Article(id=1315688445176034232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.408, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791614169638, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791614169638, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791614169638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791614169638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315688435411694395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, year='2025', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2712', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791614167309, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791616084449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315696476567744680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315696476571938985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2609, endPage=2618, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315688445427692474, articleId=1315688445176034232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Against Oxidative Stress of Acute Liver Failure, columnId=1315688445339612089, journalTitle=Acta Chinese Medicine, columnName=Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the occurrence and development of acute liver failure(ALF),while nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)has antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective effects,making it a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ALF.Active components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)show significant potential in preventing and treating oxidative stress in ALF by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Studies have shown that various TCMs and their active components,including those that can clear Heat and detoxify(e.g.,Huangqin(Scutellaria baicalensis),Huangbai(Phellodendron)),can tonify,can promote blood circulation,can strengthen the Spleen,promote diuresis,and dispel Wind-Dampness,can activate the Nrf2 pathway,upregulate antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibit the production of oxidative stress products such as ROS,MDA,and MPO,and significantly improve liver oxidative damage.In addition,the Nrf2 pathway may alleviate inflammatory responses by inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and play a role in inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.However,current research still has some limitations,such as relatively singular Nrf2-related targets and downstream oxidative indicators,unclear interaction mechanisms and cross-targets between Nrf2 and other pathways,and the unclear mechanisms of synergistic antioxidant effects of multiple active components.In the future,it is necessary to use multi-omics and network pharmacology approaches to systematically elucidate the mechanisms by which multiple TCMcomponents regulate Nrf2,and to strengthen high-quality randomized controlled trials to assess the precise efficacy of TCMactive components in regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway for the treatment of ALF,providing stronger evidence for the development and clinical application of new TCMdrugs.

