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In clinical practice,application of medicine pares with character of being opposing and complementary in treatment of constipation Theory are as follows:(1)Ascending and descending:The intestines function properly with smooth downward Qi movement.The Middle Jiao(Spleen and Stomach)serves as the pivot for the ascending and descending transport of waste.Spleen Qi governs ascent while Stomach Qi governs descent.The Liver governs ascent and the Lung govern descent.The ascent and descent must coordinate with each other,regulating the flow of Qi.In pathological conditions,when Qi movement is abnormal-either due to weakened Spleen and Stomach transportation and absorption functions or stagnant Qi-the large intestine cannot function properly,leading to retained waste and constipation.(2)Zang and Fu Organ:The large intestine is a hollow organ,responsible for transporting waste but not storing it;it can be full but not solid.Its main function is to move waste.The Lung is solid organ that store vital essence without excreting it;they can be full but not solid.The Lung prefer moisture and dislike Dryness,governing the downward movement and regulating water passages,providing the motive force for the large intestine to expel waste.Pathologically,if Lung Dryness-Heat descends to the large intestine,or its descending function fails,the large intestine cannot transport properly,which causes constipation.(3)Exterior and interior:The large intestine is hollows and belong to the exterior,while the Lung is solid and belong to the interior.The Lung and large intestine interconnect via meridians,establishing exterior-interior relationship between organs,coordinating physiologically and affecting each other pathologically.(4)Deficiency and excess:Constipation involves both deficiency and excess patterns.Heat,Qi and cold-related constipation are excess patterns,while constipation caused by deficiency of Qi,blood and Yin or Yang belongs to deficiency.Different types of constipation often overlap or transform from one type to another,with excess leading to deficiency or deficiency leading to excess.(5)Dryness and Dampness:The large intestine governs Fluid,absorbing water during waste transport to regulate bodily Fluid metabolism.If there is excess Heat in the intestines,it excessively consumes water,leading to Dryness and hard stools;if cold deficiency affects the large intestine,it fails to absorb water,leading to loose stools and other illnesses.(6)Yin and Yang:The large intestine is active and belongs to Yang;when Yang is diseased,Yin accumulates,leading to stagnation and constipation.Professor Mao Dexi proposed that in treating constipation,one should closely follow the disease mechanism,using opposing and complementary medicine pairs,emphasizing medication balance in ascent and descent;combining Cold and Heat to promoting Yang with warming medicine to relieve constipation;using attack and tonification method at the same time to strengthen Spleen and relieve constipation;combining firmness and gentleness in medicine applying to moisten the intestines and relieve constipation;harmonizing Zang and Fu to treat at top aiming at curing disease of lower part of body,i.e.regulating the bowels.All of the above show significant clinical efficacy.

, authors=Shuying DING, Shudi LI, Baoping LU, authorsList=Shuying DING, Shudi LI, Baoping LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baoping LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315688477027582691, articleId=1315688476503294689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121837170065538, language=CN, title=基于“相反相成”理论探析毛德西运用药对治疗便秘, columnId=1315688449840108417, journalTitle=中医学报, columnName=名医心法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

临床运用相反相成药对治疗便秘理论:(1)升与降:肠腑以通降为顺。中焦脾胃为糟粕秽浊升降转输之枢纽,脾气主升,胃气主降。肝主升,肺主降。一升一降,相互协调,斡旋气机。在病理情况下,气机升降失常,或脾胃运化、收纳功能减弱,或气滞不行,腑气不通,则大肠传导失职,糟粕内停,发为便秘。(2)脏与腑:大肠属腑,传化物而不藏,实而不能满,大肠主要功能是传导糟粕。肺属脏,藏精气而不泄,满而不能实。肺喜润恶燥,主肃降、通调水道,是大肠传导的动力,推动大肠向下、向外排出糟粕。病理状态下,肺之燥热下移大肠,或肃降失职,大肠传导功能失常,而成便秘。(3)表与里:大肠属腑属表,肺属脏属里,肺与大肠通过经脉相互络属,形成了脏腑相表里的关系,既在生理上相互配合,又在病理上相互影响。(4)虚与实:便秘的病性包括虚实两个方面。热秘、气秘、冷秘属实,气血阴阳亏虚所致者属虚。便秘不同证候之间常相互兼夹、转化,或因实致虚,或因虚致实。(5)燥与湿:大肠主津,传导糟粕过程中吸收水分而调节体内水液代谢。若肠内实热,过度消耗水分,肠道失润,则大便秘结不通;若大肠虚寒,无力吸收水分,则水谷杂下,又生他病。(6)阴与阳:大肠主动而属阳,阳病则阴生肠静,糟粕自停而便秘生。毛德西教授提出在治疗便秘时依据病情,紧抓病机,运用相反相成配伍方法,强调用药升降相宜、以升达降;寒热并用、温阳通便;攻补兼施、健脾通秘;刚柔并济、润肠通便;脏腑同调、以上治下而通腑,临床疗效显著。

