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Outline
Rice lemma and palea development directly affects grain shape, pollination efficiency, yield and quality. This study identified mutants related to rice glume development, mapped and cloned the causal genes, and elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which the target genes regulate glume development, providing theoretical references for rice molecular breeding.
The agl1 mutant was obtained by EMS mutagenesis of japonica cultivar SN9816. Paraffin sectioning and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the morphology of glumes and floral organs; pollen viability was assessed by I2-KI staining. Map-based cloning delimited AGL1, candidate genes were sequenced, and conservation and diversity of the target gene were analyzed. A Foss grain analyzer was used to measure brown-rice quality parameters.
Compared with the wild-type SN9816, agl1 showed more strongly curved lemmas with unchanged longitudinal length, inwardly sunken paleae, and significantly narrowed lemma and palea; the lemma almost completely enclosed the palea. agl1 displayed abnormal lodicules, enlarged pistils and disordered stamens. Pollen activity and seed-setting rate were reduced. AGL1 was fine-mapped to a 68.7-kb interval between Indel4 and Indel5 on chromosome 2. Sequencing seven ORFs in this region revealed a single-nucleotide mutation in LOC_Os02g56610, which encodes a DUF640-domain protein. The DUF640 family in rice harbors a conserved ALOG domain and diverse regulatory elements, suggesting roles in both floral morphogenesis and grain quality. Quality analysis showed increased brown-rice protein and free fatty acid content but decreased amylose and total starch content, leading to poorer eating quality.
The AGL1 gene functions as a pivotal regulator of rice lemma and palea development and grain quality; its loss-of-function disrupts hull morphogenesis, compromises pollen viability, and likely perturbs the grain-filling process, resulting in the concomitant deterioration of both yield and grain quality.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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