, authors=Fangyuan TIAN1, Changqing DENG1, 2, authorsList=Fangyuan TIAN, Changqing DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changqing DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315688446174278592, articleId=1315688445176034232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=CN, title=中药活性成分调控Nrf2信号通路防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激的研究进展, columnId=1315688445511578555, journalTitle=中医学报, columnName=述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氧化应激是急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)发生发展的关键因素,而核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)具有抗氧化、抗炎及细胞保护作用,已成为防治ALF的潜在靶点。中药活性成分通过调控Nrf2信号通路在防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激方面展现出重要潜力。研究表明,清热解毒类(如黄芩、黄柏)、补益类、活血类、健脾类、利湿类及祛风湿类等多种中药及其活性成分可通过激活Nrf2通路,上调抗氧化酶活性,抑制ROS、MDA、MPO等氧化应激产物生成,显著改善肝脏氧化损伤。此外,Nrf2通路还可能通过抑制NF-κB等炎症通路减轻炎症反应,并在抑制肝细胞凋亡、改善线粒体功能方面发挥作用。但目前研究仍存在一些局限,如Nrf2相关靶点及下游氧化指标较为单一,Nrf2与其他通路间交互机制及交互靶点尚不明确,多种活性成分协同抗氧化的机制尚不明确,未来需结合多组学与网络药理学等方法,系统阐释中药多组分调控Nrf2的机制,加强高质量的随机对照试验,评估中药活性成分调控Nrf2信号通路治疗急性肝衰竭的确切疗效,为中药新药研发与临床应用提供更有力证据。

, authors=田方园1, 邓长卿1, 2, authorsList=田方园, 邓长卿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓长卿, authorNote=

田方园(1993 -),女,河南鹤壁人,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。

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邓长卿(1984-),男,副主任医师,硕士研究生导师,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。E -mail:
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田方园(1993 -),女,河南鹤壁人,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。

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中药活性成分调控Nrf2信号通路防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激的研究进展
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田方园 1 , 邓长卿 1, 2
中医学报 | 述评 2025,40(12): 2609-2618
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中医学报 |述评 2025 , 40 (12) : 2609 -2618
中药活性成分调控Nrf2信号通路防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激的研究进展
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田方园(1993 -),女,河南鹤壁人,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。

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田方园(1993 -),女,河南鹤壁人,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。

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田方园1, 邓长卿1, 2
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330000
  • 2江西中医药大学附属医院,江西 南昌 330006
通讯作者:
邓长卿(1984-),男,副主任医师,硕士研究生导师,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。E -mail:
作者简介:

田方园(1993 -),女,河南鹤壁人,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。

Research Progress of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Against Oxidative Stress of Acute Liver Failure
Fangyuan TIAN1, Changqing DENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Jiangxi China 330000
  • 2The Affiliated Hospital to Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Jiangxi China 330006
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.408
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氧化应激是急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)发生发展的关键因素,而核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)具有抗氧化、抗炎及细胞保护作用,已成为防治ALF的潜在靶点。中药活性成分通过调控Nrf2信号通路在防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激方面展现出重要潜力。研究表明,清热解毒类(如黄芩、黄柏)、补益类、活血类、健脾类、利湿类及祛风湿类等多种中药及其活性成分可通过激活Nrf2通路,上调抗氧化酶活性,抑制ROS、MDA、MPO等氧化应激产物生成,显著改善肝脏氧化损伤。此外,Nrf2通路还可能通过抑制NF-κB等炎症通路减轻炎症反应,并在抑制肝细胞凋亡、改善线粒体功能方面发挥作用。但目前研究仍存在一些局限,如Nrf2相关靶点及下游氧化指标较为单一,Nrf2与其他通路间交互机制及交互靶点尚不明确,多种活性成分协同抗氧化的机制尚不明确,未来需结合多组学与网络药理学等方法,系统阐释中药多组分调控Nrf2的机制,加强高质量的随机对照试验,评估中药活性成分调控Nrf2信号通路治疗急性肝衰竭的确切疗效,为中药新药研发与临床应用提供更有力证据。

急性肝衰竭  /  Nrf2信号通路  /  氧化应激  /  中药活性成分

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the occurrence and development of acute liver failure(ALF),while nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)has antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective effects,making it a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ALF.Active components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)show significant potential in preventing and treating oxidative stress in ALF by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Studies have shown that various TCMs and their active components,including those that can clear Heat and detoxify(e.g.,Huangqin(Scutellaria baicalensis),Huangbai(Phellodendron)),can tonify,can promote blood circulation,can strengthen the Spleen,promote diuresis,and dispel Wind-Dampness,can activate the Nrf2 pathway,upregulate antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibit the production of oxidative stress products such as ROS,MDA,and MPO,and significantly improve liver oxidative damage.In addition,the Nrf2 pathway may alleviate inflammatory responses by inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and play a role in inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.However,current research still has some limitations,such as relatively singular Nrf2-related targets and downstream oxidative indicators,unclear interaction mechanisms and cross-targets between Nrf2 and other pathways,and the unclear mechanisms of synergistic antioxidant effects of multiple active components.In the future,it is necessary to use multi-omics and network pharmacology approaches to systematically elucidate the mechanisms by which multiple TCMcomponents regulate Nrf2,and to strengthen high-quality randomized controlled trials to assess the precise efficacy of TCMactive components in regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway for the treatment of ALF,providing stronger evidence for the development and clinical application of new TCMdrugs.

acute liver failure  /  Nrf2 signaling pathway  /  oxidative stress  /  active component of traditional Chinese medicine
田方园, 邓长卿. 中药活性成分调控Nrf2信号通路防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激的研究进展. 中医学报, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2609 -2618 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.408
Fangyuan TIAN, Changqing DENG. Research Progress of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Against Oxidative Stress of Acute Liver Failure[J]. Acta Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2609 -2618 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.408
急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)是一种病因复杂的综合征,临床主要表现为极度乏力伴严重消化道症状、进行性黄疸及凝血功能障碍,并在2周内出现Ⅱ度及以上肝性脑病[1]。该病起病急骤,进展迅速,常通过多种机制发展为多器官功能衰竭,导致死亡[2]。近年来,随着疾病认知的深化、医疗管理的改进及支持治疗措施的发展,急性肝衰竭患者存活率有所提升,但病死率仍居高不下,欧美国家约为30%[2-5]。尽管血浆置换和肝移植均可提高急性肝衰竭患者存活率[4,6],但血浆置换存在显著局限性及潜在感染风险,而体外人工肝装置(extracorporeal liver support,ECLS)治疗急性肝衰竭尚缺乏高质量循证医学证据[5];肝移植除面临肝源不足、严重并发症及价格高昂等问题外,肝移植时机的选择依然存在争议[3]。因此,探索新型治疗策略以改善急性肝衰竭患者临床症状、提高生存率至关重要。研究表明,多种病因诱发的氧化应激与肝损伤密切相关,可能是肝衰竭进展的关键机制之一[7]。核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)作为抗氧化应激系统的主要调控转录因子,在细胞防御体系中居于核心地位[8],研发高效的Nrf2激动剂以防治急性肝衰竭具有重要意义。中草药活性成分及其提取物作为天然产物,治疗肝脏疾病安全、有效,已引起广泛关注。本文就近年来中药通过激活Nrf2信号通路减轻肝脏毒性防治急性肝衰竭的研究进行系统综述,以期为实验设计、临床治疗及新药研发提供理论参考。
氧化应激是细胞内氧化剂和抗氧化剂之间失衡的结果。在生理条件下,超氧阴离子(·)、过氧化氢(H2 O2)、羟自由基(·OH-)等活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)在细胞信号转导和动态平衡中发挥重要作用[9-10]。然而,当ROS过量累积时,就会对蛋白质、脂类和DNA造成严重损害[11],持续的氧化应激可诱发细胞凋亡和组织损伤[12]。ROS主要来源于线粒体和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH)氧化酶(NOX)[13]。其中,线粒体源性ROS是机体正常代谢的副产物[14],而NOX在微生物或炎症介质刺激下,主动将来自NADPH的电子转移至分子氧生成·O-2,进而产生其他ROS[13]。NADP+/NADPH可促进成细胞中的氧化还原反应[15]。由Ⅱ相解毒酶和抗氧化酶构成的蛋白质提供了一条抵御亲电物质和ROS的酶防线[16],这两种酶都受到Nrf2的调节诱导[17]。Ⅱ相解毒酶主要包括谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GST)、UDP-葡糖醛酸基转移酶(UDP-glycosyltransferase,UGT)、血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)、NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1[NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1]和γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase,γ-GCS)等[16];抗氧化酶则包括超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutases,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalas,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidases,GPx)、硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx)、过氧化还蛋白(peroxiredoxins,Prx)等[18]。在生理状态下,Nrf2通过与Kelch样ECH相关蛋白-1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)结合滞留于胞质,并经由泛素-蛋白酶体途径迅速降解;当受到氧化应激或亲电刺激时,Nrf2脱离Keap1进入细胞核,通过激活抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)上调Ⅱ相解毒酶和抗氧化酶的转录水平,从而增强细胞抗氧化应激能力[16,19]。
