Article(id=1315688505716617904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.407, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750435200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791614184073, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791614184073, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791614184073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791614184073, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315688435411694395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, year='2025', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2712', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791614167309, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791616084449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315696476567744680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315696476571938985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2602, endPage=2608, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315688505917944497, articleId=1315688505716617904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Regulation of EndMT with Traditional Chinese Medicine by Delaying Inflammation-Induced Atherosclerosis, columnId=1315688445339612089, journalTitle=Acta Chinese Medicine, columnName=Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Endothelial-mesenchymal transition(EndMT)plays a key role in the pathological development of atherosclerosis(AS)by contributing to plaque fibrosis and affecting plaque instability.It is crucial in the onset,progression,and outcome of AS.In-depth exploration of the potential regulatory mechanisms of EndMT in unstable plaques can aid early intervention and delay AS progression.Active compounds,derivatives,and classical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine can regulate endothelial cell function through various pathways,such as modulating the release of vascular active substances,antioxidative stress,anti-inflammatory effects,and balancing coagulation and anticoagulation systems,showing advantages in multiple targets and processes in the prevention and treatment of AS.The classical prescription Danshen Drink can inhibit EndMT through the LASP1/PI3K/AKT signaling axis,providing new ideas for anti-AS treatment.Various Chinese herbal monomers and classical prescriptions have multi-target effects including lipid regulation,anti-inflammation,anti -platelet aggregation,antioxidative stress,regulation of endothelial function,and inhibition of EndMT,which can synergistically delay AS progression from multiple angles.Future research should further explore the regulatory mechanisms of EndMT and its role in the progression and instability of inflammation induced AS plaques,aiming to provide important scientific evidence for developing innovative strategies to stabilize and reverse AS plaques.

, authors=Huamin ZHANG, Jing SHAO, authorsList=Huamin ZHANG, Jing SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315688506417066676, articleId=1315688505716617904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=CN, title=中医药调控EndMT延缓炎症致动脉粥样硬化的研究进展, columnId=1315688445511578555, journalTitle=中医学报, columnName=述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

内皮细胞间充质转化(endothelial-mesenchymal transition,EndMT)在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的病理发展过程中,参与了斑块形成的纤维化,影响斑块的不稳定性,在AS的发生发展与转归中均发挥关键作用。深入探索EndMT对不稳定斑块的潜在调控机制,有助于早期干预并延缓AS进展。中药活性单体、衍生物及经典方剂可通过调节血管活性物质释放、抗氧化应激、抗炎、平衡凝血与抗凝血系统等多种途径调控内皮细胞功能,在AS防治中展现出多环节、多靶点的优势。经典方剂丹参饮可通过LASP1/PI3K/AKT信号轴抑制EndMT,为抗AS治疗提供了新思路。多种中药单体及经典方剂具有调脂、抗炎、抗血小板聚集、抗氧化应激、调节血管内皮功能及抑制EndMT等多靶点作用,能够多角度协同延缓AS进展。未来需进一步深入研究EndMT的调控机制及其在炎症所致AS斑块进展和不稳定中的作用,以期为开发稳定和逆转AS斑块的创新治疗策略提供重要科学依据。

, authors=张华敏, 邵静, authorsList=张华敏, 邵静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邵静, authorNote=

张华敏(1993 -),女,河南郑州人,医学博士,研究方向:中医内科学,中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。

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邵静(1963-),女,河南郑州人,主任医师,教授,研究方向:中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。E-mail:
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张华敏(1993 -),女,河南郑州人,医学博士,研究方向:中医内科学,中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。

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中医药调控EndMT延缓炎症致动脉粥样硬化的研究进展
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张华敏 , 邵静
中医学报 | 述评 2025,40(12): 2602-2608
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中医学报 |述评 2025 , 40 (12) : 2602 -2608
中医药调控EndMT延缓炎症致动脉粥样硬化的研究进展
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张华敏(1993 -),女,河南郑州人,医学博士,研究方向:中医内科学,中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。

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张华敏(1993 -),女,河南郑州人,医学博士,研究方向:中医内科学,中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。

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张华敏, 邵静
作者信息
  • 河南中医药大学第一附属医院老年病科,河南 郑州 450000
通讯作者:
邵静(1963-),女,河南郑州人,主任医师,教授,研究方向:中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张华敏(1993 -),女,河南郑州人,医学博士,研究方向:中医内科学,中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。

