Wheat (Triticum aestivum) remains vital to global food security, yet diverse pathogens constantly threaten its stable production. To address these threats, the identification and utilization of resistant genetic resources is the most effective and eco-friendly approach to manage disease epidemics. Based on a systematic review of the molecular mechanisms of wheat immunity, this paper compares the infection strategies of biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and elucidates the evolutionary arms race between wheat and its pathogens. Particular emphasis is placed on key immune regulatory mechanisms, including resistosome assembly and allele-specific evolution, modular cooperation mediated by kinase-integrated immune receptors, and host physiological homeostasis reprogramming driven by non-canonical resistance genes. In addition, the molecular basis by which pathogen effectors promote susceptibility through hijacking host immune pathways or exploiting hypersensitive response-associated cell death is discussed. Building upon these mechanistic insights, we summarize current strategies for resistance resource discovery and precision improvement, including the construction of panoramic resistance-gene atlases, the exploitation of novel resistance resources from wild relatives, and receptor optimization through targeted editing of key genetic loci. In response to the continuing evolution of pathogen populations and the increasing prevalence of multiple concurrent diseases, we further propose several emerging directions for resistance improvement, including the decoupling of immune activation from cell death, the evolution-guided design of universal immune receptors, and the establishment of multi-kingdom immune ecological barriers. These concepts provide a theoretical framework and technical foundation for the rational design of broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance in wheat.

【Objective】 Chuanmai 82 is a new multiple disease-resistant and high-yielding wheat variety bred from the durable disease-resistant germplasm Singh6, developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). This study aimed to construct a high-density genotypic map of Chuanmai 82, quantify the genomic contribution rates of its two parental lines, analyze its genetic composition, and clarify the parental origins of genetic loci associated with key traits such as disease resistance and yield. The findings provide a scientific basis for wheat variety improvement and the precise selection of parental lines in breeding programs. 【Method】 The wheat 100K SNP array was used to perform whole‑genome scanning of Chuanmai 82 and its two parents. This enabled a systematic analysis of its genetic architecture. Combined with the functional markers related to important agronomic traits and yield traits carried on the SNP array, the allelic genotype of Chuanmai 82 was analyzed to trace the genetic sources of its disease resistance and yield-related traits.【Result】 Whole-genome analysis indicated that the genetic contributions of the donor parent Singh6 and the recurrent parent Chuanong 16 to Chuanmai 82 were 16.36% and 83.64%, respectively, which aligns with the theoretical expectations of backcross breeding. The contribution rates exhibited a gradient difference across the subgenomes A, B, and D, with A>B>D. At the chromosomal level, the genetic fragments from Singh6 were not uniformly distributed, contributing 49.24% to 86.91% of the genetic components on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 4B, 5D, and 6A, forming significant large-segment donor regions. In contrast, Chuanong 16 contributed over 89% to most of the remaining chromosomes, constituting the genetic background of the variety. Functional marker-based tracing further demonstrated that the stripe rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew resistance genes in Chuanmai 82 were predominantly derived from Singh6, while the pre-harvest sprouting resistance and yield-related genes were mainly inherited from Chuanong 16.【Conclusion】 This study accurately quantified the genetic composition of Chuanmai 82 at both the genome and chromosome levels. Notably, the genetic contribution of the donor parent Singh6 was concentrated on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 4B, 5D, and 6A, forming large-segment donor regions that retained the genetic diversity of the donor parent. Combined with functional marker analysis, some of these regions were enriched with rust and powdery mildew resistance genes from Singh6. Therefore, the optimal combination of these large-segment donor regions (carrying disease resistance genes) and the high-yield genetic background from Chuanong 16 is likely the key genetic basis for the synergistic enhancement of durable disease resistance and high yield in Chuanmai 82.