急性肝衰竭的最常见病因是药物损伤和病毒感染,由急性肝损伤进展所致,其病理特征为大量肝细胞坏死超出肝脏再生能力,引起全身炎症反应,早期即可发展为多器官功能障碍[5,20]。氧化应激作为肝细胞损伤和促炎基因产生的重要机制[21],是器官衰竭的关键触发因素[22]。持续性氧化应激可导致线粒体外膜破裂,促凋亡因子细胞色素C(cytosolic cytochrome C,CytC)渗入胞浆,与凋亡酶激活因子-1(apoptotic protease activating factor-1,APAf-1)相互作用,最终激活caspase3诱导细胞凋亡[23]。Nrf2作为一种多效转录因子,不但参与抗氧化应激和细胞毒性防御机制,还具有显著的抗炎作用[24]。研究发现,Nrf2过表达小鼠体可通过调控抗氧化防御基因、抑制肝脏炎症反应和肝细胞坏死从而减轻急性肝损伤;而Nrf2基因缺陷小鼠体内谷胱甘肽(glutathion,GSH)合成能力受损,相关解毒酶表达下调,导致肝脏细胞不可逆性坏死,长期存在炎症[21,25-26]。Nrf2信号通路在急性肝衰竭中的作用见图1。
急性肝衰竭可归属于中医“急黄”“瘟黄”等范畴,湿、热、毒、瘀等邪气相互搏结是本病发生发展的病理基础,其病机可概括为热毒炽盛、瘀血阻络,临床治疗以清热解毒、凉血化瘀为主[27-29]。近年来,越来越多的证据表明天然中药活性成分可通过调控Nrf2信号通路防治急性肝衰竭氧化应激反应,疗效显著。
金银花为清热解毒要药,其活性成分绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,CGA)可通过降低氧化应激指标ROS、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)浓度,减少细胞凋亡数量,下调促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)表达,抑制硫代乙酰胺(thioacet amide,TAA)诱导的急性肝毒性大鼠肝脏氧化应激、炎症及细胞凋亡,从而减轻大鼠肝脏病理损伤,可能与抑制Keap1表达、促进Nrf2核转位及增强HO-1活性有关[30]。
菊花具有疏散风热、清热解毒、平抑肝阳、清肝明目之功,Tian等[31]通过体内外实验发现,开封名菊汴梁紫玉提取物(bianliang ziyu extract,BZE)对损伤肝脏具有保护作用,不但可降低由乙醇和四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的MDA含量,提高SOD活性,显著改善大鼠肝组织病理变化,还可降低暴露于对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)的HL -7702细胞中ROS水平,提升其SOD活性和GSH水平,抑制线粒体凋亡。BZE通过促进Nrf2核易位增加HO-1表达,而Nrf2基因沉默后BZE的保护作用消失,表明BZE对酒精、CCl4和APAP诱导的肝细胞毒性的抗氧化和抗凋亡作用与Nrf2信号通路有关。
黄柏具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒之功,《神农本草经》载其“主五脏肠胃中结热,黄疸”。黄柏的有效活性成分小檗碱在CCl4诱导的肝脏损伤大鼠体内具有显著的保肝和抗氧化作用。研究表明,小檗碱可降低CCl4诱导的ROS和MDA生成,提高GSH、SOD水平,上调Nrf2、Keap-1、HO-1、NQO1 mRNA和HO -1蛋白表达[32]。氧化小檗碱(oxyberine,OBB)是黄柏在肠道中的主要代谢产物,由小檗碱经肠道菌群转化而来,相较于小檗碱具有更好的生物利用度,在脂多糖/D-半乳糖胺(lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine,LPS/D-GalN)诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠模型中,其通过激活Nrf2/HO -1信号通路抗氧化损伤的作用比小檗碱更加显著[33]。
黄芩具有清热、泻火、解毒之效,《神农本草经》载其“主诸热黄疸”。黄芩有效活性成分黄芩素(baicalein)和黄芩苷镁盐均可通过上调Nrf2和HO-1的蛋白及mRNA表达发挥抗氧化作用,进而缓解CCl4诱导的急性肝脏损伤[34-35]。脓毒性肝损伤也是导致肝衰竭的重要原因,Dai等[36]采用LPS或盲肠结扎穿孔(caecal ligation and puncture,CLP)建立脓毒症小鼠模型,发现模型小鼠肝脏中受核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)调控的促炎细胞因子水平上升,MDA含量增加,SOD活性受到抑制;而黄芩有效活性成分汉黄芩素(wogonin)可逆转上述病理改变,同时促进Nrf2、HO-1、SOD1及SOD2的表达。在体外实验中,汉黄芩素亦显示出抗氧化、抗炎及抗凋亡作用,而在敲低Nrf2基因后上述作用消失,表明其可通过激活Nrf2通路改善小鼠脓毒性肝损伤。
金莲花具有清热解毒之功,其有效活性成分荭草苷(orientin,Ori)对APAP诱导的肝脏氧化应激具有保护作用,可减少氧化损伤标志物MDA和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)的生成,提高SOD活性及GSH/GSSG比例,显著促进Nrf2核转位,并激活其下游靶基因HO-1、谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(glutamate -cysteine ligase catalytic subuni,GCLC)、谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶修饰亚基(glutamate -cysteine ligase modifier subuni,GCLM)以及NQO1的蛋白表达[37]。GSSG是GSH在被氧化应激过程中被消耗的产物,而GSH/GSSG比例反映了细胞内的氧化还原状态[38]。