Research Progress on Regulation of EndMT with Traditional Chinese Medicine by Delaying Inflammation-Induced Atherosclerosis
Huamin ZHANG, Jing SHAO
Affiliations
  • Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou Henan China 450000
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.407
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内皮细胞间充质转化(endothelial-mesenchymal transition,EndMT)在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的病理发展过程中,参与了斑块形成的纤维化,影响斑块的不稳定性,在AS的发生发展与转归中均发挥关键作用。深入探索EndMT对不稳定斑块的潜在调控机制,有助于早期干预并延缓AS进展。中药活性单体、衍生物及经典方剂可通过调节血管活性物质释放、抗氧化应激、抗炎、平衡凝血与抗凝血系统等多种途径调控内皮细胞功能,在AS防治中展现出多环节、多靶点的优势。经典方剂丹参饮可通过LASP1/PI3K/AKT信号轴抑制EndMT,为抗AS治疗提供了新思路。多种中药单体及经典方剂具有调脂、抗炎、抗血小板聚集、抗氧化应激、调节血管内皮功能及抑制EndMT等多靶点作用,能够多角度协同延缓AS进展。未来需进一步深入研究EndMT的调控机制及其在炎症所致AS斑块进展和不稳定中的作用,以期为开发稳定和逆转AS斑块的创新治疗策略提供重要科学依据。

动脉粥样硬化  /  内皮细胞损伤  /  内皮细胞间充质转化  /  炎症  /  信号通路  /  中医药

Endothelial-mesenchymal transition(EndMT)plays a key role in the pathological development of atherosclerosis(AS)by contributing to plaque fibrosis and affecting plaque instability.It is crucial in the onset,progression,and outcome of AS.In-depth exploration of the potential regulatory mechanisms of EndMT in unstable plaques can aid early intervention and delay AS progression.Active compounds,derivatives,and classical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine can regulate endothelial cell function through various pathways,such as modulating the release of vascular active substances,antioxidative stress,anti-inflammatory effects,and balancing coagulation and anticoagulation systems,showing advantages in multiple targets and processes in the prevention and treatment of AS.The classical prescription Danshen Drink can inhibit EndMT through the LASP1/PI3K/AKT signaling axis,providing new ideas for anti-AS treatment.Various Chinese herbal monomers and classical prescriptions have multi-target effects including lipid regulation,anti-inflammation,anti -platelet aggregation,antioxidative stress,regulation of endothelial function,and inhibition of EndMT,which can synergistically delay AS progression from multiple angles.Future research should further explore the regulatory mechanisms of EndMT and its role in the progression and instability of inflammation induced AS plaques,aiming to provide important scientific evidence for developing innovative strategies to stabilize and reverse AS plaques.