, authors=丁疏影, 李淑娣, 禄保平, authorsList=丁疏影, 李淑娣, 禄保平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=禄保平, authorNote=

丁疏影(1997 -),女,河南周口人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治肝胆脾胃病。

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禄保平(1971 -),男,河南许昌人,医学博士,教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治消化系统疾病及名老中医学术思想整理。E-mail:
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丁疏影(1997 -),女,河南周口人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治肝胆脾胃病。

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基于“相反相成”理论探析毛德西运用药对治疗便秘
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丁疏影 , 李淑娣 , 禄保平
中医学报 | 名医心法 2025,40(12): 2630-2635
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中医学报 |名医心法 2025 , 40 (12) : 2630 -2635
基于“相反相成”理论探析毛德西运用药对治疗便秘
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丁疏影, 李淑娣, 禄保平
作者信息
  • 河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450046
通讯作者:
禄保平(1971 -),男,河南许昌人,医学博士,教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治消化系统疾病及名老中医学术思想整理。E-mail:
作者简介:

丁疏影(1997 -),女,河南周口人,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医药防治肝胆脾胃病。

Professor Mao Dexi Using Medicine Pairs to Treat Constipation Based on Being ″Opposite and Complementary″Theory
Shuying DING, Shudi LI, Baoping LU
Affiliations
  • Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou Henan China 450046
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.411
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临床运用相反相成药对治疗便秘理论:(1)升与降:肠腑以通降为顺。中焦脾胃为糟粕秽浊升降转输之枢纽,脾气主升,胃气主降。肝主升,肺主降。一升一降,相互协调,斡旋气机。在病理情况下,气机升降失常,或脾胃运化、收纳功能减弱,或气滞不行,腑气不通,则大肠传导失职,糟粕内停,发为便秘。(2)脏与腑:大肠属腑,传化物而不藏,实而不能满,大肠主要功能是传导糟粕。肺属脏,藏精气而不泄,满而不能实。肺喜润恶燥,主肃降、通调水道,是大肠传导的动力,推动大肠向下、向外排出糟粕。病理状态下,肺之燥热下移大肠,或肃降失职,大肠传导功能失常,而成便秘。(3)表与里:大肠属腑属表,肺属脏属里,肺与大肠通过经脉相互络属,形成了脏腑相表里的关系,既在生理上相互配合,又在病理上相互影响。(4)虚与实:便秘的病性包括虚实两个方面。热秘、气秘、冷秘属实,气血阴阳亏虚所致者属虚。便秘不同证候之间常相互兼夹、转化,或因实致虚,或因虚致实。(5)燥与湿:大肠主津,传导糟粕过程中吸收水分而调节体内水液代谢。若肠内实热,过度消耗水分,肠道失润,则大便秘结不通;若大肠虚寒,无力吸收水分,则水谷杂下,又生他病。(6)阴与阳:大肠主动而属阳,阳病则阴生肠静,糟粕自停而便秘生。毛德西教授提出在治疗便秘时依据病情,紧抓病机,运用相反相成配伍方法,强调用药升降相宜、以升达降;寒热并用、温阳通便;攻补兼施、健脾通秘;刚柔并济、润肠通便;脏腑同调、以上治下而通腑,临床疗效显著。

