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A review of the development of underwater target azimuth estimation technology
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Chao MA1, 2, Lei LIU1, 2, Kai LIU1, 2, Yi-hong CHEN1, 2, Zhi-chao LI1
Journal of Ship Mechanics | 2025, 29(8) : 1330 - 1342
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Journal of Ship Mechanics | 2025, 29(8): 1330-1342
• Comprehensive Review •
A review of the development of underwater target azimuth estimation technology
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Chao MA1, 2, Lei LIU1, 2, Kai LIU1, 2, Yi-hong CHEN1, 2, Zhi-chao LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea and Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
Published: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.015
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Underwater target azimuth estimation is a critical technology in array signal processing, with wide applications in military operations, marine resource development, and environmental monitoring. A comprehensive review of the current development status of underwater target azimuth estimation methods is provided in this paper. Firstly, an introduction to the acoustic mathematical model based on an uniformly distributed sound pressure line array was given. Next, azimuth estimation methods are classified into four categories: classical beamforming, statistical, subspace, and AI-based Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation methods. Key factors affecting azimuth estimation accuracy, such as array calibration errors, array geometry, signal processing techniques, and underwater acoustic channel characteristics, were also analyzed. Finally, the paper discussed the limitations of current azimuth estimation technologies and proposed future research directions, including multimodal data fusion, integration of deep learning with physical models, and the development of new array structures etc, to enhance the accuracy and robustness of underwater azimuth estimation.

underwater target azimuth estimation  /  array signal processing  /  beamforming
Chao MA, Lei LIU, Kai LIU, Yi-hong CHEN, Zhi-chao LI. A review of the development of underwater target azimuth estimation technology[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1330 -1342 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.015
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.015
  • Receive Date：2025-02-22
  • Online Date：2026-03-26
  • Published：2025-08-20
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  • Received：2025-02-22
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    1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
    2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea and Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
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