Article(id=1246531413525291759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775125848417, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775125848417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775125848417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125848417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246531406415941821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, year='2025', volume='41', issue='16', pageStart='2251', pageEnd='2400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775125846723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125956861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2299, endPage=2304, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246531413781144322, articleId=1246531413525291759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, language=EN, title=Efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitor in treating giant congenital melanocytic nevi, columnId=1246531407326105792, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, columnName=Clinical and Basic Bridging Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the potential of anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy in giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) treatment.

Methods

GCMN cells were divided into four groups: GCMN group (GCMN cells alone), unactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)+GCMN group (GCMN cells with unstimulated PBMCs), activated PBMC+GCMN group (GCMN cells with CD3/CD28 antibody-stimulated PBMCs), and activated PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1 inhibitor group (the activated PBMC +GCMN group treated with 10 μg·mL-1 PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab). After 72 hours of culture, cell cytotoxicity and confluence were assessed. Cell viability was measured using the cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay, and apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometry. Additionally, a humanized immune system was established in C-NKG severely immunodeficient mice by intraperitoneal injection of human PBMCs. A GCMN patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was constructed in these humanized mice, divided into two groups: control group [phosphate buffer saline (PBS)] and experimental group (intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg·kg-1 atezolizumab), administered every 3 days for 2 weeks, to evaluate in vivo efficacy.

Results

Cell confluence rates for the GCMN, unactivated PBMC+GCMN, activated PBMC+GCMN, and activated PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1 inhibitor groups were (93.14±3.25)%, (85.29±2.40)%, (68.29±3.68)% and (22.55±4.28)%, respectively. Cell viability rates were (100.00±1.48)%, (80.35±2.60)%, (52.17±2.37)% and (15.61±1.82)%, respectively. Apoptotic cell proportions were (0.64±0.14)%, (9.32±0.91)%, (19.29±3.98)% and (28.43±0.33)%, respectively. Compared to the GCMN group, the activated PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1 inhibitor group showed statistically significant differences in all measured parameters (all P<0.05). In GCMN-PDX model, dermal cell density in experimental group and control group were (580±183) and (3 658±532) cells·mm-2, respectively. And the difference of the above index between the two groups was statistically significant (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that PD-L1 inhibitors effectively target GCMN cells by activating the immune system, offering a promising new strategy for the clinical treatment of GCMN.

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目的

探索抗细胞程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)免疫疗法在先天性巨大黑痣(GCMN)治疗中的潜力。

方法

将原代GCMN细胞分为GCMN组[仅GCMN细胞而未加入外周血单核细胞(PBMC)细胞],未激活PBMC+GCMN组(于GCMN细胞中加入未处理过的PBMC细胞共培养),激活PBMC+GCMN组(于GCMN细胞中加入使用CD3/CD28抗体刺激的PBMC细胞共培养),激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组(在激活PBMC+GCMN组的基础上加入10 μg·mL-1 PD-L1抑制剂阿替利珠单抗进行干预),在培养72 h后,用显微镜观察细胞杀伤情况与细胞汇合度,并进一步使用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)实验检测细胞活性、用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡;同时,于C-NKG重度免疫缺陷小鼠腹腔注射人PBMC建立人源化免疫系统,并于人源化免疫小鼠中构建GCMN-患者来源组织异种移植(PDX)模型,并分为2组,对照组[腹腔注射磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)],实验组(腹腔注射10 mg·kg-1 阿替利珠单抗),每3 d 1次,共注射2周,评估体内疗效。

结果

GCMN组、未激活PBMC+GCMN组、激活PBMC+GCMN组、激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组的细胞汇合度分别为:(93.14±3.25)%、(85.29±2.40)%、(68.29±3.68)%和(22.55±4.28)%;细胞活性分别为:(100.00±1.48)%、(80.35±2.60)%、(52.17±2.37)%和(15.61±1.82)%;凋亡细胞比例分别为:(0.64±0.14)%、(9.32±0.91)%、(19.29±3.98)%和(28.43±0.33)%;激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组与GCMN组比较,上述指标在统计学上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在人源化免疫小鼠构建的GCMN-PDX模型中实验组和对照组的真皮内细胞密度分别为(580±183)和(3 658±532) cells·mm-2,2组的真皮细胞密度比较,在统计学上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