便秘  /  “相反相成”理论  /  药对  /  毛德西

In clinical practice,application of medicine pares with character of being opposing and complementary in treatment of constipation Theory are as follows:(1)Ascending and descending:The intestines function properly with smooth downward Qi movement.The Middle Jiao(Spleen and Stomach)serves as the pivot for the ascending and descending transport of waste.Spleen Qi governs ascent while Stomach Qi governs descent.The Liver governs ascent and the Lung govern descent.The ascent and descent must coordinate with each other,regulating the flow of Qi.In pathological conditions,when Qi movement is abnormal-either due to weakened Spleen and Stomach transportation and absorption functions or stagnant Qi-the large intestine cannot function properly,leading to retained waste and constipation.(2)Zang and Fu Organ:The large intestine is a hollow organ,responsible for transporting waste but not storing it;it can be full but not solid.Its main function is to move waste.The Lung is solid organ that store vital essence without excreting it;they can be full but not solid.The Lung prefer moisture and dislike Dryness,governing the downward movement and regulating water passages,providing the motive force for the large intestine to expel waste.Pathologically,if Lung Dryness-Heat descends to the large intestine,or its descending function fails,the large intestine cannot transport properly,which causes constipation.(3)Exterior and interior:The large intestine is hollows and belong to the exterior,while the Lung is solid and belong to the interior.The Lung and large intestine interconnect via meridians,establishing exterior-interior relationship between organs,coordinating physiologically and affecting each other pathologically.(4)Deficiency and excess:Constipation involves both deficiency and excess patterns.Heat,Qi and cold-related constipation are excess patterns,while constipation caused by deficiency of Qi,blood and Yin or Yang belongs to deficiency.Different types of constipation often overlap or transform from one type to another,with excess leading to deficiency or deficiency leading to excess.(5)Dryness and Dampness:The large intestine governs Fluid,absorbing water during waste transport to regulate bodily Fluid metabolism.If there is excess Heat in the intestines,it excessively consumes water,leading to Dryness and hard stools;if cold deficiency affects the large intestine,it fails to absorb water,leading to loose stools and other illnesses.(6)Yin and Yang:The large intestine is active and belongs to Yang;when Yang is diseased,Yin accumulates,leading to stagnation and constipation.Professor Mao Dexi proposed that in treating constipation,one should closely follow the disease mechanism,using opposing and complementary medicine pairs,emphasizing medication balance in ascent and descent;combining Cold and Heat to promoting Yang with warming medicine to relieve constipation;using attack and tonification method at the same time to strengthen Spleen and relieve constipation;combining firmness and gentleness in medicine applying to moisten the intestines and relieve constipation;harmonizing Zang and Fu to treat at top aiming at curing disease of lower part of body,i.e.regulating the bowels.All of the above show significant clinical efficacy.