黄芪长于补气升阳、托毒生肌,最近的一项研究表明其有效活性成分黄芪甲苷Ⅳ(astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)可通过促进Nrf2、HO-1蛋白和基因表达减轻D-GalN/LPS介导的急性肝衰竭小鼠肝脏氧化损伤[39]。无梗五加亦称短梗五加,是一种药食同源类植物,具有补益肝肾、强筋壮骨之功,其主要活性成分三萜皂苷(chiisanoside)在LPS/D-GalN诱导的急性肝损伤模型小鼠体内呈剂量依赖性升高CAT、GSH和SOD活性,尤其高剂量组(120 mg·kg-1)可显著降低MDA水平,其作用机制与调节Nrf2信号通路有关[40]。五味子具有益气生津、补肾宁心、收敛固涩之功。《名医别录》记载其可“养五脏,除热,生阴中肌”。其有效活性成分五味子酸性多糖(schisandra chinensis acidic polysaccharide,SCAP)可缓解APAP所导致的小鼠严重急性肝损伤,降低肝损伤小鼠血清MDA水平和GSH损耗,上调肝脏Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达[41]。石斛具有益胃生津、滋阴清热之功,其有效活性成分石斛生物碱(dendrobium nobile lindl.alkaloids,DNLA)在CCl4介导的急性肝损伤模型中通过改善线粒体功能抑制肝脏毒性,具体表现为DNLA预处理可显著抑制CCl4诱导的小鼠肝脏线粒体中ROS、H2O2及MDA的生成,增加Mn-SOD和GSH含量,保护线粒体DNA氧化损伤,逆转线粒体呼吸抑制,减少Cyt c向细胞质的释放,抑制肝脏细胞凋亡,而在Nrf2基因缺失小鼠中未发现上述保护作用,表明DNLA对CCl4介导的肝脏线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用依赖于Nrf2信号通路的激活[42]。甘草性平和缓,可调和百药,《药性论》中记载其“补益五脏,制诸药毒”。其有效活性成分异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin,ISL)和异甘草酸镁(magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate,MgIG)均可通过激活Nrf2相关通路抑制氧化应激、炎症及凋亡缓解LPS/D-GalN和三氧化二砷造成的小鼠肝脏毒性[43-44]。肉桂为治命门火衰要药,具有补火助阳、引火归元、散寒止痛、温通经脉之功。Xu等[45]从肉桂有效活性成分肉桂酸中提取出甲基6 -o -肉桂酰-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(methyl 6-O-cinnamoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside,MCGP),研究其对APAP或CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤的作用及潜在机制,结果显示,MCGP可促进APAP或CCl4处理后的AML12细胞活力,抑制其凋亡及H2O2诱导的ROS生成,并上调Nrf2、HO -1、NQO1、GCLM、GCLC及GSTP-1的基因表达,体内验证结果与其一致,均通过激活Nrf2信号通路发挥保肝作用。女贞子具有滋补肝肾、明目乌发之功,《神农本草经》载其“主补中,安五脏,养精神,除百疾”,主要活性成分特女贞苷(specnuezhenide)可逆转CCl4导致的小鼠肝脏中MDA、SOD及GPx的病理水平,促进Nrf2蛋白的表达和核转移,增加HO-1、GCLC及NQO1的基因和蛋白表达,从而发挥抗氧化和解毒作用[46];而其另一有效活性成分槲皮素(quercetin,Qt)亦可通过调节Nrf2相关信号通路对TAA介导的大鼠肝脏毒性发挥保护作用[30]。研究发现,细胞保护因子硫氧还蛋白1(thioredoxin 1,Trx1)、Trx2、过氧还蛋白3(peroxiredoxin 3,PRDX3)、葡萄糖6 -磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,G6PD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathion reductase,GR)、GPx1和GPx4均受Nrf2的调控[47-50]。Huang等[51]研究表明枸杞子多糖(Lycium barbarum polysaccharides,LBPs)可通过抑制Keap1蛋白表达,上调细胞核中Nrf2蛋白水平,促进SOD1、SOD2、CAT、PRDX3、G6PD、Trx1、HO-1基因表达,恢复GPX1、GPX4、Trx2及GR基因表达至正常水平,增加SOD1、SOD2、Trx1和HO-1蛋白表达,降低H2O2和MDA含量,从而改善CCl4所致急性肝损伤。
苍术具有健脾燥湿、祛风散寒、明目之功,《珍珠囊》中记载其“能健胃安脾,诸湿肿非此不能除”。其主要有效活性成分苍术素(atractylodin)在LPS/D-GalN介导的急性肝衰竭模型小鼠的研究中表现出抑制MDA、ROS产生,上调SOD、GSH活性,促进Nrf2核转位及GCLC、GCLM、NQO1和HO-1表达的作用,这表明苍木素可以通过上调Nrf2信号通路缓解LPS/D-GalN导致的急性肝衰竭[52]。肉豆蔻具有温中行气、涩肠止泻之功,其名首载于唐代《药性论》,被誉为“脾家瑞气”[53]。有团队对肉豆蔻仁提取物(myristica fragrans kernel extract,MFKE)的保肝作用进行了研究,发现MFKE可显著提高APAP诱导的肝毒性大鼠体内SOD、CAT、GPx、GR水平,增强Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1、GCLC和UGT1A1mRNA的表达,其保肝作用与水飞蓟宾相当,其抗氧化作用可能与激活Nrf2/ARE途径有关[54]。草豆蔻具有温中止呕、燥湿行气之功,首见于《雷公炮炙论》,在豆蔻类中草药中以温中燥湿见长[53],其有效活性成分山姜素(alpinetin)可通过激活Nrf2信号通路下调模型小鼠血清中MDA和MPO水平,缓解LPS/D-GalN诱导的氧化损伤[55]。