本研究表明,PD-L1抑制剂通过激活免疫系统有效杀伤GCMN细胞,为GCMN的临床药物治疗提供新策略。

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谢峰,主任医师,硕士生导师 MP:13917081344 E-mail:
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孟剑霞(1992-),女 ,主管药师,主要从事先天性巨大黑痣的药物研究

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PD-L1抑制剂治疗先天性巨大黑痣的有效性研究
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孟剑霞 , 魏伯轩 , 高博闻 , 谢峰
中国临床药理学杂志 | 临床与基础桥接研究 2025,41(16): 2299-2304
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中国临床药理学杂志 | 临床与基础桥接研究 2025, 41(16): 2299-2304
PD-L1抑制剂治疗先天性巨大黑痣的有效性研究
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孟剑霞, 魏伯轩, 高博闻, 谢峰
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 医学院 附属第九人民医院 整复外科,上海,200011
  • 孟剑霞(1992-),女 ,主管药师,主要从事先天性巨大黑痣的药物研究

通讯作者:

谢峰,主任医师,硕士生导师 MP:13917081344 E-mail:
Efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitor in treating giant congenital melanocytic nevi
JIAN-xia MENG, Bo-xuan WEI, Bo-wen GAO, Feng XIE
Affiliations
  • Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.009
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目的

探索抗细胞程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)免疫疗法在先天性巨大黑痣(GCMN)治疗中的潜力。

方法

将原代GCMN细胞分为GCMN组[仅GCMN细胞而未加入外周血单核细胞(PBMC)细胞],未激活PBMC+GCMN组(于GCMN细胞中加入未处理过的PBMC细胞共培养),激活PBMC+GCMN组(于GCMN细胞中加入使用CD3/CD28抗体刺激的PBMC细胞共培养),激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组(在激活PBMC+GCMN组的基础上加入10 μg·mL-1 PD-L1抑制剂阿替利珠单抗进行干预),在培养72 h后,用显微镜观察细胞杀伤情况与细胞汇合度,并进一步使用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)实验检测细胞活性、用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡;同时,于C-NKG重度免疫缺陷小鼠腹腔注射人PBMC建立人源化免疫系统,并于人源化免疫小鼠中构建GCMN-患者来源组织异种移植(PDX)模型,并分为2组,对照组[腹腔注射磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)],实验组(腹腔注射10 mg·kg-1 阿替利珠单抗),每3 d 1次,共注射2周,评估体内疗效。

结果

GCMN组、未激活PBMC+GCMN组、激活PBMC+GCMN组、激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组的细胞汇合度分别为:(93.14±3.25)%、(85.29±2.40)%、(68.29±3.68)%和(22.55±4.28)%;细胞活性分别为:(100.00±1.48)%、(80.35±2.60)%、(52.17±2.37)%和(15.61±1.82)%;凋亡细胞比例分别为:(0.64±0.14)%、(9.32±0.91)%、(19.29±3.98)%和(28.43±0.33)%;激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组与GCMN组比较,上述指标在统计学上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在人源化免疫小鼠构建的GCMN-PDX模型中实验组和对照组的真皮内细胞密度分别为(580±183)和(3 658±532) cells·mm-2,2组的真皮细胞密度比较,在统计学上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

本研究表明,PD-L1抑制剂通过激活免疫系统有效杀伤GCMN细胞,为GCMN的临床药物治疗提供新策略。

阿替利珠单抗  /  先天性巨大黑痣  /  黑色素痣  /  程序性死亡配体1  /  免疫治疗
Objective

To explore the potential of anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy in giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) treatment.

Methods

GCMN cells were divided into four groups: GCMN group (GCMN cells alone), unactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)+GCMN group (GCMN cells with unstimulated PBMCs), activated PBMC+GCMN group (GCMN cells with CD3/CD28 antibody-stimulated PBMCs), and activated PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1 inhibitor group (the activated PBMC +GCMN group treated with 10 μg·mL-1 PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab). After 72 hours of culture, cell cytotoxicity and confluence were assessed. Cell viability was measured using the cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay, and apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometry. Additionally, a humanized immune system was established in C-NKG severely immunodeficient mice by intraperitoneal injection of human PBMCs. A GCMN patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was constructed in these humanized mice, divided into two groups: control group [phosphate buffer saline (PBS)] and experimental group (intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg·kg-1 atezolizumab), administered every 3 days for 2 weeks, to evaluate in vivo efficacy.