constipation  /  ″being opposing and complementary″theory  /  medicine pair  /  Mao Dexi
丁疏影, 李淑娣, 禄保平. 基于“相反相成”理论探析毛德西运用药对治疗便秘. 中医学报, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2630 -2635 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.411
Shuying DING, Shudi LI, Baoping LU. Professor Mao Dexi Using Medicine Pairs to Treat Constipation Based on Being ″Opposite and Complementary″Theory[J]. Acta Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 40 (12) : 2630 -2635 . DOI: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.411
毛德西教授,首届全国名中医,第三批、第六批国家老中医药专家学术经验继承工作指导老师,中华中医药学会首届百名中医科普专家,全国名老中医传承工作室指导老师。毛老业医60余年,通晓经典,领悟各家,勤于思考,精于临床,尤在治疗便秘临证处方时,形成了独特的见解和辨证方法。
便秘是指由于大肠传导失常,导致大便秘结,排便周期延长;或周期不长,但粪质干结,排出艰难;或粪质不硬,虽有便意,但便而不畅的病证[1]。毛德西教授基于中医整体观念和辨证论治的原则,认为便秘多非单一因素所致,常因寒热、虚实、气血、阴阳等相杂而病,故临证处方时应详辨病证,依据病情,紧抓病机,以相反相成药物配伍方法,既可破解单一药性的局限,又能激发协同增效的作用,须权衡主次轻重,灵活变通,以达通腑之目的。现将毛德西教授运用相反相成药对治疗便秘之经验总结、整理如下。
“相反相成”这一概念最早出于老子《道德经》[2],云:“反者,道之动。”指出一切事物的发展都是在对立(相反)统一(相成)中前进的。《道德经》云:“有无相生,难易相成,长短相形,高下相倾,音声相和,前后相随。”讲述了天下万物“相反相成”的形体结构。有与无,难与易,长与短,高与下,音与声,前与后,都是相反相成的,一体两面,相互转化,自古以来便是如此。《汉书·艺文志》云:“仁之与义,敬之与和,相反而皆相成也。”这与中医学阴阳学说中的阴阳对立(相反)与互根互用(相成)相契合。这种相反相成的现象,在医疗实践中随时可见,如病因之寒热、虚实,预防与治疗等。
便秘,临床常见症状之一,以大便排出不畅、便质干结、排便时间延长等为主要临床表现。多由感受外邪、饮食不节、情志失调、病后体虚等导致气滞、寒凝、热结、阴阳气血不足、肠道传导失司,发为本病[3]。中医学对便秘的认识最早可见于先秦时期,《黄帝内经》称本病为“大便难”“后不利”。东汉张仲景《伤寒杂病论》出现“脾约”“阴结”“阳结”等病名,并记载蜜煎“内谷道”、猪胆汁和醋“灌谷道”以通下等特色疗法。后代医家对本病各有发展及见解,但大多认为本病或由五脏不调(尤脾胃、肺、肾),或由气血阴阳虚实寒热,致三焦不和、肠道传导失司所发。毛老认为,便秘可由肠道器质性病变引起,但更多的是肠道功能性障碍所致。如西医学中以便秘为主症的肠易激综合征、药物性便秘、内分泌及代谢性疾病等。
凡言配伍,必然是两种以上药物的组合,这种组合可以说是药物治疗学上质的飞跃。而基于相反相成理论的药对配伍,是指药物之间性味、功能、趋向等对立的配伍,或寒热相济,或升降合剂,或攻补兼施,或润燥并用,使之在一定的条件下组合在一个方剂内,通过互相制约、相反相制,达到功用上的协调相成[4]。正如《礼记·中庸》所言:“万物并育而不相害,道并行而不相悖。”