【Objective】 This study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variation in characteristics of soil chemical properties and their relationship with sugarcane yield under long-term continuous cropping, identify the key soil factors limiting sugarcane productivity, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable soil management in sugarcane fields.【Method】 A space-for-time substitution approach was adopted with five continuous cropping duration treatments: CK (0 a), T1 (1 a), T2 (10-19 a), T3 (20-29 a), and T4 (>35 a). Sugarcane yield and soil chemical properties within the 0-60 cm profile (stratified into 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm layers) were systematically analyzed, including pH, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and available micronutrients contents. The integrated fertility index (IFI) was calculated using factor analysis combined with correlation coefficient analysis and the Nemerow composite index method. Two machine learning algorithms-Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF)-were employed to quantify the relative contribution of individual soil chemical indicators to sugarcane yield.【Result】 (1) Long-term continuous cropping significantly reduced sugarcane yield (P<0.05), with a 13.68% decline observed in the T4 treatment（>35 years）compared with the CK, and induced deterioration in soil chemical properties. (2) Soil acidification was intensified under continuous cropping, exhibiting significant layer-specific characteristics. Compared with the control (CK), the mean soil pH decreased to 4.60 after more than 20 years of continuous cropping. The subsurface layer (20-40 cm) exhibited the most severe acidification, with pH values significantly lower than the CK in the T3 and T4 treatment groups. (3) Soil nutrients exhibited obvious surface enrichment and accumulation of certain elements. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface layer (0-20 cm) were significantly higher than in deeper layers. Prolonged continuous cropping led to significant accumulation of available potassium and available zinc, increasing by 320.47% and 164.13%, respectively, in the surface layer. (4) The soil integrated fertility index (IFI) decreased significantly with soil depth. Although long-term continuous cropping improved average fertility in the surface layer, it exacerbated the variability and spatial heterogeneity of fertility in deeper soil layers. (5) Both XGBoost and RF analyses consistently identified soil pH in the 20-40 cm layer as the primary limiting factor determining sugarcane yield, with a relative importance contribution substantially greater than that of surface available nutrients and other soil indicators.【Conclusion】 Under long-term continuous sugarcane cultivation, soils exhibited a spatiotemporal soil pattern characterized by surface nutrient enrichment and severe subsurface acidification. Acidification in the 20-40 cm soil layer constitutes the core obstacle restricting sugarcane productivity. In practical production, management strategies should shift from surface-oriented nutrient application to deep amelioration targeting subsurface acidification.

【Objective】 The GDSL esterase/lipase (GELP) family comprises a group of multifunctional hydrolases with broad substrate specificity and catalytic versatility, playing an essential role in plant growth and developmental processes. The GDSL lipase gene GhGELP23D from Gossypium hirsutum is highly expressed during cotton fiber elongation development. This study aims to investigate its function in plant cell elongation and provides references for the mechanism elucidation of GELP-mediated regulation of cell growth. 【Method】 The GhGELP23D was cloned from upland cotton fibers. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to characterize its physicochemical properties, structural features, and phylogenetic relationships. The promoter region was analyzed with PlantCARE to identify putative cis-elements. Expression patterns were detected based on public transcriptomic data and RT-qPCR validation. A GUS reporter construct driven by the GhGELP23D promoter was generated to examine the tissue-specific expression of GhGELP23D in stably transformed Arabidopsis. Subcellular localization of GhGELP23D was determined through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines heterologously expressing GhGELP23D (GhGELP23D-OE) were obtained using the floral-dip method, and phenotypic analyses were conducted. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed to suppress GhGELP23D expression in cotton. Silencing efficiency was verified by RT-qPCR, and the resulting changes in fiber length were assessed in GhGELP23D-VIGS plants. 【Result】 GhGELP23D encodes a 356-amino-acid protein that is stable, weakly basic, and hydrophilic, containing a typical signal peptide but no transmembrane domain. Transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR detection showed that GhGELP23D was highly expressed during cotton fiber elongation. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that GhGELP23D is predominantly localized to the extracellular space. Analysis of the GhGELP23D promoter indicated the presence of multiple cis-elements related to light responsiveness, hormone signaling, and stress response. Histochemical GUS staining showed that the GhGELP23D promoter can drive reporter gene expression in various Arabidopsis tissues, indicating broad tissue expression activity. Heterologous expression of GhGELP23D in Arabidopsis (GhGELP23D-OE) significantly enhanced plant growth and development, resulting in increased plant height and longer primary roots and root hairs. Furthermore, complementation of GhGELP23D in the mutant resulted in a pronounced recovery of primary root and root hair length similar to that of the wild type (WT). In cotton, the fiber length of GhGELP23D-VIGS lines was significantly reduced compared with that of empty-vector control plants, with an average decrease of approximately 13.14%.【Conclusion】 GhGELP23D encodes an extracellular GDSL lipase that is highly expressed during the fiber elongation stage of upland cotton and plays an important role in plant cell elongation development.