Results

Cell confluence rates for the GCMN, unactivated PBMC+GCMN, activated PBMC+GCMN, and activated PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1 inhibitor groups were (93.14±3.25)%, (85.29±2.40)%, (68.29±3.68)% and (22.55±4.28)%, respectively. Cell viability rates were (100.00±1.48)%, (80.35±2.60)%, (52.17±2.37)% and (15.61±1.82)%, respectively. Apoptotic cell proportions were (0.64±0.14)%, (9.32±0.91)%, (19.29±3.98)% and (28.43±0.33)%, respectively. Compared to the GCMN group, the activated PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1 inhibitor group showed statistically significant differences in all measured parameters (all P<0.05). In GCMN-PDX model, dermal cell density in experimental group and control group were (580±183) and (3 658±532) cells·mm-2, respectively. And the difference of the above index between the two groups was statistically significant (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that PD-L1 inhibitors effectively target GCMN cells by activating the immune system, offering a promising new strategy for the clinical treatment of GCMN.

atezolizumab  /  giant congenital melanocytic nevi  /  melanocytic nevi  /  programmed death-ligand 1  /  immunotherapy
孟剑霞, 魏伯轩, 高博闻, 谢峰. PD-L1抑制剂治疗先天性巨大黑痣的有效性研究. 中国临床药理学杂志, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2299 -2304 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.009
JIAN-xia MENG, Bo-xuan WEI, Bo-wen GAO, Feng XIE. Efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitor in treating giant congenital melanocytic nevi[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2299 -2304 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.009
先天性巨大黑痣(giant congenital melanocytic nevi, GCMN)是一种出生即存在的黑色素细胞来源体表良性肿瘤。表现为成人预计直径超过40 cm的广泛皮肤黑变[1]。 GCMN不仅严重影响患者的外观而带来心理问题,还会威胁生命,GCMN恶变为黑色素瘤的发生率约3%~5%[2],疾病进展迅速,死亡率高。临床上,GCMN的治疗策略包含磨削、激光、化学剥脱、手术治疗等手段[3]。然而,对于特大面积的GCMN,这些治疗方法无法将痣细胞彻底清除,复发及恶变的风险依旧存在,且往往导致广泛瘢痕。因此,开发有效的药物治疗手段使GCMN发生消退,成为亟待突破的问题。近年来,免疫抑制剂的出现,大大提高了皮肤恶性黑色素瘤的生存率,其中作为金标准、应用最多的免疫治疗为抗程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death 1, PD-1)/程序性死亡配体-1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)疗法[4]。在我国,PD-1抑制剂特瑞普利单抗已获批用于治疗标准治疗失败后的局部进展或转移性黑色素瘤。GCMN与皮肤恶性黑色素瘤存在诸多同源性。在发病机制上,2者均源于黑色素细胞的异常增殖。从基因层面来看,GCMN和皮肤恶性黑色素瘤具有相似的基因突变谱。皆为发生了鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物B1(v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 ,BRAF)或神经母细胞瘤 RAS 病毒癌基因同源物(neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog, NRAS)突变[4-5]。同时,GCMN有一定概率恶变为黑色素瘤。基于这些同源性,理论上抗PD-1/PD-L1疗法有望对GCMN发挥治疗作用。研究该疗法在GCMN治疗中的有效性,有望为GCMN患者提供全新的治疗策略。
