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Dominant species are essential components of ecological communities. Continuous and periodic surveys are critical for analyzing the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of dominant species. These variations in abundance are central to understanding succession characteristics and interspecific relationships. In this study, we investigated the succession characteristics and coexistence relationships of dominant zooplankton species in Xiangshan Bay through monthly surveys conducted over one year. Succession patterns were clarified by analyzing monthly changes in abundance and succession rates, combined with species ecological features. Coexistence relationships among dominant species were examined from a niche perspective by utilizing niche breadth values, niche overlap values between species pairs, and feeding habits. The results showed that the ecological group was singular, with cold-water species comprising 96.43% of the total abundance of dominant species from January to May. Warm-water species accounted for 79.14% from June to December, with the ecological group becoming more diverse. This pattern resembled that of other subtropical sea areas, where ecological groups of zooplankton were temperature-driven and successively shifted from warm-temperate to subtropical species. Abundances of Acartia pacifica, Canthocalanus pauper, and Centropages abdominalis peaked in July (summer), October (autumn), and January (winter), respectively. These peaks coincided with the peak times of the unimodal models of total and average abundance of dominant species in summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. Notably, the outbreak time of C. abdominalis occurred earlier than that in a similar study area in past research, likely reflecting thermal discharges from power plants and global warming. The succession rate of dominant species between adjacent months was generally above 50%. The Cochran and Friedman tests revealed extremely significant differences in species composition and dominant species abundance (P<0.01). Coexistence relationships among dominant species followed the niche differentiation theory: in resource-limited environments, similar species would compete intensely, and without niche separation, disadvantaged species would be eliminated. Herbivorous (Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus, and Subeucalanus subcrassus) and carnivorous (Labidocera euchaeta and Calanopia thompsoni) species (with the same feeding habits) became dominant in different months. Species within the genera Tortanus, Paracalanus, and Centropages also alternated dominance across months. Spatial niche overlap among C. dorsispinus, L. euchaeta, and A. pacifica was moderate (0.6≥Qik≥0.3), whereas their temporal niche overlap was high (Qik>0.6). Temporal and spatial niche overlap among C. thompsoni, C. pauper, S. subcrassus, and P. aculeatus was high (Qik>0.6); however, they differed in food types and particle sizes. Overall, the findings indicated that succession of dominant zooplankton species was relatively frequent, while dominant species coexistence followed the niche differentiation theory. The findings of this study provide fundamental data for understanding interspecific coexistence and community assembly mechanisms of zooplankton in Xiangshan Bay.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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