formation via selective two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with carbonaceous electrode are summarized. The solid Fenton catalysts and integrated functional cathodes that widely used in heterogeneous EF for wastewater treatment are grouped into few classes. And the brief discussion on catalytic activity and stability of materials over different experimental conditions are given. In addition, the application of heterogeneous EF process on the remediation of emerging contaminants is provided. The challenges and future prospects of the heterogeneous EF processes about catalytic fall-off and multi-step/complex techniques for water purification are emphasized.
In this review, the methodologies for fluorine incorporation of 40 fluorine-containing agrochemicals that received an international standardization organization (ISO) name during the last decade are described. The predominant approach for fluorine introduction of these agrochemicals is to use a fluorine-containing building block. Here we present how the fluorine-containing building blocks are introduced into these agrochemicals. The synthetic methods of fluorine-containing building blocks that are not easily available are also specifically discussed. Fluoroarenes, difluomethylarenes and trifluomethylarenes are the main building blocks that have been used in this review. Fluorine-containing small molecules, such as alcohol, amine, ketoester, olefin are also widely used. The only example of late-stage fluorination is the synthesis of fungicide quinofumelin. We believe the fluorine introduction methods described here can provide ideas for the development of new and economical pesticide synthetic routes, and stimulate researchers to develop new fluorine incorporation methods and create new pesticides.
Transition metal oxides (TMO) bring a novel direction for the development of energy store materials due to their excellent stability. They not only have high capacity and good cycle performance, but also are cheap and easily available. Zinc oxide (ZnO) as an important part of TMO have gradually attracted attention in the research of electrochemistry. ZnO, as a metal semiconductor with the advantages of wide band gap, possesses high ion migration rate, good chemical stability, simple preparation and low cost, and is widely used in various fields. However, poor conductivity, low permittivity and quick capacity decays quickly impede the commercial application of these electrodes. In recent years, in order to improve the structural stability, ion diffusion and conductivity of zinc oxides-based anodes, various strategies have been raised, such as structural design, surface modification and composition control. In this paper, the recent advances of zinc oxides-based materials for batteries and hybrid supercapacitors (SCs) were introduced. We comprehensively reviewed the prepared process, reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance and discussed the shortcoming of zinc oxides-based nanomaterials. In particular, several insights toward the future research development, practical applications and commercialization of energy storage devices are also proposed for improving the performance of zinc oxides-based materials.
Conversion of methane into liquid alcohol such as ethanol at low temperature in a straight, selective and low energy consumption process remains a topic of intense scientific research but a great challenge. In this work, CuFe2O4/CNT composite is successfully synthesized via a facile co-reduction method and used as catalysts to selectively oxidize methane. At a low temperature of 150 ℃, methane is directly converted to ethanol in a single process on the as-prepared CuFe2O4/CNT composite with high selectivity. A mechanism is also proposed for the significant methane selective oxidation performance of the CuFe2O4/CNT composite catalysts.
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