Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) serve as a crucial regulatory mechanism of protein function and play a significant role in rice seed development and endosperm starch biosynthesis. With advancements in proteomics technologies, numerous starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm have been identified to undergo various PTMs. This review summarizes the proteomic analyses, modification sites, pathways, and biological functions of six major types of PTMs in starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm: phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, malonylation, and ubiquitination. Among these, protein phosphorylation has been the most extensively studied and is recognized as a key regulator of plant growth, development, and starch metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the potential roles of PTMs in grain filling, rice starch quality, and appearance. This review provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of PTMs in starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm, offering a valuable reference for breeding high-yield and high-quality rice varieties.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |