Pollution of transboundary rivers can result from anthropogenic activities in their watersheds. In this study, sediment traps were deployed to determine the fluxes, concentrations, and health risks associated with arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, and iron in the estuaries of three transboundary rivers (Comoé, Bia, and Tanoé) in West Africa. Thus, the analysis of metal-associated sedimentation particle samples collected in rainy, flood, and dry seasons was required. Sediment traps were used to calculate the metal fluxes associated with sedimentation particles towards the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of ingestion and dermal contact associated with sedimentation particles were assessed. The results showed that the total concentrations of trace metals in particulate matter were higher than in the UCC (Upper Crust Continental), with the exception of lead. The highest fluxes of lead, mercury, iron and arsenic associated with sedimented particles were observed during flood periods in the estuary of the Comoé, Bia and Tanoé rivers. Cadmium fluxes associated with sedimentation particles were highest in the rainy season in the Bia and Comoé estuaries and in the flood season in the Tanoé estuary. Pearson's correlation analysis and the enrichment factor showed that the trace metals were derived from anthropogenic activities such as mining and farming. In addition, contamination indices showed that sediment particles in the estuaries of the three rivers were severely contaminated with mercury. However, the results of potential human health risks associated with trace metals show that there is no probability of exposure of the community to harmful and carcinogenic effects through ingestion and dermal absorption of sediment particles. It is essential to integrate the information from this study into policy- and decision-making processes for better management of transboundary river water resources in coastal countries, particularly the Côte d'Ivoire.

This review critically examines strategies for sustainable groundwater and surface water management, emphasizing their integration to achieve environmental sustainability. The study synthesizes findings from a wide range of research articles, identifying key trends, gaps, and controversies within the field. It highlights the importance of cohesive management approaches that take into account climate change, policy impacts, and methodological advancements. The review aims to provide a structured, analytical discussion that aligns with the thematic focus of integrated water management. By offering original insights and practical recommendations, this review seeks to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable water management practices. The analysis underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate hydrological, ecological, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, the review discusses the role of adaptive management and technological innovations in enhancing the resilience and efficiency of water management systems. The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between groundwater and surface water is crucial for developing strategies that ensure long-term environmental sustainability. This review concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development, emphasizing the need for adaptive, resilient, and integrated water management strategies that can address the challenges posed by climate change and other environmental pressures.