瑞香的根、茎、叶、花均可入药,瑞香花的记载出自《药性考》。《中华本草》记录其具有活血止痛、解毒散结之功。Lyu等[56]研究发现其有效活性成分瑞香素(daphnetin,Daph)可通过激活Nrf2通路抑制凋亡信号调节激酶1/c -Jun氨基末端激酶(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/c -Jun N-terminal kinase,ASK1/JNK)和硫氧还蛋白互作蛋白/核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白3(thioredoxin -interacting protein/nucleotide -binding oligomerization domain -like receptor protein 3,Txnip/NLRP3)炎症小体的活化,阻止APAP介导的急性肝衰竭小鼠肝脏氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡及线粒体功能障碍。紫檀具有祛瘀和营、止血定痛、解毒消肿之功,其有效活性成分紫檀芪(pterostilbene,Psb)可降低LPS/D-GalN诱导的急性肝衰竭模型小鼠的死亡率,其中高剂量组(50 mg·kg-1)存活率可达80%;同时Psb可逆转LPS/D -GalN导致的肝脏MDA、MPO水平上升及SOD、GSH含量下降,显著促进HO-1、NQO1、GCLC、GCLM等抗氧化酶的表达,提高Nrf2在细胞核中的表达,表明Psb对LPS/D-GalN诱导的氧化损伤的保护作用与上调Nrf2相关的抗氧化途径有关[57]。丹参具有活血祛瘀、凉血消痈之功,《神农本草经》言其“主心腹邪气”。其有效活性成分丹酚酸C(salvianolic acid C,SAC)和丹酚酸B(salvianolic acid B,SAB)均可通过作用于Nrf2信号通路对不同原因导致的肝脏氧化损伤具有保护作用[58-59]。桑黄是一种寄生于桑树上的珍贵食药两用真菌,具有活血止血、化饮、止泻之功。在APAP构建的急性肝损伤模型小鼠中,血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)及MPO水平显著升高,GSH明显耗竭;桑黄多糖(Phellinus linteus polysaccharides,Phps)预处理可显著逆转上述变化,并促进细胞核中Nrf2的表达,增加NQO1、HO-1、GCLM和GCLC水平,而在Nrf2基因敲除小鼠体内,上述作用消失,提示Phps可通过激活Nrf2途径对APAP所致肝脏氧化损伤产生保护作用[60]。
叶下珠又称珍珠草,具有利湿退黄、清热解毒、明目、消积之功。体内外实验表明,其有效活性成分柯里拉京(corilagin)可显著减轻APAP引发的肝脏细胞毒性,降低ALT、AST水平,减轻肝组织病理损伤,抑制ROS、MPO及MDA活性,提高小鼠生存率,增加SOD含量和GSH/GSSG比率,诱导肝组织中Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1、GCLM和GCLC蛋白表达的增加,表明corilagin可通过激活Nrf2防御机制预防APAP诱导的急性肝衰竭[61]。垂盆草具有利湿退黄、清热解毒之功,可靶向缓解肝脏毒性,治疗肝病独具优势[62],其有效活性成分垂盆草苷(sarmentosin)对APAP诱导的急性肝衰竭具有保护作用。Jiang等[63]经过体内外实验发现,sarmentosin可平衡APAP诱导的肝细胞内ROS含量,逆转MDA和SOD水平,降低肝细胞的死亡率,其保肝作用与N-乙酰半胱氨酸类似。该团队还发现sarmentosin在肝损伤早期可通过激活Nrf2信号通路增加肝细胞中Nrf2和HO-1的蛋白表达,发挥抗氧化应激作用,后期则发挥维护细胞稳态的作用。
桑枝是一种桑源性药材,归属肝经,具有祛风湿、利关节之功。实验发现,桑枝中的活性成分白藜芦醇(resveratrol,Res)、氧化白藜芦醇(oxyresveratrol,Oxy)、桑皮苷A(mulberroside A,MulA)均在LPS/D -GalN诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠体内表现出较强的保肝作用,三者皆可提升SOD、CAT活性,抑制MDA水平,促进Nrf2、NQO1和HO-1的表达以及Nrf2与Keap1的分离,通过激活Keap1-Nrf2通路发挥抗氧化损伤作用,尤以MulA的表现最为显著[64]。桑色素(morin)亦是桑枝中的有效成分,桑色素水合物(morin hydrate,MH)可通过调节Nrf2/HO-1途径改善CCl4诱导的肝脏氧化损伤[65]。防风具有祛风胜湿、止痛之功,在《神农本草经》中被列为上品,其有效成分人参炔醇(panaxynol)可降低LPS/D-GalN诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏ALT、AST和MDA水平,显著升高CAT、GSH和SOD含量,增加HO -1和Nrf2的表达,这表明panaxynol可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路发挥抗氧化作用,保护LPS/D-GalN诱导的肝脏损伤[66]。穿山龙具有祛风除湿、舒筋通络、活血止痛、止咳平喘之功。在LPS/D-GalN介导的急性肝衰竭小鼠模型中,有效活性成分薯蓣皂苷元(diosgenin)可降低模型小鼠体内升高的ALT、AST、MPO、ROS、MDA等病理指标,提高SOD、CAT、Nrf2水平,表明diosgenin可通过激活Nrf2信号通路防治氧化应激依赖性肝脏损伤[67]。菝葜具有祛风利湿、解毒消肿之功,《医林纂要》述其可“缓肝坚肾”。有效成分菝契多糖(Smilax china L.polysaccharide,SCLP)可明显改善APAP导致的肝脏病理损伤,抑制ROS生成及MDA和MPO水平,显著提高GSH、GPx和t-SOD含量,上调Nrf2蛋白表达,促进Nrf2与ARE相结合,提高抗氧化蛋白HO-1、NQO-1和GCLC的表达,体外实验结果与此相一致,证实SCLP可通过激活Nrf-ARE信号通路上调抗氧化酶表达从而减轻APAP诱导的肝脏氧化损伤[68]。