毛老通晓《黄帝内经》《伤寒杂病论》等经典,指出临床运用相反相成药对治疗便秘基于以下理论:(1)升与降。肠腑以通降为顺。中焦脾胃为糟粕秽浊升降转输之枢纽,脾气主升,胃气主降。肝主升,肺主降。一升一降,相互协调,斡旋气机。在病理情况下,气机升降失常,或脾胃运化、收纳功能减弱,或气滞不行,腑气不通,则大肠传导失职,糟粕内停,发为便秘。(2)脏与腑。大肠属腑,传化物而不藏,实而不能满。大肠的主要功能是传导糟粕。肺属脏,藏精气而不泄,满而不能实。肺喜润恶燥,主肃降、通调水道,是大肠传导的动力,推动大肠向下、向外排出糟粕。病理状态下,肺之燥热下移大肠,或肃降失职,大肠传导功能失常而成便秘。《四圣心源》[5]有言:“肾司二便,而传送之职,则在庚金,疏泄之权,则在乙木。”故肝气郁滞,则气滞不行,腑气不能畅通;肾阴不足,则肠道失润;肾阳不足,则大肠失于温煦而传送无力,大便不通。脏腑相互配合,共同完成糟粕秽浊之传导。(3)表与里。大肠属腑属表,肺属脏属里,肺与大肠通过经脉相互络属,形成了脏腑相表里的关系,既在生理上相互配合,又在病理上相互影响。病理状态下“大便秘结者,人以为大肠燥甚,谁知是肺气燥乎?肺燥则清肃之气不能下行于大肠。”(陈士铎《石室秘录》[6])(4)虚与实。便秘的病性包括虚实两个方面。热秘、气秘、冷秘属实,气血阴阳亏虚所致者属虚。便秘不同证候之间常相互兼夹、转化,或因实致虚,或因虚致实。(5)燥与湿。大肠主津,传导糟粕过程中吸收水分而调节体内水液代谢。若肠内实热,过度消耗水分,肠道失润,则大便秘结不通;若大肠虚寒,无力吸收水分,则水谷杂下,又生他病。(6)阴与阳。《素问·生气通天论》明确指出:“阴不胜其阳,则脉流薄疾,并乃狂。阳不胜其阴,则五脏气争,九窍不通。”大肠主动而属阳,阳病则阴生肠静,糟粕自停而便秘生。
便秘的发生发展离不开上述种种相互对立而又相互依存关系的破坏,临床上可通过相反相成的合理配伍调节肠道病理状态,从而达到通腑的目的。尤其对于一些虚实兼夹、寒热并存、阴阳气血同病的复杂病理机制者,常常效如桴鼓。
腑病以通为用,以降为顺。便秘为大肠传导失司而致粪便结滞肠道而不下,临床多用大黄、莱菔子、紫苏子、黑芝麻等泻、降、润之以通便。毛老认为中焦脾胃为糟粕秽浊升降转输之枢纽,升降药物的配伍可有助其运化、受纳功能正常。
桔梗味辛主升,可载药上浮,《本草求真》[7]谓其“开提肺气之圣药”。桔梗宣肺开上焦郁闭气机,则肃降功能得以恢复,大肠传导得助。即王秉衡[8]所言:“开肺气之结……肺气开则腑气通。”枳实辛散苦降,能下气除胀满,其“性猛酷而速下,开导坚结……通便闭,非此不能也”[9]。桔梗宣发肺气、枳实破气消积,二药相伍,一升一降,一宣一散,理气导滞。毛老指出,此配伍通过调节全身气机以恢复机体局部功能,从而达到“升中寓降、降中有升”的肠道动态平衡。毛老临床多用于气机郁滞所致之便秘。现代药理学研究表明,桔梗多糖能通过提高蛋白表达,促进胃肠道蠕动[10]。Qiao等[11]研究发现枳实中的新橙皮苷等有效成分能升高血清胃泌素和血浆胃动素水平,促进胃排空和肠道蠕动。二药一升一降,通过调节肠道菌群、胃肠激素水平、肠道微环境及水通道蛋白的表达协同作用,从而改善便秘。
僵蚕味辛苦气薄,轻灵宣透而上行,“能辟一切怫郁之邪气”[12];大黄味苦,质沉力猛而下行。二药伍用,升降相宜,取升降散方义,宣降全身气机,使郁热从大便而去。临床上毛老多用于气机郁热所致之便秘。
临床上不乏兼便溏症状的便秘患者,毛老认为此为浊气与清气失却升降之序,故多在通便药物的基础上加以少量柴胡、升麻,以升达降。《神农本草经》[13]谓:“柴胡,味苦,平。主心腹,去肠胃中结气,饮食积聚……推陈致新。”升麻,气平,味微苦,足阳明胃、足太阴脾引经药[14],体清升散,为引清阳之气上升之要药。《本草备要》[15]云:“有病大小便秘者,用通利药而罔效,重用升麻而反通。”二药合用,升清举阳,则阳升而阴自降,又寓轻可去实之法。如此,常能收到预期的效果。
