Article(id=1315688442227441964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.397, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791614168935, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791614168935, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791614168935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791614168935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315688435411694395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, year='2025', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='2487', pageEnd='2712', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791614167309, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791616084449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315696476567744680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315696476571938985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, issueId=1315688435411694395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2543, endPage=2548, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315688442466517294, articleId=1315688442227441964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=EN, title=Treatment of Post-stroke Vertical Orifice Obstruction Based on Brain-Spleen and Stomach-Intestine Axis with Theory of″Toxin Damaged Brain Collaterals″, columnId=1315688442386825517, journalTitle=Acta Chinese Medicine, columnName=Treatise, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The obstruction of the vertical orifice after stroke is closely related to the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis as well as the pathogenesis of″Toxin-damaged cerebral collaterals″.Marked by Wind,Fire,Phlegm,blood stasis,and Toxin,with disrupted Qi circulation as the root cause,detoxifying and opening the Fu is an important therapeutic principle for post-stroke vertical orifice obstruction.The brain,the Spleen and Stomach and the intestine are relatively unified in both function and structure:physiologically,they are generally interconnected in terms of meridian Qi circulation,Zang and Fu functions as well as the generation of fine substances;pathologically,post-stroke brain symptoms can affect intestinal responses,leading to a series of gastrointestinal complications. Conversely,gastrointestinal dysfunction can disturb the brain's orifices,causing a loss of mental ability.As an initiating factor,Wind,Fire,Phlegm,stasis and Toxins coagulate intractably and ascend to attack the brain,damaging cerebral collaterals.Through the bridge function of the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis,this circulates throughout the body,causing viscera obstruction,and subsequently impairing both physical and mental aspects of the body. Clinically,emphasis should be placed on detoxifying and dredging the Fu,with acupuncture and medicine,and harmonizing the relationship between body and mind.In stroke,the disease is in the brain,but the treatment of dredging the Fu targets the stomach and intestines.Treating the upper disease from the lower organs,and descending the Yang ming meridian,allows the toxins ascending to the brain collaterals to be cleared via the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis,which effectively refreshes,promotes the circulation of Qi and blood,supports the Zheng Qi and benefits patient's recovery.

, authors=Mengfang XU, Xiao HAN, Linlu WU, Muzhao ZHANG, Tianjiao XU, Yuanyuan LI, Xinyue SHI, Yan SHEN, Juwei ZHANG, Kang WU, Tianzhu CHEN, Renzhao MA, Xirui SUN, Yuqing LIN, Yihuai ZOU, authorsList=Mengfang XU, Xiao HAN, Linlu WU, Muzhao ZHANG, Tianjiao XU, Yuanyuan LI, Xinyue SHI, Yan SHEN, Juwei ZHANG, Kang WU, Tianzhu CHEN, Renzhao MA, Xirui SUN, Yuqing LIN, Yihuai ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yihuai ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315688442852393264, articleId=1315688442227441964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=CN, title=基于脑-脾胃-肠轴结合“毒损脑络”论治卒中后竖窍不通, columnId=1315688442575569199, journalTitle=中医学报, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

卒中后竖窍不通与脑-脾胃-肠轴以及“毒损脑络”病机密切相关,以风火痰瘀毒为标,气机逆乱为本,解毒通腑为治疗卒中后竖窍不通的重要法则。脑与脾胃、肠在功能和结构上相对统一:从生理角度,三者在经络气机运行、脏腑机能以及化生精微物质方面存在普遍联系;从病理角度,中风后脑部症状会影响肠道反应,出现一系列胃肠道并发症。反之亦然,胃肠功能失常,邪气上扰脑窍,则致神明失守。作为始动因素的风火痰瘀诸毒胶结难解,并行上犯于脑,脑络受损,通过脑-脾胃-肠轴的桥梁作用,循环往复,流窜全身,腑窍滞塞,继而败坏机体形质与神质。临证当重视解毒通腑,针药并施,形神兼调。卒中病位在脑,通腑法治在胃肠,上病下治,通降阳明,使上犯脑络的毒邪随脑-脾胃-肠轴从下而解,有釜底抽薪、推陈出新、疏布气血之功,可顾护正气,利于患者的恢复。

, authors=徐梦方, 韩笑, 武琳璐, 张慕昭, 许天骄, 李媛媛, 史昕玥, 申艳, 张琚崴, 吴康, 陈天竹, 马任钊, 孙熙蕊, 林雨晴, 邹忆怀, authorsList=徐梦方, 韩笑, 武琳璐, 张慕昭, 许天骄, 李媛媛, 史昕玥, 申艳, 张琚崴, 吴康, 陈天竹, 马任钊, 孙熙蕊, 林雨晴, 邹忆怀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邹忆怀, authorNote=

徐梦方(1998 -),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

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邹忆怀(1965-),男,医学博士,教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。E-mail:
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徐梦方(1998 -),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

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徐梦方(1998 -),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

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基于脑-脾胃-肠轴结合“毒损脑络”论治卒中后竖窍不通
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徐梦方 , 韩笑 , 武琳璐 , 张慕昭 , 许天骄 , 李媛媛 , 史昕玥 , 申艳 , 张琚崴 , 吴康 , 陈天竹 , 马任钊 , 孙熙蕊 , 林雨晴 , 邹忆怀
中医学报 | 论著 2025,40(12): 2543-2548
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中医学报 |论著 2025 , 40 (12) : 2543 -2548
基于脑-脾胃-肠轴结合“毒损脑络”论治卒中后竖窍不通
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徐梦方, 韩笑, 武琳璐, 张慕昭, 许天骄, 李媛媛, 史昕玥, 申艳, 张琚崴, 吴康, 陈天竹, 马任钊, 孙熙蕊, 林雨晴, 邹忆怀
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学东直门医院,北京 100700
通讯作者:
邹忆怀(1965-),男,医学博士,教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。E-mail:
作者简介:

徐梦方(1998 -),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

Treatment of Post-stroke Vertical Orifice Obstruction Based on Brain-Spleen and Stomach-Intestine Axis with Theory of″Toxin Damaged Brain Collaterals″
Mengfang XU, Xiao HAN, Linlu WU, Muzhao ZHANG, Tianjiao XU, Yuanyuan LI, Xinyue SHI, Yan SHEN, Juwei ZHANG, Kang WU, Tianzhu CHEN, Renzhao MA, Xirui SUN, Yuqing LIN, Yihuai ZOU
Affiliations
  • Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China 100700
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.397
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卒中后竖窍不通与脑-脾胃-肠轴以及“毒损脑络”病机密切相关,以风火痰瘀毒为标,气机逆乱为本,解毒通腑为治疗卒中后竖窍不通的重要法则。脑与脾胃、肠在功能和结构上相对统一:从生理角度,三者在经络气机运行、脏腑机能以及化生精微物质方面存在普遍联系;从病理角度,中风后脑部症状会影响肠道反应,出现一系列胃肠道并发症。反之亦然,胃肠功能失常,邪气上扰脑窍,则致神明失守。作为始动因素的风火痰瘀诸毒胶结难解,并行上犯于脑,脑络受损,通过脑-脾胃-肠轴的桥梁作用,循环往复,流窜全身,腑窍滞塞,继而败坏机体形质与神质。临证当重视解毒通腑,针药并施,形神兼调。卒中病位在脑,通腑法治在胃肠,上病下治,通降阳明,使上犯脑络的毒邪随脑-脾胃-肠轴从下而解,有釜底抽薪、推陈出新、疏布气血之功,可顾护正气,利于患者的恢复。

