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Outline
To investigate the changing trends for associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing smartphone addiction in middle school students.
From 2022 to 2023, a method of combining convenient sampling with cluster sampling was used to select 8 923 middle school students from 27 junior high schools and 3 senior high schools in a district of Shenzhen City between September 2022 (baseline, T1) and September 2023 (follow-up, T2). The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), Patients Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7) were administered to assess smartphone addiction, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students.
From September 2022 to September 2023, the reported prevalence of smartphone addiction increased from 24.22% to 25.25% (χ2=45.71); and smartphone addiction scores [24.00(16.00, 32.00), 25.00(16.00, 33.00)], anxiety symptom scores [2.00(0.00, 7.00), 3.00(0.00, 7.00)] and depressive symptom scores[3.00(0.00, 8.00), 5.00(0.00, 9.00)] all significantly increased (Z=-17.43, -42.38, -41.57) (all P < 0.05). There were statistically significant difference in the distribution of anxiety and depression symptom levels among middle school students in 2022 and 2023 (χ2=85.15, 106.85, both P < 0.05). After adjusting for covariates such as age, gender and family background, mixed-effects models revealed dose-response associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students: mild anxiety symptom(OR=3.22), moderate-to-severe anxiety symptom (OR=5.36), mild depressive symptom (OR=3.32) and moderate-to-severe depressive symptom (OR=6.13) were significantly associated with higher risks of smartphone addiction (all P < 0.05). Interaction effect analysis found that co-existing anxiety and depressive symptoms synergistically increased addiction risk by 5.60 times (OR=5.60) compared to the asymptomatic group, with 32% of the combined risk attributable to their interaction (S=1.64, AP=0.32)(both P < 0.05).
Anxiety and depressive symptoms are significantly associated with smartphone addiction, exhibiting a synergistic effect. Attention should be paid to emotional issues and smartphone addiction among middle school students.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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