atherosclerosis  /  endothelial injury  /  endothelial -mesenchymal transition  /  inflammation  /  signaling pathway  /  traditional Chinese medicine
张华敏, 邵静. 中医药调控EndMT延缓炎症致动脉粥样硬化的研究进展. 中医学报, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2602 -2608 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.407
Huamin ZHANG, Jing SHAO. Research Progress on Regulation of EndMT with Traditional Chinese Medicine by Delaying Inflammation-Induced Atherosclerosis[J]. Acta Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2602 -2608 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.407
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是一种慢性、进行性炎症性疾病,会导致动脉壁硬化和增厚,形成由免疫细胞、间充质细胞、脂质沉积和细胞外基质组成的斑块,是急性冠脉综合征、脑卒中等心脑血管疾病的关键病理基础,在世界范围内具有较高的发病率和死亡率[1]。内皮谱系追踪研究表明,内皮细胞是与斑块相关的间充质干细胞的来源,内皮细胞间充质转化(endothelial-mesenchymal transition,EndMT)在AS的病理发展过程中参与了斑块形成的纤维化和斑块的不稳定性[2],在AS发展及转归中均发挥了关键作用[3]。因此,探索EndMT对不稳定斑块的潜在调控机制将有助于及早干预和延缓AS的进展。
AS被认为是由内膜脂质聚集和慢性炎症共同驱动的病理过程。通常,该过程涉及多种细胞类型,包括内皮细胞活化、血管平滑肌细胞迁移、单核细胞招募、巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞参与,以及细胞外基质的不稳定性等[4]。内皮功能紊乱是AS的初期事件,其中内皮受损会引发炎症细胞的黏附、浸润,并导致脂质被吞噬后形成泡沫细胞。Kihara等[5]研究揭示了AS早期病变可能与白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)有关,这种细胞因子能增强细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)在细胞中的表达以及单核细胞的黏附,进一步增强单核细胞与内皮细胞间的连接,推动早期AS病变的发展。此外,研究还揭示了炎症介质在AS发展的各个阶段都扮演着重要角色,包括miRNA、基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)以及半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3,Gal-3)等[6-7]。
高血糖与高血脂在AS的发展中占据关键地位。研究显示,高糖环境以及氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)均具备刺激人主动脉内皮细胞经历EndMT的能力,这一转变会削弱内皮细胞功能,从而加速AS的形成和斑块的进展[8-9]。EndMT是由炎症驱动的细胞表型的转变,这种转变破坏了内皮细胞连接,增加了血管通透性,并加剧了炎症,创造了一个自我延续的周期,从而驱动AS的进展[10]。EndMT过程中,平滑肌细胞或间充质干细胞标记物在内皮细胞中开始表达,在AS的发生发展中极为关键。此外,内皮细胞谱系的体内跟踪系统研究已经证实了AS过程中EndMT的发生[11],接受EndMT的内皮细胞显著促进了AS斑块中观察到的成纤维细胞样细胞的数量,进一步验证EndMT的程度与斑块的不稳定性呈正相关[2]。此外,EndMT促进了促炎细胞因子和生长因子的分泌、胶原蛋白和胶原蛋白金属蛋白酶的产生,这些酶对斑块钙化和纤维帽的形成是极为关键的。
内皮细胞构成血管内壁,并参与调控血管生理功能的多个方面,如维持选择性通透性屏障、协调白细胞运输、防止血栓形成和改变血管张力等。内皮功能障碍是诱发并加剧AS形成的关键因素,已被视为AS及其并发症的预测因子[12]。EndMT在发育过程中起着重要作用,同时也是多种成人心血管疾病的诱因。在EndMT过程中,内皮细胞失去其极性,并重塑内皮细胞-细胞连接。值得注意的是,包括成纤维细胞在内的间充质细胞在AS中表现较为突出,其关键功能包括调节炎症、合成基质和胶原蛋白以及维持斑块结构的完整性。成纤维细胞特异性蛋白在晚期AS病变中具有较高表达[13]。低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)、胆固醇、炎症细胞因子(IL-1β、TNF-α、TGF-β)和壁面剪切应力等均可触发EndMT,破坏内皮细胞稳态,进而导致内皮功能障碍,最终促进AS进展。
具体而言,EndMT是使内皮细胞获得间充质表型的一种细胞重编程机制,包括对活化的内皮细胞进行广泛的转录重编程,导致其向间充质细胞表型和功能反应转变[14]。该过程的特点是内皮细胞表型发生变化,呈现出间充质细胞(成纤维细胞、平滑肌细胞)的形状和特性,包括增殖、迁移和激活能力增强;分泌细胞外基质蛋白,如纤维连接蛋白和胶原蛋白;表达多种白细胞黏附分子。在这一过程中,细胞形态由紧密的鹅卵石状转变为纺锤状,导致其抗血小板生成能力降低,而侵袭和迁移能力增强[15]。值得注意的是,内皮细胞不仅可能完全转化为永久性的间充质表型,还可能长时间停留在转分化的中间阶段,这一过程被称为部分EndMT。这一中间阶段的表型转化并不稳定,在特定条件下甚至能够逆转,为AS治疗提供了新的潜在方向[16]。
众所周知,转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)被确定为推动EndMT进展的核心参与者,而干扰剪应力和细胞因子是TGF-β信号最常见的激活调节剂。相反,成纤维细胞生长因子受体-1(factorreceptor-1,FGFR-1)信号通路则被认为是一种抑制TGF-β通路的内源性抑制剂。通过基于细胞特异性标记物染色的内皮谱系追踪方法,表明EndMT与多种心血管和代谢疾病有关,包括AS、肥胖、高血压、高脂血症和糖尿病等。有研究发现,EndMT来源的成纤维样细胞对AS斑块形成有重要贡献,且这些细胞的分子特征表明它们在斑块失稳中至关重要[2]。因此,EndMT被认为是治疗包括AS在内的多种慢性心血管疾病的靶点。此外,研究表明,多种信号通路参与EndMT的调控,包括经典的TGF-β信号通路及随后发现的Notch、Wnt/β-catenin、Hippo通路等[3]。这些信号通路最终通过影响转录因子Snail、Slug、Twist及Zeb的活性来调节内皮和间充质基因的表达[17]。
AS斑块的特征表现为炎症信号通路激活、缺氧和氧化应激加剧。近年来,EndMT已成为促使AS病理生理进展的潜在机制。此外,EndMT与斑块易损性增加有关[18]。炎症信号通路与TGF -β协同诱导EndMT[19],动物实验也表明炎症应激加剧了小鼠AS的进展[20]。Chen等[11]观察到,AS斑块中干扰素-γ、肿瘤坏死因子-α以及IL-1β的表达有所上升。为模拟斑块内的炎症微环境,他们用这三种细胞因子协同刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞。研究结果显示,这些内皮细胞上调了间充质标记蛋白及转录因子Zeb2、Slug、Snail的表达,表现出更强的炎症细胞趋化能力。慢性炎症状态下,内皮细胞中的保护性FGF信号可能减弱或缺失。随后,被激活的TGF-β信号会触发EndMT,不仅加剧了局部炎症,还可能导致新生内膜扩张,进而推动斑块的发展[21]。
巨噬细胞作为AS斑块中的主要炎症细胞,其作用十分显著,不仅分泌蛋白水解酶来降解细胞外基质,削弱纤维帽厚度,还能促进外弹力膜崩解,参与血管正性重构,从而影响斑块稳定性。此外,研究还发现巨噬细胞在AS斑块中聚集,并作为一种新型EndMT诱导剂发挥作用[22]。由M1型巨噬细胞所转化的泡沫细胞具备一种特殊能力,即通过旁分泌机制诱导EndMT。这一过程主要是通过提升趋化因子4的表达水平,增强内皮细胞的通透性和黏附能力。Yang等[23]观察到巨噬细胞来源的泡沫细胞可通过诱导EndMT损害内皮屏障功能。Chen等[11]发现,EndMT可促进纤维连接蛋白沉积和黏附分子内皮细胞的表达,促进循环单核细胞、白细胞的募集以及单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞的积累。
Evrard等[2]发现,复杂斑块中较大比例的细胞表征了正在积极进行EndMT的不稳定斑块表型,其中EndMT来源的细胞会改变胶原-MMPs的表达,尤其是增加MMP2的表达和活性。值得注意的是,EndMT来源的成纤维细胞和真正成纤维细胞裂解液之间的蛋白水平相比较,前者的MMP活性显著升高,表明EndMT与斑块失稳之间存在相关性[14]。见图1。
以上研究证明,EndMT与AS密切相关。研究阐释了EndMT在炎症细胞因子升高、间充质细胞表型出现、细胞募集增加以及细胞外基质成分和黏附分子分泌增加之间的联系,最终共同导致AS的发生和斑块形成。