【Objective】 The composition of soil nitrogen pool is an important indicator reflecting the sustainable productivity of soil. By quantifying the response relationship between changes in soil nitrogen pool components and the application rate of organic and chemical fertilizers, the cultivation characteristics of different nitrogen components in soil by organic and chemical fertilizers were clarified, so as to provide a theoretical basis for soil fertilization and optimizing nitrogen management in farmland soil.【Method】 This study used a long-term location monitoring experiment with different dosages of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (starting in 2006) as a platform. Both organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were set at 10 nitrogen fertilizer levels (calculated as N, with crop nitrogen application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 500, and 600 kg·hm^-2 per season). The planting system was a double cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize per year. Plant samples were taken during the maturity period of maize in the summer of 2024 to determine nitrogen content, biomass, and maize grain yield. After the summer maize harvest, soil samples were collected in 0-20 cm depth to determine the total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content of the soil. The Bremner method was used to determine the organic nitrogen component content of the soil. 【Result】 (1) The total nitrogen content of the soil in both fertilization treatments showed a linear increase with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Compared with the no fertilization treatment, the increase in soil total nitrogen content in organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatments was 19.1%-273.5% and 8.8%-25.0%, respectively. For soil inorganic nitrogen, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the soil nitrate nitrogen content significantly increased under both fertilization treatments. Under the same nitrogen content, the nitrate nitrogen content in soil treated with organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer, ranging from 1.44 to 5.17 times, but the difference in ammonium nitrogen was not significant. (2) For soil organic nitrogen components, the content of total acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (THN) and non-acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (NHN) in organic fertilizer treatment increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The THN content of fertilizer treatment also increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. In the components of acid hydrolyzed nitrogen, the content of acid hydrolyzed ammonium nitrogen (AN), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), and amino sugar nitrogen (ASN) increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in both organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, the trend of changes in the content of acid hydrolyzed unknown nitrogen (HUN) was opposite, with organic fertilizer treatment increasing with increasing nitrogen application, while chemical fertilizer treatment showed a decreasing trend. The linear fitting results indicated that there was no significant correlation between NHN and nitrogen application rate in fertilizer treatment. Under both fertilization treatments, the content of various organic nitrogen components showed a significant linear positive correlation with nitrogen application rate. Among them, the HUN of fertilizer treatment showed a significant linear negative correlation with nitrogen application rate. Long term application of organic and chemical fertilizers has changed the proportion of various acid hydrolyzed nitrogen components to total soil nitrogen. The distribution ratio of chemical fertilizer treatment was AN (28.3%-32.5%)>AAN (25.1%-29.5%)>HUN (5.9%-10.0%)>ASN (2.6%-3.5%); the allocation ratio for organic fertilizer treatment was AAN (23.7%-31.4%)>AN (19.6%- 27.6%)>HUN (7.9%-12.6%)>ASN (2.3%-3.2%). (3) Correlation analysis showed that AN, AAN, and ASN were significantly positively correlated with nitrogen uptake in the aboveground parts of summer maize (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and long-term application of organic fertilizer could significantly increase the soil nitrogen pool capacity. In acid hydrolyzed organic nitrogen, compared with the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased the content of AN, AAN, ASN, and HUN, thereby improving soil nitrogen supply capacity. AN, AAN, and ASN exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the nitrogen absorption in the aboveground parts of summer maize, making them potential effective nitrogen sources for the absorption and utilization by summer maize.

【Objective】 Seed vigor is one of the key determinants of seed quality in maize, directly influencing emergence rate, seedling growth, and stand uniformity, thereby affecting final yield formation. This study aimed to identify high-vigor inbred lines and hybrids, uncover key genes involved in regulating seed germination, and provide a theoretical basis for breeding high-vigor maize varieties.【Method】 Twenty-two maize inbred lines from two heterotic groups, Shaan A Group and Shaan B Group, were used to produce 104 F₁ hybrids following an NC-Ⅱ mating design. Seed vigor was evaluated under both the standard germination test and the cold soaking germination test. Nine traits were recorded, including germination energy (GE), germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), seedling length (SL), root length (RL), dry weight (DW), vigor index I (VIⅠ), vigor index Ⅱ (VIⅡ), and vigor index Ⅲ (VIⅢ). Genotypic and phenotypic data were combined to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for major traits. Quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with seed vigor were identified. Public transcriptome data were further used to screen potential candidate genes and to predict their possible functions. 【Result】 Significant genetic variation was observed for seed vigor-related traits in both inbred lines and hybrids. Compared with the standard germination test, cold soaking treatment reduced GE, GP, and GI, and increased the range of phenotypic variation among genotypes. Most traits showed significant effects of genotype, treatment, and their interaction, indicating that seed vigor is mainly controlled by genetic factors. Germination traits were positively correlated with seedling growth traits and vigor indices. Several materials showed stable performance under different germination conditions and low sensitivity to cold soaking. Hybrids derived from KA105, KA088, KA085, and KA205 of the Shaan A Group, and KB088, KB060, KB168, KB076, and KB021 of the Shaan B Group maintained relatively high seed vigor under cold soaking conditions. Some inbred lines with moderate seed vigor were able to improve hybrid performance in specific combinations. GWAS detected 43 QTNs significantly associated with seed vigor, including seven loci that were shared by two or more traits under cold soaking conditions. Based on transcriptome data, 11 candidate genes were identified, of which eight had functional annotation and were mainly related to stress response and transcription regulation.【Conclusion】 Maize seed vigor is a quantitative trait under genetic control, and genetic variation is the main source of phenotypic differences. Seed vigor is regulated by multiple loci, with key genomic regions involved under low-temperature conditions. The accumulation of favorable alleles can improve seed vigor in hybrids, and hybrid performance is also influenced by specific genetic interactions between parents.

