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To explore the optimal nitrogen application rate for different wheat varieties in various environments and provide a scientific basis for enhancing the mineral element content in wheat grains, this study used 15CA73, Jimai 22, Zhongmai 255, and Zhongmai 578 as experimental materials. Five nitrogen application treatments were established across four environments: Anyang (Henan), Hefei (Anhui), Weifang (Shandong), and Liaocheng (Shandong). These treatments included no nitrogen application (N0), basal application of 45 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 45 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N45+45), basal application of 90 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 90 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N90+90), basal application of 135 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 135 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N135+135), and basal application of 180 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 180 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N180+180). The results showed highly and extremely significant correlation coefficients (P < 0.01) between the contents of elements such as K and P (r = 0.72), and Zn and Cu (r = 0.69) in grains. Compared with the N0 treatment, the N180+180 treatment resulted in the highest contents of Ca, Cu, Mg, and S in wheat grains at the Weifang site across all environments, with increases of 11.06%, 10.78%, 0.15%, and 7.83%, respectively. The Zn content at the Weifang experimental site was highest under the N135+135 treatment, showing a 46.01% increase compared to the N0 treatment. Furthermore, compared with the N0 treatment, the N180+180 treatment led to the highest contents of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and S in Zhongmai 255 grains among all tested varieties, with increases of 2.42%, 3.50%, 1.65%, 4.23%, and 16.10%, respectively. The Zn content in Zhongmai 255 grains was the highest under the N135+135 treatment, increasing by 13.26% compared to N0 treatment. In summary, increased nitrogen application enhanced the contents of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, S, Mg, and Zn in wheat grains. K content was less affected by nitrogen application, while P content showed a declining trend. Concurrently, the P/Mg, P/Fe, and P/Zn ratios decreased, further improving the bioavailability of Mg, Fe, and Zn in the grains. Therefore, the recommended optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatments for wheat cultivation at the experimental sites are N135+135 for Anyang, N0 for Hefei, N180+180 for Liaocheng, and N180+180 for Weifang. Moreover, N0 is determined to be the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment for 15CA73 and Jimai 22, whereas N180+180 is optimal for Zhongmai 255 and Zhongmai 578.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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