Latest ArticlesA hydrogen bond-assisted α-selective glycosylation reaction by using 4, 6-dibenzyloxy-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl (DBT) β-glycosyl donors was developed for the efficient construction of 1, 2-cis-α-glycosidic bond in natural products. This method was applied successfully to the direct synthesis of complex oligosaccharide-derived glycolipids with simple protecting chemistry. Mechanistic studies using the NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculation provide a proof of concept for hydrogen bond-assisted glycosylation reaction towards α-specific construction of O-glycosidic linkage.
Organic electrosynthesis as an emerging green and advantageous alternative to traditional synthetic methods has achieved remarkable progress in recent years because sustainable electricity can be employed as traceless redox agents. To surmount the over-oxidation/reduction issues of direct electrolysis, mediated or indirect electrochemical processes are attaining remarkable significance and promoting the selectivity of products. Molecular electrocatalysts, benefiting from the easily electronic and steric modulation, suffers from readily degradation issue in most cases. Remarkably, heterogeneous catalysts have drawn more attention due to their high activity, stability, and recyclability. Hence, in this review, the most recent growth of heterogeneous catalysts modified electrodes for organic electrosynthesis were summarized, highlighting structural optimization and electrochemical performance of these materials as well as reaction mechanism. Furthermore, key challenges and future directions in this area were also discussed.
A label-free lactic acid sensor has been successfully developed by using a Dysprosium single crystal-based photoelectric potential technique via Dy-SCN/FTO electrode. Interestingly, the proposed sensor demonstrated excellent performance for L-lactic acid analysis with a wide linear range of 0.0196~16.31 mmol/L, the detection limit of as low as 3.20 µmol/L as well as an advisable stability. The feasibility of this strategy was also verified by practical application towards human sweat samples. The mechanism studies indicated that lactic acid molecules specifically bind to the surface of semiconductor materials, which alters the charge distribution of the electrode surface and subsequently results in band bending/photoelectric potential changes. The theoretical formula for this photoelectric chemistry (PEC) strategy was then derived according to charge balance theory. We believe that the proposed Dy-SCN/FTO sensor would open a new way for rapid, non-invasive L-lactic acid level evaluation during human physical condition monitoring.
In this paper, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7])-mediated three-dimensional gold nanoassemblies were successfully prepared to increase the loaded amount of CB[7] and enhance the electrochemical detection of amino acids. Particle sizes of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) significantly affect stability and detection sensitivity of nanoassemblies. The volume of gold nanoassemblies first increased and then decreased with the increase of CB[7] concentration. The 3D gold nanoassemblies composed of 16 nm AuNPs and 100 µmol/L CB[7] had excellent stability and maximum volume, exhibiting more sensitive detection for a variety of amino acids. And the detection limits of aromatic amino acids are lower in virtue of the higher binding constant between aromatic amino acids and CB[7]. This study will develop and deepen our understanding of molecular recognition in amino acids detection.
Chalcogenative sulfones (thiosulfonates and selenosulfonates), as reactants for organic transformations, are widely used and interesting because of their potential to react with nucleophiles, electrophiles, and free radicals. As stable radical reagents, the synthesis and applications of chalcogenative sulfones have opened up a novel pathway to synthesize many kinds of compounds containing sulfur or selenium motifs. However, despite the numerous recent works on the synthesis and applications of thiosulfonates and selenosulfonates as radical reagents, no review has yet provided a summary of the literature. In this paper, we aim to review the synthesis and applications strategies of chalcogenative sulfones as radical reagents reported over the past several decades. Different types of catalysis are discussed in this review: (ⅰ) metal catalysis; (ⅱ) visible-light catalysis; (ⅲ) synergistic catalysis; and (ⅲⅰ) other types. Concurrently, in visible-light catalysis and metallaphotoredox catalysis sections, we highlight that developing relatively environmentally friendly synthetic methods in this area is always a great challenge, but also a persistent pursuit. Finally, the scopes, limitations, mechanisms, and existing problems of some reactions are described briefly.
The conversion of propargylic alcohols and carbon dioxide (CO2) into fine chemicals suffers from issues of harsh reaction conditions and difficult catalyst recovery. To achieve efficient CO2 activation at low energy consumption, a silver-anchored porous aromatic framework catalyst Ag@PAF-DAB with high active phase density and CO2 adsorption capacity was proposed. Since Ag@PAF-DAB has the dual functions of CO2 capture and conversion, propargylic alcohols were completely converted into α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate or α‑hydroxy ketone as high value-added product under atmospheric pressure (CO2, 0.1 MPa) and low silver equivalent (0.5 mol%). Notably, Ag@PAF-DAB exhibited broad substrate diversity, high stability, and excellent reusability. By applying FTIR and GC, the key to green synthetic route of α‑hydroxy ketone was confirmed to lie in the further hydration of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate.
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most commonly used non-invasive clinical imaging modalities to predict, diagnose and treat the disease. Iodinated contrast media (ICM) is a form of intravenous radiocontrast agent containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of hollow tissue structures in medical CT imaging. ICM may cause allergic reactions, contrast-induced nephropathy, hyperthyroidism and possibly metformin accumulation. It is significant to find out the risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of adverse reactions caused by ICM. Revealing the changes of the lipid droplets (LDs) viscosity in pathophysiological processes such as cancer and iodined contrast media induced adverse reaction is not only important for monitoring the occurrence and development of some pathophysiological processes but also vital for the deep insight of the biological effects of LDs in these pathophysiological processes. A lipid droplets targeted fluorescent probe DN-1 was devised to sense cellular viscosity alteration with high selectivity and sensitivity, which was applied to distinguish cancer cells and normal cells and reveal viscosity changes during iodined CT contrast media treatment.
A highly efficient asymmetric (3 + 2) cycloaddition of α-diazo pyrazoleamides with silyl enol ethers was realized by employing a chiral N, N'-dioxide-Ni(Ⅱ) complex catalyst. The process includes the formation of chiral nickel carbenoid intermediate and the following enantioselective cycloaddition reaction. The desired dihydrofuran O, O-acetal derivatives were obtained in good yields (up to 90%) with high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) under mild reaction conditions within short reaction time. On the basis of the determination of the catalyst structure, a possible transition state mode was proposed.
E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyze the final step of ubiquitylation, a crucial post-translational modification involved in almost every process in eukaryotic cells. E3 ubiquitin ligases are key regulators of cellular events, and the investigation into their functions and functioning mechanisms are research areas with great importance. Synthetic or semi-synthetic tools have greatly facilitated the research about the enzyme activity, distribution in different physiological events, and catalytic mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligase. In this review, we summarize the development of chemical tools for E3 ubiquitin ligases with an emphasis on the synthetic routes. We show the utility of these chemical tools by briefly discussing their applications in biological research.
On-resin peptide modification renders an easy-to-operate method that combines solid-phase peptide synthesis efficiency and avoids tedious purification procedures. Herein, we report the transition-metal-free and redox-neutral approach for solid-phase Met diversification with substrate diversity, which could be applied to synthesize cyclic peptides of different sizes.
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