竖窍不通  /  卒中  /  脑-脾胃-肠轴  /  毒损脑络  /  解毒通腑

The obstruction of the vertical orifice after stroke is closely related to the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis as well as the pathogenesis of″Toxin-damaged cerebral collaterals″.Marked by Wind,Fire,Phlegm,blood stasis,and Toxin,with disrupted Qi circulation as the root cause,detoxifying and opening the Fu is an important therapeutic principle for post-stroke vertical orifice obstruction.The brain,the Spleen and Stomach and the intestine are relatively unified in both function and structure:physiologically,they are generally interconnected in terms of meridian Qi circulation,Zang and Fu functions as well as the generation of fine substances;pathologically,post-stroke brain symptoms can affect intestinal responses,leading to a series of gastrointestinal complications. Conversely,gastrointestinal dysfunction can disturb the brain's orifices,causing a loss of mental ability.As an initiating factor,Wind,Fire,Phlegm,stasis and Toxins coagulate intractably and ascend to attack the brain,damaging cerebral collaterals.Through the bridge function of the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis,this circulates throughout the body,causing viscera obstruction,and subsequently impairing both physical and mental aspects of the body. Clinically,emphasis should be placed on detoxifying and dredging the Fu,with acupuncture and medicine,and harmonizing the relationship between body and mind.In stroke,the disease is in the brain,but the treatment of dredging the Fu targets the stomach and intestines.Treating the upper disease from the lower organs,and descending the Yang ming meridian,allows the toxins ascending to the brain collaterals to be cleared via the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis,which effectively refreshes,promotes the circulation of Qi and blood,supports the Zheng Qi and benefits patient's recovery.

vertical orifice obstruction  /  stroke  /  brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis  /  Toxin-induced cerebral collateral damage  /  detoxifying and dredging the Fu
徐梦方, 韩笑, 武琳璐, 张慕昭, 许天骄, 李媛媛, 史昕玥, 申艳, 张琚崴, 吴康, 陈天竹, 马任钊, 孙熙蕊, 林雨晴, 邹忆怀. 基于脑-脾胃-肠轴结合“毒损脑络”论治卒中后竖窍不通. 中医学报, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2543 -2548 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.397
Mengfang XU, Xiao HAN, Linlu WU, Muzhao ZHANG, Tianjiao XU, Yuanyuan LI, Xinyue SHI, Yan SHEN, Juwei ZHANG, Kang WU, Tianzhu CHEN, Renzhao MA, Xirui SUN, Yuqing LIN, Yihuai ZOU. Treatment of Post-stroke Vertical Orifice Obstruction Based on Brain-Spleen and Stomach-Intestine Axis with Theory of″Toxin Damaged Brain Collaterals″[J]. Acta Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2543 -2548 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.397
卒中是由于气血逆乱,脏腑失衡,阴阳失调,风、火、痰、瘀内生,上犯于脑,导致脑脉闭阻或血溢脉外的一类疾病,具有高患病率、高复发率、高致残率、高致死率的特点[1]。2019年全球疾病负担数据表明:大约有1/4的人一生中会患卒中[2],其中48%的卒中患者会发生便秘[3]。“横窍、竖窍”的概念最早可追溯至唐代的王冰,其在《素问·六微旨大论》注曰:“凡窍横者,皆有出入去来之气;窍竖者,皆有阴阳升降之气往复于中”,提出了横窍、竖窍的概念。《中国医学大辞典》从宏观角度将人体之窍分为横窍和竖窍[4]。卒中病位在脑,脑为元神之府,神不守则气机逆乱,升降失衡,竖窍不通。
“毒损脑络”是王永炎院士针对临床实际问题,继承传统理论,结合现代科学研究成果所提出的病机学说,对于指导临床治疗具有重要意义[5]。随着神经胃肠病学的兴起,脑肠同治逐渐成为研究热点。中医虽未明确提出脑肠相关理论,但通过调节胃肠道治疗精神疾患在中医古籍中早已有迹可循[6]。本篇基于“脑-脾胃-肠”结合“毒损脑络”论治卒中后竖窍不通,以期为临床实践开拓新的思路与方法。
《难经·四十七难》曰:“头者,诸阳之会也。”从经络循行来看,六阳经均于头部进行交会。《灵枢·经脉》云:“大肠手阳明之脉……上挟鼻孔”“小肠手太阳之脉……至目锐眦……斜络于颧。”另手阳明、手太阳部分经筋均循行于额角,联络脑与大、小肠之间的联系。《灵枢·动输》曰:“胃气上注于肺……上走空窍,循眼系,入络脑。”《灵枢·经脉》载:“胃足阳明之脉,起于鼻……过客主人,循发际,至额颅……上络头项。”
《素问·五脏别论》曰:“魄门亦为五脏使。”魄门即肛门,肛门的启闭依赖于心主神明、肝主疏泄、脾主运化、肺司宣降、肾主二便功能的正常与否。《素问·宣明五气》云:“心藏神,肺藏魄,肝藏魂,脾藏意,肾藏志。”中医将脑的生理机能分藏于五脏,故五脏又称为五神脏。脑为元神之府,具有调控、总督五脏六腑之机能,若脑窍受损,调控五脏的能力下降,五脏失司,无力调控魄门,则产生便秘。因此,“魄门亦为五脏使”也可以理解为脑调控着大肠的传导功能[7]。心、肺受脑元神的统驭,与大、小肠相表里,指挥促进胃肠道的蠕动。
