^1.State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

^2.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China

^3.National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

^4.Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China

^5.GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Remote Sensing Big Data Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China

^6.Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining & Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, Academy of Digital China (Fujian), Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China

^7.Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China

^8.College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China

^9.Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

^10.Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China

^11.College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

^12.Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China

^13.Former Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome 00153, Italy

Received	Accepted	Published
2025-12-29
Issue Date
2026-07-08