近年来,随着对中药天然产物研究的深入,发现其活性单体、衍生物以及经典方剂能通过调控血管活性物质释放、抗氧化应激、抗炎、平衡凝血与抗凝血系统等途径调控内皮细胞功能,在AS防治方面具有多途径、多环节、多靶点的优势。
陈可冀院士团队在研究AS的中医病机时,指出“痰、瘀”是AS的主要致病因素,认为AS过程中出现的炎症、氧化应激、细胞凋亡、脂质沉着等现象难以被“痰、瘀”全面解释,故又提出了“瘀、毒”互结以及“毒”导致“瘀”的新观点,以更全面地解释AS的发病机制。此外,以“活血解毒”为治则提出了治疗动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的代表方——清心解瘀方,主要由黄芪、丹参、藿香、川芎和黄连等药物组成[24]。Wang等[25]应用多组学技术系统探究了清心解瘀方通过靶向肠道菌群及胆汁酸代谢延缓AS进展的机制,即通过重塑ApoE -/-小鼠的肠道菌群稳态及胆汁酸代谢途径,降低血清脂质水平和全身炎症反应。此外,该研究团队进一步证实了清心解瘀方可通过谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)/胱氨酸/谷氨酸反向转运体(cystine/glutamate antiporter,xCT)信号通路抑制铁死亡,减轻AS进展和斑块易损性[26],为其防治AS提供了新的实验依据。
黄芪甲苷是从中药黄芪中提取出的皂苷的一种有效生物学活性成分,具有抗炎、免疫调节、抗氧化应激和心脏保护等作用。张志鑫等[27]通过综合的体外与体内实验,涵盖分子、细胞、组织及动物模型等多个维度的研究,深入剖析了黄芪甲苷的生物学效应。该研究揭示,黄芪甲苷能够调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,进而触发巨噬细胞自噬,减少这些细胞在斑块区域的浸润,有效缓解炎症反应,从而有助于稳固AS病变中的不稳定斑块。
姜黄素,源于中药姜黄,是一种具有显著抗炎、抗氧化和心肌保护等药理作用的植物多酚[28]。最新研究揭示,姜黄素在AS大鼠模型中展现出强大的抗AS潜力。通过显著降低主动脉炎症细胞因子(如IL-6和TNF -α)以及血清中的总胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白水平,姜黄素可有效抑制AS的发展。此外,姜黄素还下调了PI3K、Akt蛋白及其mRNA水平[29],表明其可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路促进自噬,从而发挥抗AS的效应。
人参皂苷Rb1是皂苷类主要活性成分,广泛存在于三七、人参等中药,因其改善心血管功能的潜力而受到广泛关注。Zhou等[30]研究发现,人参皂苷Rb1预处理可抑制TNF-α诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)的氧化应激、炎症和凋亡,保护内皮细胞。体外实验证实,Rb1可上调Bcl-2,下调Bax、bad、Caspase-3和Caspase-9,抑制JNK和p38的表达以及Cyt-c的释放,结果表明人参皂苷Rb1是一种很好地可延缓AS发生发展的药物靶点。
补阳还五汤源于清代名医王清任的《医林改错》,是益气活血的经典配方。Chen等[31]研究发现,补阳还五汤可通过调节TGF-β/Smad2通路促进调节性T细胞分化,提高CD4 +在调节性T细胞中的比例,调节脂质代谢及炎症介质水平,抑制炎症反应,减少斑块面积和胆固醇积累,从抗炎、稳定斑块、抗脂质沉积等多方面改善AS。
丹参饮(丹参、檀香和砂仁)是中医临床治疗心血管疾病的经典方剂。借助网络药理学技术,能够精确识别并验证丹参饮在治疗EndMT过程中的潜在作用靶点,为其临床应用提供更为科学的依据。研究表明,丹参饮抗AS的主要信号通路可能是PI3K/AKT通路。分子对接技术发现,丹参饮的生物活性成分不仅与PI3K/AKT通路成员有较强的结合能力,还可与上游分子LASP1紧密结合。此外,结合体外实验验证,丹参饮可以抑制EndMT,同时降低PI3K/AKT信号通路的表达。敲除LASP1基因后,PI3K/AKT通路相关基因表达下降,EndMT被抑制,同时丹参饮的作用减弱。上述研究表明,丹参饮可能通过LASP1/PI3K/AKT信号轴抑制EndMT[32],为抗AS治疗提供一种新的治疗思路。
除上述促进因素外,还有许多不同的因素参与EndMT过程的负调控。尽管TGF-β和生长因子之骨形成蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)可以在特定条件下诱导EndMT,但它们也可以通过结合激活素受体样激酶(activin leceptor-like kinase,ALK)1激活Smad1/5/8,从而以牺牲EndMT为代价诱导增殖[33]。内果素是一种Ⅲ型TGF-β受体,可部分调节ALK1/ALK5激活之间的平衡。通过刺激下游Smad1/5/8反应,可间接抑制ALK5信号通路,从而抑制EndMT[34]。另一种已知的EndMT抑制机制是血管内皮生长因子A(VEGF -A)刺激的VEGF受体(VEGFR)2信号转导。近年来,自噬通过降低TGF-β2诱导的EndMT[35],已成为控制EndMT的潜在重要参与者。自噬的激活也被证明可以通过降低Smad3磷酸化水平减少Snail表达,从而抵消EndMT[36]。
Epsins是一种广泛表达的连接蛋白,参与调控质膜受体复合物的内吞作用,从而促进其降解以影响内皮细胞信号通路。有研究验证了Epsins可通过成纤维细胞生长因子受体-1的内化和降解增强TGF-β信号通路,从而促进AS过程中的EndMT。该研究表明通过减少epsin-成纤维细胞生长因子受体-1与治疗肽的相互作用抑制EndMT,可能是AS的一种新型治疗策略[37]。
高密度脂蛋白(HDL)具有内皮保护和抗纤维化的特性,其AS保护作用可通过抑制EndMT实现。Spillmann等[38]研究发现,HDL通过上调抑制性Smad7表达减少TGF -β1诱导的EndMT转化,并降低EndMT转录因子Slug和ZEB1的表达。此外,Feng等[39]研究发现,ApoA-I/ABCA1通过抑制人冠状动脉内皮细胞中的TGF -β1/Smad2/Smad3/Snail/Slug通路抑制TGF-β1诱导的EndMT。这些结果表明,抑制EndMT是HDL保护内皮功能的一种新机制,支持靶向EndMT有助于预防AS的观点。另一研究表明,BCL2相关基因3可通过自噬激活触发的伴侣辅助选择性自噬复合物抑制EndMT,发挥抗AS的作用[40]。综上所述,抑制EndMT的治疗策略具有抗AS潜力。
Dong[41]研究发现,脂质过氧化可刺激血管内皮细胞有氧糖酵解异常升高,导致乳酸积聚,增加组蛋白H3K18乳酸化(H3K18la)。组蛋白伴侣ASF1A和组蛋白修饰酶P300协同调控组蛋白H3K18乳酸化修饰,调控SNAI1启动子H3K18la富集状态,从而激活EndMT转录因子SNAI1的表达,诱导EndMT发生,促使内皮功能紊乱。功能实验证实H3K18la参与了AS,内皮特异性敲除ASF1A可抑制EndMT并缓解AS发展。通过药物抑制和PROTAC技术抑制糖酵解可有效降低斑块面积,从而缓解EndMT诱导的AS。该研究揭示了在EndMT诱导AS过程中,代谢和表观遗传学通过P300/ASF1A分子复合物调控H3K18la影响EndMT关键分子染色质微环境,表明组蛋白乳酸化在EndMT诱导的AS中发挥关键作用,为临床治疗AS提供了新的靶点和治疗策略。
EndMT是一个渐进而复杂的过程,取决于多种形态和分子变化,这些变化对EndMT的完成至关重要。EndMT参与了AS等多种发育和病理生理过程。值得注意的是,EndMT具有可塑性和可逆性[42]。EndMT由AS炎症成分诱导,可增强病变炎症环境,导致AS斑块进行性生长。
研究表明,中药成分具有通过不同机制调控AS的潜力[43]。然而,当前临床上基于有效中药成分改善AS的药物并不多见,这主要是由于中药成分复杂,相关研究起步较晚且尚未深入。为更广泛地应用于临床,需要进一步开发合适的中药剂型,但当前AS相关中药成分的提取和纯化技术尚未满足制剂要求,且其在体内的代谢途径和作用靶点尚不明确。因此,深化对中药成分抑制EndMT调控AS机制的研究,探索合适的药物剂型,并明确其在体内的代谢途径和作用靶点,将有助于充分挖掘中药在医学领域的巨大潜力。
大量研究证实,多种中药单体及经典方剂具有调脂、抗炎、抗血小板聚集、抗氧化应激、调节血管内皮功能、抑制EndMT等多靶点作用,可多角度发挥拮抗和延缓AS进展的效应。因此,未来对EndMT调控机制及其在炎症致AS斑块进展和不稳定中作用的深入探究,可能为开发稳定和逆转AS斑块的创新性治疗策略提供科学基础。

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doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.407
  • 接收时间:2025-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-21
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    河南中医药大学第一附属医院老年病科,河南 郑州 450000

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邵静(1963-),女,河南郑州人,主任医师,教授,研究方向:中医药防治心血管疾病的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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