鹅不食草又称石胡荽,具有祛风通窍、解毒消肿之功,其有效活性成分心菊内酯(helenalin)干预可通过调节NADP+/NADPH的比值减少LPS/D-GalN诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠体内ROS的产生,有效抑制MDA的生成,增加小鼠血清中抗氧化物酶SOD、GPx、GR和CAT的活性,上调Nrf2、NQO1在基因和蛋白水平的表达,促进GCS mRNA和HO-1的蛋白表达,表明helenalin抗氧化机制可能与激活Nrf2信号通路有关[69]。芥子分为白芥子和黄芥子,具有豁痰利气、通络止痛之功,其有效活性成分芥子酸(sinapic acid,SA)可恢复D-GalN/LPS诱导的急性肝衰竭大鼠的肝脏功能和结构,提高其存活率,呈剂量依赖性降低急性肝衰竭大鼠体内ALT、AST、MDA、MPO水平,并显著上调Nrf2和HO-1的表达,提升GPx、SOD和CAT活性[70]。吴茱萸具有散寒止痛、降逆止呕、助阳止泻之功,为治疗肝寒气滞诸痛之主药,其主要活性成分吴茱萸次碱(rutaecarpine,Rut)可防止APAP导致的小鼠肝脏GSH耗竭,显著降低MDA含量,促进Nrf2及其下游靶基因GCLC、HO-1和NQO1的表达,表明Rut对APAP介导的小鼠肝脏损伤的保护作用与上调Nrf2相关抗氧化途径有关[71]。苦杏仁具有降气止咳平喘、润肠通便之功,其有效活性成分苦杏仁苷(amygdalin)可有效降低APAP诱导的急性肝衰竭模型小鼠体内ALT和AST水平,减少肝组织坏死面积,抑制MDA、MPO的产生,逆转APAP对小鼠体内SOD和Nrf2的损耗,增强NQO1和HO-1的表达,从而治疗急性肝衰竭[72]。天麻具有熄风止痉、平抑肝阳、祛风通络之功,《神农本草经》记载其“主恶气,久服益气力,长阴肥健”,其有效活性成分天麻素(gastrodin)可改善APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤,降低MDA水平,恢复SOD活性,增加Nrf2在细胞核中的累积,表明gastrodin通过激活Nrf2改善APAP诱导的小鼠肝脏氧化应激[73]。
由上可见,中药活性成分/提取物可通过激活Nrf2信号通路发挥抗氧化应激、抗炎、抗细胞凋亡等作用,缓解各种原因导致的肝脏病理损伤,在治疗急性肝衰竭方面具有广阔前景。
急性肝衰竭病因复杂,起病急、传变快、病死率高,在世界范围内受到广泛关注[3]。血浆置换、肝移植等疗法具有明显局限性,而内科治疗以综合治疗为主,缺乏针对急性肝衰竭的特效药物。Nrf2信号通路是缓解肝脏细胞毒性的潜在治疗靶点,中药活性成分及其提取物通过激活Nrf2信号通路缓解急性肝衰竭进展作用显著,有望成为未来新药研发的方向。
本文通过分析近年来中草药防治急性肝衰竭的相关文献发现,中药活性成分/提取物可通过调控Nrf2信号通路显著改善急性肝衰竭模型肝脏组织的病理状态。具有ALF防治作用的药物主要有清热解毒类、补益类、活血类、健脾类、利湿类及祛风湿类中药。其中,围绕黄芩、黄柏等清热解毒类药物中不同活性成分开展的研究较多,这与中医临床治疗急性肝衰竭的法则相符。目前,中药调控Nrf2信号通路干预急性肝衰竭的作用机制主要包括:直接激活Nrf2信号通路,上调抗氧化酶活性,抑制ROS、MDA、MPO等氧化应激产物的生成,从而显著改善肝脏氧化损伤;通过激活Nrf2通路抑制炎症介质的生成,在抗氧化的同时缓解肝脏炎症反应,这可能与Nrf2信号通路抑制NF -κB信号通路的表达有关,需进一步实验验证;通过调控Nrf2信号通路,在抗氧化应激、抗炎症反应的同时,进一步抑制肝细胞凋亡,改善线粒体功能,发挥细胞保护作用。
综上所述,中药活性成分及其提取物通过激活Nrf2信号通路治疗急性肝衰竭具有充分的理论支撑,开发靶向Nrf2信号通路的激动剂具有理论可行性,但仍存在若干关键问题需要突破:首先,目前研究主要集中于Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1、GCLC、GCLM,肝脏氧化损伤的检测指标以GSH、SOD、MDA、ROS为主,检测指标稍显单一,且均为受Nrf2信号通路调控的下游靶点,对促进Nrf2信号通路活化的相关因子研究较少。其次,对Nrf2信号通路在急性肝衰竭中与其他信号通路的相互作用进行了分析验证,但其具体相互机制及交互靶点尚不清楚。未来应加强以Nrf2信号通路为核心的通路网络调控研究,明确与其他信号通路之间的协同或串扰作用机制,这对急性肝衰竭的防治具有重要意义。此外,多种中药活性成分均可通过调控Nrf2信号通路发挥对急性肝衰竭的治疗作用,提示中药多组分间可能存在协同效应,但目前对活性成分间相互作用以抗氧化的具体机制尚不明确。鉴于中医整体观的治疗特点,未来应整合多组学技术、网络药理学和分子对接等方法,深入探究中药不同活性成分/提取物之间、不同中药间综合作用以调控Nrf2信号通路相关机制,为新药研发提供更加坚实的理论根基。最后需要指出的是,虽已从分子层面证实Nrf2信号通路作为急性肝衰竭治疗靶点的潜力巨大,但相关研究仍停留在临床前阶段,缺乏临床试验验证。因此,未来应设计高质量的随机对照试验,评估中药活性成分/提取物通过调控Nrf2信号通路治疗急性肝衰竭的确切疗效,为中医临床选方用药及新药研发提供直接证据。

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2025年第40卷第12期
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doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.408
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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    1江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330000
    2江西中医药大学附属医院,江西 南昌 330006

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邓长卿(1984-),男,副主任医师,硕士研究生导师,主要从事中西医结合治疗消化系统疾病的研究。E -mail:
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