Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺) act as an integral regulator of plant core energy metabolism, growth and development, and stress response, which can directly and indirectly influence many key cellular functions. As the cornerstone of cell metabolism, NAD(P)⁺ homeostasis is crucial for normal plant growth and development, and stress response. Impaired synthesis of NAD(P)⁺ or deficiency can trigger metabolic disorders and a series of defective phenotypes, and may even lead to plant death in severe cases. Currently, NAD(P)⁺ biosynthesis pathway and its key enzymes have been well studied in plants, but its homeostatic regulation in plants and the mechanism of coordinating plant growth and stress response are still unclear. Therefore, isolating NAD(P)⁺ deficiency-related mutants is crucial for exploring the regulatory mechanisms of NAD(P)⁺ homeostasis and its balancing in plant growth and stress response. This review summarizes the biosynthetic metabolic pathways of plant NAD(P)⁺, focuses on the participation of NAD(P)⁺ in plant growth and stress response processes, and looks into the future on the research prospects of NAD(P)⁺ in plants.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a globally important cereal crop, and the rational application of fertilizers is necessary agricultural practice to ensure its sustainable and stable yield. Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for rice, primarily absorbed through the rice roots. Since rice is mostly grown in flooded conditions, the root surface of rice generally forms iron plaques rich in iron oxides, which play a crucial role in the migration of inorganic phosphorus in the rhizosphere of rice. This paper reviews the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the formation of iron plaques in rice and discusses the effect of iron plaques on the absorption and transport of phosphorus in plant nutrition. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects of future research on iron plaques, aiming to provide clues for our further understanding of the interactions between iron and phosphorus in the rhizosphere of rice.