《素问·六节藏象论》记载:“五味入口,藏于肠胃,味有所藏,以养五气,气和而生,津液相成,神乃自生……”胃肠道消化吸收食物,并将化生的精微物质上输至脑络,濡养脑脉,生成精气血津液神。“神者,水谷之精气也”,表明“水谷”是产生神的关键物质基础,由此也将水谷生化之所的胃肠与神之所出入的大脑相关联,二者存在着直接联系。津液是脑肠相通的物质基础,滋养脑的髓液由津液化生,脑以髓液为体;大肠主津,同样以津液为体。
《素问·六微旨大论》云:“出入废则神机化灭,升降息则气立孤危。”升降出入是维持人体气机调畅和正常神志活动的可靠保障。头者,精明之府,且为神明出入之枢纽,诸髓之精气皆上注于脑,与气机的运行息息相关。《读医随笔》载:“人之意,神识能用者,皆曰升降出入之通利也,有所闭塞则不能用也。”脾气主升,胃气主降,人体气机有序升降出入依赖于脾胃的正常转输。五神脏是神志活动的主体,胃为水谷气血之海,脾为气血生化之源,脾胃同为五神脏提供物质基础,协调脏腑气机的升降。胃不和则卧不安,腑气畅则脏气安。由此可见,脾胃在五神脏中占有重要地位,与大脑神志活动密切相关。
《杂病源流犀烛》载:“中脏者病在里,多滞九窍……如唇缓、二便闭……邪之中较深,治宜下之;中腑者病在表,多著四肢,其症半身不遂……二便不秘,邪之中犹浅。”提示可通过大便的通畅预测病邪的深浅,并指出中风病治宜下之,以通畅腑气,祛邪外出。中风病急性期毒热腑实证,糟粕邪毒之气上扰清窍,风、热、痰、瘀裹挟于脑脉,毒邪狭路相逢引发意识障碍,中焦脾胃与意识状态密不可分。正所谓“脑窍失聪,则五脏六腑皆摇”。卒中后痰瘀阻络,气血运行不畅,肠道通降失和,传导失常,轻则纳呆,脘痞不舒,矢气频作;剧则大便秘结、烦躁谵语,甚则可触及腹中燥屎,更甚者可出现呕血、大便黧黑等胃肠出血症状。研究表明,卒中脑缺血的症状会影响肠道微生物群,导致50%的患者出现胃肠道并发症,如便秘、吞咽困难、胃肠道出血和大便出血[8-9]。
《黄帝内经》曰:“阳明之厥,则癫疾欲走呼,腹满不得卧,面赤而热,妄见而妄言……胃足阳明之脉……是动则病,善呻、数欠、颜黑……甚则欲上高而歌,弃衣而走……”如此表明阳明经感受邪气,邪气上传脑络,导致脑部疾病发生。胃肠对脑的影响体现在虚实两端,虚者责之于脾胃运化失司,气血生化乏源,血不养神,则脑髓失充,脑神失养;实者因脾升胃降功能失常,清气不升,浊气不降,上犯脑窍,影响神明。《伤寒论》曰:“阳明病,胃中燥,大便必硬,硬则谵语。”病在阳明,津伤液耗,胃肠干燥,大便秘结,若继生邪气上传脑窍,扰乱神志,则易致人体精神状态失常。一项动物实验研究表明,低龄小鼠通过灌胃改变胃肠道微生物群,使之趋向于高龄小鼠后进行缺血性卒中造模,小鼠死亡率明显增加,且行为学评分减低;反之,干预高龄小鼠的肠道微生物使之接近低龄小鼠后,小鼠死亡率明显降低[10]。由此可见,胃肠状态不同将直接影响脑卒中疾病的发展变化。
由“风”为主而酿化所成之毒,可称为风毒,易引起风毒损络。《素问·风论》曰:“风之伤人也,或为寒热……或为风也,其病各异……或内至五脏六腑。”高度概括了风邪伤人的发生发展过程。“亢则害,承乃制,制则生化”,风邪亢盛为害,常与他邪合而伤人,量变引发质变,邪之甚则为毒。肾精亏损,阴虚阳亢,肝阳化热生风,窜扰脑络,表现出头晕、失眠及头痛诸疾;脑络瘀阻,瘀则气血不顺,不顺则生风,风自内生,内外相引,进而表现出半身不遂、偏身麻木和言语謇涩等症;又肾阴不足,水不制火,胃肠灼热下降无门,反蒸于上,与风阳相结,加重窍闭神昏的证候。
由“火热”为主而酿化所成之毒,可称为火毒或热毒,易引起火毒灼络。《重订通俗伤寒论》云:“胃之支脉,上络心脑。一有邪火壅闭,即堵其神明出入之窍。”经络为气血运行之通路,脾胃通过经络与心脑相连,湿热内生,易于蒙上,困遏清阳,阻滞气机,令清窍不利,导致神志异常症状发生。若阳明热盛,腑实内阻,气机不通,气郁化火,形成腑实热结之证,同时灼伤阴液,阴虚火旺,加重风阳上扰和气血逆乱。正如《伤寒论》所指:“阳明病,其人多汗,以津液外出,胃中燥,大便必硬,硬则谵语,小承气汤主之。”治以大黄、枳实、厚朴通腑泄热,使热毒从下而解。