【Objective】 This study investigated differences in flavonoid-related gene expression and metabolite profiles in the flesh of red-fleshed grape berries and their self-pollinated progenies, aiming to elucidate the metabolic accumulation characteristics of flavonoid biosynthesis, and provide insights into transcriptional regulation, so as to lay a theoretical foundation for improving flavonoid contents in grape berries and breeding new grape varieties. 【Method】 The red-fleshed grape germplasm Zhongshanhongyu (ZSHY), its self-pollinated progenies Nan 19 (N19) and Nan 30 (N30), and Muscat (MGX) were used as materials. Four pairwise comparison groups (ZSHY_vs_MGX, N30_vs_ZSHY, N19_vs_MGX, and N30_vs_N19) were established for targeting flavonoid metabolomics alongside transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of berry flesh. Enrichment analyses were subsequently conducted to characterize flavonoid metabolites accumulation, identify key structural genes, and dissect the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. 【Result】 Based on targeted flavonoid metabolomics technology, a total of 104 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites were detected, and 62 core metabolites exhibiting significant differences were further identified. Notably, most flavonols and flavanols accumulated to substantially higher levels in ZSHY and N19 than in N30 and MGX. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these differential metabolites were predominantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, particularly responsible for anthocyanin, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis. Transcriptome profiling identified 758 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly overrepresented in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, 30 core DEGs directly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were screened, whose expression patterns were broadly consistent with the metabolite accumulation profiles, showing high transcript abundance in ZSHY and N19, but low expression in N30 and MGX. In addition, 22 transcription factors (TFs) significantly correlated with flavonoid structural genes were identified, mainly belonging to the WRKY, MYB, and ERF families. 【Conclusion】 Significant differences existed in flavonoid metabolism between the red-fleshed grape and its self-pollinated progenies. The elevated flavonoid accumulation in the flesh of ZSHY and N19 was closely associated with the upregulation of the key structural genes in the flavonoid pathway, and the identified TFs might play important regulatory roles in this process.

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation patterns of aroma metabolism during fruit development across distinct peach flesh types, and identify key regulatory genes governing cultivar-specific aroma profiles, so as to provide a theoretical basis for flavor improvement in stony hard peaches. 【Method】 The melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei and the stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 were utilized as experimental materials. Seven critical sampling stages were established throughout the fruit development cycle. Volatile compounds were profiled using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to pinpoint core genes significantly associated with key aroma compounds.【Result】 A total of 57 volatile compounds were identified, with significant variation in composition and content across cultivars and developmental stages. The stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 exhibited no detectable ethylene production throughout development, maintained high levels of C6 aldehydes (e.g., 2-hexenal) at the mature stage, and showed almost no accumulation of esters and lactones. In contrast, the melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei exhibited a typical ethylene climacteric peak at the S3 to S4 transition, accompanied by a 3.1-3.8 fold increase in ester content and a marked decrease in C6 compounds. Transcriptome analysis identified 2 806 DEGs, with clear separation between the two cultivars at all developmental stages based on clustering analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Correlation analysis identified 16 candidate genes associated with ester/lactone biosynthesis. Among them, BSK2 (Prupe.2G110200) and PpYUC11 (Prupe.6G157400/6G157500) showed strong positive correlations with hexyl acetate and γ-decalactone, respectively.【Conclusion】 Ethylene was a key regulatory factor underlying aroma quality divergence between the two peach flesh types. Impaired ethylene signaling in Zhongtao 9 likely restricted fatty acid metabolism at the C6 aldehyde stage, preventing downstream esterification and lactone biosynthesis. Candidate genes, such as BSK2 and PpYUC11, together with hormone signaling pathways, were identified as potential regulators of aroma formation.