寒热并用即以苦寒药与辛温之品合用,毛老将此配伍用于寒实内结于下焦所致之顽固性便秘,认为虽寒实内结为因,但脾阳不足为致病之本,若纯用攻下,必更伤中阳;单用温补,则寒积难去,惟攻逐寒积与温补脾阳并用,方为两全之策。毛老主张用大黄配附子。大黄,大苦大寒,沉降破结;附子,大辛大温,温阳破阴,一助大肠传导之力,二制大黄之苦寒,令其泻下而不伤阳气。正如徐灵胎所言:“大黄通闭以除结热,附子补火以温积寒[16]。”两者一阴一阳,一寒一热,寒热相悖,相反相成,以达通便消胀、止痛散结之功效。此二药伍用,可追溯至《金匮要略》大黄附子汤,而明确指出治疗阳虚冷积的是唐代孙思邈所创立的温脾汤。对于二药的运用,毛老指出,应注意两味药的炮制方法。大便秘结者,用生大黄,凡用附子,均用炮制品,不得用生附子,用10g以上者,必须先用水煎2 h以上。初试者,可从小剂量开始(例如各3g),随病情逐渐加量,常可收到预期疗效。在用量上,寒结者,附子大于大黄;热结者,大黄大于附子,或等量应用[17]。有研究表明,大黄主要含蒽醌衍生物,具有促进结肠蠕动的作用[18]。而附子配伍大黄可延长作用时间,保留大黄泻下作用的持久性[19],又可制约大黄之苦寒而不伤阳气,二者相反相成、寒热并用而达通秘之效。
近年来,中老年人患便秘者日益增多,市场上治疗便秘的药物虽已有不少,但多为一时之效。毛老认为,便秘多由肠道功能性障碍所致,对此,不可妄用苦寒泻下之剂,特别是老年人,更多考虑的是虚秘,虽然便秘有实热、气滞、阴亏、气虚诸证之分,但由于老年人肠道蠕动功能减退,加之肾阴渐耗,故见气虚便秘与阴亏便秘者居多。对于老年人顽固性便秘者,应攻补并施、健脾通秘。毛老多用生白术配牵牛子[17]。生白术治便秘,始于《伤寒论》白术附子汤,至清代陈修园在《神农本草经读》中言:“白术之功用在燥,而所以妙处在于多脂。”明确指出生白术不仅能补气健脾,且有润下之功。毛老认为生白术健脾理气,可增强大肠“传导、变化”功能,对于脾虚型便秘,是为主药,用量为30~60 g。用与不用,其疗效大相径庭[20]。但对个别舌苔厚腻、排便特别不利者,仅用生白术略显不足。遂入牵牛子,通便之力明显起色,经反复验证,无不获效。李时珍言其“通大肠气秘风秘”无虚。牵牛子用量,毛老指出应从3g始,逐渐加量,多至10 g,过量则易引起腹痛、腹泻不止[17]。现代药理学研究表明,白术含有多种有效活性成分,可调节肠道菌群及胃肠激素等,调节肠道水通道蛋白,改善肠道功能[21]。而牵牛子的主要有效成分牵牛子苷和酚酸类化合物[22],其在肠内遇胆汁及肠液可分解出牵牛子素,刺激肠道,增进肠蠕动,具有强烈的泻下作用[23]。二药共用,标本兼治、攻补兼施则肠腑通。
刚柔并济出自汉代王粲《为刘荆州与袁尚书》,云:“当唯义是务,唯国是康。何者,金木水火以刚柔相济,然后克得其和,能为民用。”对于刚柔相济的应用,毛老认为阳性药物在阴性药物包容中,变得刚而不燥(如理气活血);而阴性药物在阳性药物的鼓动下,变得柔而不腻(如润燥互用),从而“阴平阳秘,精神乃治”。
《素问·调经论》有言:“血气不和,百病乃变化而生。”临床上对于气血不和之便秘,毛老多以气分药与血分药并用,使气散血行、润肠通便。(1)杏仁配桃仁。杏仁入于气分,走肺与大肠经,降气润肠,通大肠气秘;桃仁入于血分,走肝、大肠经,活血润肠,通大肠血秘[24]。二药合用,一气一血,既走上焦,又达下焦,理气活血,润肠通便[25]。用量以6~10g为宜。毛老特别指出桃仁入肠,甘润多脂,苦泻通利而不烈,功能润肠助运,不论病程新久,体质强弱,血燥津枯,肠失濡润,均可酌情使用,不限于或热、或瘀。《广西民间常用中草药》亦有言:“治便结即以桃仁、杏仁二味煎汤服。”可见其效如桴鼓。现代药理学研究证实,含油脂丰富的中药多具有润肠通便作用[18]。桃仁含45%脂肪油[23],杏仁含脂肪油约50%[26],二药协同,便结得下。(2)枳壳(实)配当归。枳壳(实)主入气分,行气散痞;当归主入血分,养血和血润燥。两药配伍,刚柔互用,气结散而血亦行,血气调和流畅,推动胃肠节律性运动,则传导有序而大便自排。