由“痰”为主而酿化所成之毒,可称为痰毒,易引起痰毒损络。《素问·通评虚实论》载:“凡治消瘅,仆击,偏枯,痿厥,气满发逆,肥贵人则膏粱之疾也。”脾为生痰之源,恣食肥甘,滋腻伤脾,脾失运化,水湿内停,则痰浊内生。痰为阴邪,随一身之气流窜全身,外而肌肤、筋骨、经络,内而脏腑,无处不至。痰浊上扰,则出现头晕目眩、精神不振;痰饮停胃,则出现恶心呕吐、胃脘痞满;痰滞经络,则出现肢体麻木、关节屈伸不利;痰蒙神窍,则出现神昏谵妄、精神错乱。若痰浊、瘀血久留不去,郁而化热,内热产生,毒邪交织,则会加重神昏。临床除见中风主症外,咯痰、流涎、纳呆、浮肿、苔腻、脉滑等症状均与痰邪为患有关,若痰浊、瘀血久留不去,郁而化热,内热产生,毒邪交织,则会加重脑脉闭阻。
由“瘀”为主而酿化所成之毒,可称为瘀毒,易引起瘀毒损络。《医学纲目》言:“中风皆因脉道不利,气血闭塞也。”唐容川在《血证论》中提到:“瘀血不去,则出血不止,新血不生。”瘀血留脑,日久成毒,毒邪阻络,损络又致血瘀。瘀毒阻于脑络,元神受损,使机体的脏腑、经络功能失常,气血津液失司,继而危症四起。瘀毒合邪是中风发展的关键病机,风、火(热)、痰邪均可导致血液运行障碍,甚则血阻脑脉而致缺血性中风,瘀血随之形成。瘀血形成后极易与他邪交挟,合而为害,如瘀血极易与热合,形成瘀热证;瘀血极易与痰结,形成痰瘀证。瘀毒不除,则他邪更胜,危害机体,卒中益甚,竖窍不通。
“毒损脑络”理论认为,卒中的发生是由于毒邪在诱因的作用下,上犯脑络,进而络脉损伤,或阻滞不通,气血渗灌失常,脑神失养,神机不用,形成以神志昏蒙、半身不遂等为主要表现的病理状态。脏腑功能受损,气血运行失常,机体不能及时清除,蓄积过多而形成浊毒之邪,既是病理产物,又进一步成为致病因素。风毒、(火)热毒、痰毒、瘀毒为患,侵袭脏腑,耗伤阴津,败坏形体,而使脑质受损,脑髓不足;结滞脑络,则脑的功能异常,神机失用而发为脑病。
叶天士在《临证指南医案》中载:“内风乃身中阳气之变动。”气机升降逆乱是中风病发病的重要机制。五脏六腑,升降出入,各有所长,各有所主,协调分工,其中以脾胃作为气机升降的枢纽来统筹诸脏腑。卒中后脏腑功能受损,升发失节,气血上壅,清阳不升,浊阴不降,中焦闭塞,腑气不通,脘腹胀满,大便秘结,甚或三焦闭滞,水道不通,膀胱气化失司,尿少、尿闭。糟粕积聚,久则酿毒,气机不畅,脑-脾胃-肠轴失调,毒无出路,留存为患,酝酿鸱张,更害机体。大肠与膀胱是人体排毒的主要通道,二便调畅反映了人体脏腑功能活动的正常运行。排泄障碍必然会导致毒邪内存,危害人体。只要有二便不畅,便有毒邪存在。通腑为基础,通腑治标,解毒治本,标本兼治,则事半功倍。
王明杰教授提出:“汗法开横窍,吐下开竖窍[11]。”其中汗法偏于调理气机之出入;吐、下法偏于调理气机之升降;竖窍不通则气机升降失于常度。脑与心共同主宰五脏六腑的生命活动,继而调控人体的生命活动。脑居高位,人体气机左升右降,大脑为气机升降的关键转折处,与脏腑气机共司人体气机之平衡。脾胃位于中焦,升降相因,燥湿相济,为气机升降之枢纽,又脾主运化,胃为水谷气血之海,脾胃不和,统摄气机升降、生成输布津液的功能就会紊乱。肠与胃相连,若脾胃气机不畅,则肠腑传导通降不顺,壅塞于内,日久产生痰、瘀等病理产物,导致肠腑气血运行不畅,气机愈发不通;小肠主液,大肠主津,若津液生成输布障碍,肠腑干燥,大便秘结更甚。
整体观是中医学独立于现代医学的重要观念,是中医辨证论治的立足点和出发点,脑-脾胃-肠轴恰是这一观念的体现[12]。脑-脾胃-肠轴既是卒中后竖窍不通的重要桥梁、病邪弥漫的发展路径,也是辨证论治的关键靶点。卒中后脑络受损,脑髓失养,脑主神明失聪,脾升胃降失衡,大肠传化不利,体内浊气不降,糟粕蓄积而致便秘,浊邪上逆,害扰清气,更伤脑髓,由此形成恶性循环。胃肠神经病学研究表明[13],中枢神经系统与胃肠道通过脑-肠轴相互关联,脑-肠轴作为脑肠互动的枢纽,是临床脑病治肠以及肠病治脑的理论基石。人体通过脑肠轴的双向调节进行脑肠相关功能的调整,胃与肠相连,脾胃在整个调节过程中发挥着中介作用。
吴放等[14]认为,肺中脉络、腠理与其他脏腑组织相通。此脉络、腠理为肺之直窍,是人体里气与里气相回旋升降之道。卒中发生后,脑之神气不守,腑气不通,毒气滋生,上犯于脑,竖窍壅闭程度加重。中药禀受天地之气而生,天有四时,药有四气,四气应四时,遵天地气机之升降寒热;人有五脏,药有五味,五味入五脏,守人身脏腑之生克制化[15-16]。针灸妙用甚也,《灵枢·刺节真邪》言:“用针之类,在于调气。”针灸的作用在于理气机之升降,平脏腑之阴阳,和气血之逆顺,调形神之兼备[17]。
《素问病机气宜保命集》曰:“中风外有六经之形证,先以加减续命汤,随证治之。内有便溺之阻隔,复以三化汤主之。”卒中后竖窍不通主要责之于“窍”的滞塞,解毒通窍势在必行。星蒌承气汤是脑肠同治的经典处方,由瓜蒌、胆南星、大黄、芒硝、羌活组成,可使腑气升降顺畅,气血化生通畅,还可清中焦痰浊热毒,避免其上扰心神,对治疗竖窍不通效如桴鼓。现代医学研究显示[18],羌活具有抑制炎症反应、保护胃黏膜、修复肠黏膜的作用。这一观点恰与脑-肠-微生物轴内涵一致,交感神经系统抑制胃肠道肌肉蠕动以及黏膜分泌,而肠道微生物群可以将微生物代谢物转化为神经化学信号,调节肠道生理[19]。鲁红伟等[20]在常规治疗基础上加用星蒌承气汤治疗缺血性中风急性期痰热腑实证,结果表明,星蒌承气汤可显著改善患者的神经功能缺损情况,提升患者的治疗效果和生存质量。朴菊花[21]发现,桃核承气汤可调畅胃肠脏腑气机,且患者排便情况可反映气机通畅程度,如排稀烂粪的量越多,则腑气通畅程度越高。中药组方解诸毒、调气血、通腑窍,并施以纠正气血失衡、神明失司之举,加快促进神明恢复。
《标幽赋》载:“观夫九针之法……可平五脏之寒热,能调六腑之虚实……”针灸疗法可以双向调节中枢神经系统和胃肠消化系统。多项磁共振研究表明,针刺可以激活相关脑区,加强或抑制区域间的神经反应,引起脑区及半球间不同的信号变化[22-24]。石学敏院士提出以“调神通腑”法治疗卒中后便秘,选取组穴为内关(双)、人中、三阴交(双)、左侧水道、归来、外水道(水道穴外开2寸)、外归来(归来穴外开2寸),取得良好疗效[25]。全方既具醒神开窍启闭之功,又蕴调理脏腑气血之用,近取以调胃肠,远取以调气机,远近相配,使胃气得降,竖窍得通,病痛得解,形神兼疗。李智等[26]采用针刺联合中药大黄穴位贴敷治疗中风后便秘,针刺后在支沟、神阙、双侧天枢贴敷,一方面调节肠胃功能,疏通中焦气机,治疗脑病相关肠道并发症,另一方面通过脑-脾胃-肠轴上行影响脑功能,从而加强治疗效果。
卒中后竖窍不通与脑-脾胃-肠轴以及“毒损脑络”病机密切相关,以风火痰瘀毒为标,气机逆乱为本,故解毒通腑为治疗卒中后竖窍不通的重要法则。脑与脾胃、肠在功能和结构上相对统一:从生理角度,三者在经络气机运行、脏腑机能以及化生精微物质方面存在普遍联系;从病理角度,中风后脑部症状会影响肠道反应,出现一系列胃肠道并发症,反之亦然,胃肠功能失常,邪气上扰脑窍,则致神明失守。作为始动因素的风火痰瘀诸毒,常常胶结难解,并行上犯于脑,脑络受损,通过脑-脾胃-肠轴的桥梁作用,循环往复,流窜全身,腑窍滞塞,继而败坏机体形质与神质。临证当重视解毒通腑,针药并施,形神兼调。卒中病位在脑,通腑法治在胃肠,上病下治,通降阳明,使上犯脑络的毒邪随脑-脾胃-肠轴从下而解,有釜底抽薪、推陈出新、疏布气血之功,可顾护正气,利于患者的恢复。本篇基于脑-脾胃-肠轴结合“毒损脑络”病机,从理论基础、病机内涵、临床应用3个角度论述卒中后竖窍不通,可为后期脑肠相关疾病研究提供新思路。

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doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.397
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-16
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    北京中医药大学东直门医院,北京 100700

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邹忆怀(1965-),男,医学博士,教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zyxb/CN/10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.397
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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