【Objective】 S-palmitoylation is a dynamically reversible post-translational protein modification that exerts a key regulatory role in biological processes such as signal transduction, metabolic homeostasis, and protein localization and transport in organisms. However, its function in Setosphaeria turcica and its impact on the pathogenicity of this fungus remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of the palmitoyl transferase StPFA5 in regulating the growth, development and pathogenicity of S. turcica, and to lay a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying S. turcica growth and pathogenic processes mediated by S-palmitoylation.【Method】 StPFA5 was identified via homologous alignment and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. RT-qPCR was performed to determine the expression level of StPFA5 during the fungal infection process. The knockout mutant and complementation strain of StPFA5 were generated using homologous recombination technology. For the WT, ∆StPFA5 and C.∆StPFA5 strains, the growth rate and pathogenicity were determined, and hyphal morphology and hyphal germination were observed. Mycelial melanin was extracted by acid precipitation and alkaline dissolution, and the expression levels of melanin synthesis-related genes were detected by RT-qPCR. In addition, all strains were inoculated on PDA plates containing Congo red and CFW to assess the effect of StPFA5 on the cell wall integrity of S. turcica. Furthermore, proteomic and S-palmitoylomic analyses combined with database retrieval were conducted to identify differentially modified S-palmitoylation sites and their corresponding proteins in the WT and ∆StPFA5 strains, followed by functional annotation of these proteins.【Result】 StPFA5 shared the highest homology (80.35%) with PFA5 from Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Compared with the WT strain, ∆StPFA5 exhibited reduced colony growth rate, abnormal hyphal morphology and significantly decreased pathogenicity, and these phenotypic defects were restored to the WT level in the C.∆StPFA5 strain. Meanwhile, the melanin content in the mycelia of ∆StPFA5 was decreased, the expression of melanin synthesis-related genes was significantly down-regulated, and the sensitivity of ∆StPFA5 to cell wall stress was reduced. S-palmitoylomic analysis revealed that knockout of StPFA5 led to the downregulation of modification levels at 448 S-palmitoylation sites, and the proteins containing these downregulated sites were significantly enriched in biological pathways including amino acid anabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, cell cycle and chromosome condensation. Combined with the phenotypic characteristics of ∆StPFA5, StPFA5 may affect the growth, development and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating the S-palmitoylation levels of proteins associated with these pathways.【Conclusion】 The palmitoyl transferase StPFA5 promotes the growth, development and melanin synthesis of S. turcica by regulating the S-palmitoylation modification levels of target proteins, and exerts a positive regulatory effect on the pathogenicity of this fungus.

【Objective】 Ethylene and gibberellin are key phytohormones regulating rice coleoptile elongation, however, the interaction of ethylene and gibberellin in coleoptile elongation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of ethylene and gibberellin in regulating coleoptile elongation.【Method】 This study utilized transgenic rice lines of the core components of ethylene and gibberellin signaling pathways as experimental materials. The coleoptile lengths were examined with or without different phytohormone treatments. The expression levels of downstream genes of OsEIN2/OsEIL2 were detected by RT-qPCR. Yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays were further employed to verify the interaction between OsSLR1 and OsEIL2. 【Result】 Exogenous phytohormones treatment revealed that both ethylene and gibberellin promoted coleoptile elongation, and they exhibited a synergistic effect. Paclobutrazol (PAC, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) treatment or overexpression of the gibberellin inactivation gene OsGA2ox3 weakened the promoting effect of ethylene on coleoptile elongation, whereas exogenous application of gibberellin partially relieved the 1-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene) inhibited coleoptile elongation, indicating that ethylene and gibberellin shared a common regulatory pathway in controlling coleoptile elongation. Further studies revealed that OsSLR1, a negative regulator of gibberellin signaling, interacted with OsEIL2. Moreover, OsEIN2/OsEIL2-regulated genes, such as OsERF63, OsERF73, OsHKT2; 1 and OsGY1 were also regulated by OsSLR1. The OsSLR1 loss-of-function mutant slr1 exhibited a long coleoptile phenotype, and the promoting effect of ethylene on coleoptile elongation was further enhanced in slr1, suggesting that OsSLR1 was involved in ethylene-mediated coleoptile elongation and signal transduction. 【Conclusion】 In summary, this study revealed that OsSLR1 served as a crosstalk node for the synergistic regulation of coleoptile elongation by ethylene and gibberellin, and it interacted with OsEIL2 to co-regulate downstream signaling pathways and coleoptile elongation. This study not only enriched the understanding of the phytohormone interaction network in coleoptile growth, but also provided a theoretical basis and useful genes for the breeding of rice varieties suitable for direct seeding cultivation.