以辛温苦燥药与阴柔滋润之品合用,如《金匮要略》中麦冬与半夏,当归与苦参等。毛老认为治疗肠燥之便秘,若单以滋润恐滑利太过则新病亦起,又易助湿碍胃则病进。伍以少量燥湿健脾之品,润燥互用,相得益彰。毛老主张用火麻仁、当归配苍术、白术组合,火麻仁、当归体润能去燥;苍术、白术,辛温能燥湿。润燥并用,使润不致利,燥不致涩,再以升清降浊,祛瘀导滞之品,如柴胡、升麻、紫苏子、莱菔子、决明子等标本兼治,以燥湿健脾、润肠通便为主线,一方面,增强大肠的蠕动;另一方面,增加肠液。这样燥湿与增液并进,常能获得良效。
脏与腑的关系,是阴阳、表里相输相应的脏腑相合关系的体现,六腑机能受五脏之气的支持和调节。毛老认为便秘之患在肠腑,涉及肺、肝、脾、肾等脏,故在临床治疗中应通过脏腑同调从根本上达到通便的目的。
瓜蒌味甘性寒,入大肠经,润肠通便;杏仁味苦性温,入肺经,肃降肺气而通腑。二药伍用,下气润肠通腑。毛老认为,肺与大肠相表里,肺气不降,则大便不利;便秘而治肺,即腑病取脏、下病取上之意。临床多用于肺失宣降之肠燥便秘。
白术、鸡内金取张锡纯《医学衷中参西录》资生丸之义,健补脾胃;枳实、莱菔子降胃气、消胀通便。诸药共用,脾胃健则运化调,便自通顺。毛老多将此配伍用于脾虚气滞之便秘。
毛老以为肝主疏泄,行肾之气,故大便通与不通,实与肝有关。临床上对于肝气郁滞之便秘者,在通下药物的基础上佐以调肝之药,即可通行大便而不致反复也。柴胡入肝肺经,味辛而升提,可“去肠胃中结气”[13];生麦芽入肝脾经,疏肝行气而宣通。升提与宣通共济以成调肝之功,则肝郁自舒,疏泄之失自复。气机得畅,则肠腑得通。
肉苁蓉入肾、大肠经,补肾益精、润肠通便;黑芝麻入肾经,养血益精,润燥通便。二药均为黑药,油润多脂肪,相伍能补肾、滑肠。毛老临床上多用于肾虚津亏所致肠燥便秘。
便秘为多发慢性疾病,毛德西教授结合多年临证经验,将相反相成药物配伍方法应用于便秘的治疗之中,明确并丰富了其具体内涵,强调“升降相宜”,在通便的基础上佐以升宣之药,清升方能浊降,以升达降;“寒热并用”,破逐寒积治标,温补脾阳治本,标本兼治,温阳通便;“攻补兼施”,以补药之体作泻药之用,健脾通秘;“刚柔并济”,理气活血通气秘血秘,润燥互用燥湿健脾,润肠通便;“脏腑同调”,开肺气则通肠腑,健脾胃则便顺通,畅肝气则肠腑通,足肾精则便得畅,以上治下,临床疗效显著。然其临床应用还需以中医理论为根,以临床实效为据,根据患者个体差异,辨证施治,灵活应用,方能彰显“相反相成,以平为期”以治便秘之效。

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2025年第40卷第12期
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doi: 10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2025.12.411
  • 接收时间:2025-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-21
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    河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450046

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禄保平(1971 -),男,河南许昌人,医学博士,教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治消化系统疾病及名老中医学术思想整理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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