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Metabolic profiling and pharmacokinetic studies of Gardeniae Fructus aqueous extracts by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS
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Jiang HE1, Wen-xin SHI1, Shi-qi WANG1, Pu-yang GONG3, Yi HONG1, 2, *, Yu-jie GUO1, 2, *
Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine | 2026, 51(2) : 565 - 578
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Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine | 2026, 51(2): 565-578
Metabolic profiling and pharmacokinetic studies of Gardeniae Fructus aqueous extracts by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS
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Jiang HE1, Wen-xin SHI1, Shi-qi WANG1, Pu-yang GONG3, Yi HONG1, 2, *, Yu-jie GUO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Center for Pharmaceutical Formulations, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 2.Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 3.School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
Published: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20251010.204
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Gardeniae Fructus (GF) is one of the most commonly used medicinal and edible resources in China, renowned for its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. However, studies of the chemical characteristics, metabolic transformation and pharmacokinetic behavior of GF in vivo remain incomplete. This study utilized mass defect filtering (MDF) combined with UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS to analyze the in vitro chemical constituents of GF aqueous extracts and its metabolites in vivo in rats, comprehensively characterizing 114 chemical constituents and 181 endogenous substances, including 18 prototype constituents and 163 metabolites (21 phase Ⅰ and 142 phase Ⅱ metabolites). Additionally, a quantitative method using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS was developed to analyze the in vivo dynamics of seven bioactive compounds, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the main active components in the GF aqueous extracts, namely geniposidic acid, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester, gardenoside, genipin, genipin 1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide, and crocetin, were obtained. This study conducted a comprehensive and systematic investigation into the potential material basis and the in vivo biotransformation profile of GF aqueous extracts based on UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS coupled with MDF technology and UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS, providing crucial evidence for further elucidating its pharmacological mechanisms.

Gardeniae Fructus aqueous extracts  /  metabolic profiling  /  pharmacokinetics  /  UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS  /  UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS
Jiang HE, Wen-xin SHI, Shi-qi WANG, Pu-yang GONG, Yi HONG, Yu-jie GUO. Metabolic profiling and pharmacokinetic studies of Gardeniae Fructus aqueous extracts by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS[J]. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2026 , 51 (2) : 565 -578 . DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20251010.204
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Year 2026 volume 51 Issue 2
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Article Info
doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20251010.204
  • Receive Date：2025-04-23
  • Online Date：2026-06-25
  • Published：2026-01-15
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  • Received：2025-04-23
Funding
Affiliations
    1.Center for Pharmaceutical Formulations, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
    2.Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430065, China
    3.School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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