组织和外周全血 2019年6月至2023年6月于我院整复外科手术切除的巨痣组织10例及皮肤恶性黑色素瘤组织6例。2023年6月至2024年6月招募并采集18~30岁的健康人群,共计3例,采集外周全血样本。本研究经上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:沪九院科伦审201743)。患者术前签署知情同意书与样本捐献同意书。
细胞 人恶性黑色素瘤细胞A375(收录于中国科学院干细胞库,编号:SCSP-533),购自赛业(苏州)生物科技有限公司。
动物 雌性,C-NKG小鼠,6~8周龄,体质量18~24 g,购自赛业(苏州)生物科技有限公司,动物生产许可证号:SCXK(苏)2022-0016。本实验经上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院动物伦理委员会批准(伦理批准号:SH9H-2023-A891-1)。
药品与试剂 阿替利珠单抗Atezolizumab,规格:每支5 mg,批号:A2004,购自上海蓝木化工有限公司;PD-L1抗体、CD45抗体、山羊抗兔IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488)抗体,皆为英国Abcam公司生产;T细胞扩增和活化的 DynabeadsTM 人T 活化剂 CD3/CD28,美国Thermo Fisher公司生产;辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)、异硫氰酸荧光素标记的膜联蛋白V(Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate,Annexin V-FITC)细胞凋亡检测试剂盒、细胞计数试剂盒(cell counting kit 8, CCK-8)、Tris-EDTA抗原修复液、Triton-X,均为上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司生产;Ficoll分离液及AEC显色剂,均由北京索莱宝科技有限公司生产;罗斯威尔公园纪念研究所-1640(Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640,RPMI-1640)培养基,购自美国Gibco公司;黑色素细胞培养基(melanocyte medium,MELM),购自美国ScienCell公司;Dispase酶Ⅱ及胶原酶Ⅰ,购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。
仪器 HistoCore PEARL 组织脱水机、HistoCore Arcadia H 热石蜡包埋机,德国Leica公司产品。流式细胞仪Beckman CytoflexS,美国Beckman公司产品。Varioskan LUX多功能酶标仪,美国Thermo Fisher 公司产品。Nikon研究级倒置荧光显微镜TE300,日本Nikon公司产品。通用型小动物麻醉机,深圳瑞沃德公司产品。
将患者来源的新鲜巨痣组织浸泡0.25%Dispase酶Ⅱ中,4 ℃孵育过夜,将表皮撕去,剩余真皮部分使用眼科剪剪碎,0.2%胶原酶Ⅰ消化4~8 h,过筛离心后,接种于细胞皿中,使用MELM(含10% FBS)培养基进行培养。每3~4 h进行换液一次,细胞生长至70%~90%的融合度后进行1:2传代。
将采集的健康人群全血样本经Ficoll分层液离心,提取中间白色层的外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC),使用RPMI-1640(含10% FBS)培养基进行悬浮培养,培养皿在培养前24 h,预先用T 细胞扩增和活化的 DynabeadsTM 人 T 活化剂 CD3/CD28包被,加入PBMC培养刺激48 h后成为激活的PBMC,未进行包被的组别则为未激活的PBMC。
为了明确PD-L1抑制剂能否逆转GCMN的免疫逃逸,促进淋巴细胞对GCMN细胞的杀伤,将提取的PBMC及PD-L1high GCMN细胞(该细胞的定义见2.1.5)进行共培养(比例5:1),并设置以下组别:GCMN 组未共培养组、未激活PBMC+GCMN组、激活PBMC+GCMN组、激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组。各组别使用RPMI-1640(含10% FBS)培养基培养72 h,其中GCMN组仅GCMN细胞而未加入PBMC细胞,未激活PBMC+GCMN组于GCMN细胞中加入未处理过的PBMC细胞,激活PBMC+GCMN组于GCMN细胞中加入使用CD3/CD28抗体刺激的PBMC细胞,含有PD-L1抑制剂的组别加入Atezolizumab(10 μg·mL-1),浓度选择根据既往文献[6]。72 h后,使用显微镜记录并拍摄细胞的形态,计算细胞汇合度(每组n=3)。
使用组织免疫组化技术检测PD-L1在GCMN(n=6)及恶性黑色素瘤(n=6)病灶组织中的表达,并通过病理科医师评判,给与阳性率评分(-:0%,+:0%~25%,++:25%~50%,+++:50%~75%,++++:75%~100%)。将组织切片进行脱蜡、复水。使用3%过氧化氢灭活内源性过氧化氢酶,再使用Tris-EDTA抗原修复液(PH=9.0)进行水浴锅抗原修复30 h。使用5%牛血清白蛋白于室温封闭20分钟。加入PD-L1一抗(ab205921, Abcam, 1:200)于4 ℃孵育过夜。使用对应种属的二抗进行室温孵育1 h。各步骤结束皆使用磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS)洗涤三次。AEC显色剂显色。苏木素染色、流水反蓝复染,常规封片,光学显微镜镜检。HE染色:上述组织切片脱蜡后,依次以苏木素和伊红染色。
免疫组化结果中,PD-L1表达3+的GCMN组织被定义为PD-L1high。提取PD-L1high的GCMN原代细胞(n=3),并使用A375人皮肤黑色素瘤细胞系(n=3),进行细胞免疫荧光。GCMN细胞及A375细胞系使用多聚甲醛固定20 min后,PBS洗涤3次。使用Triton-X进行破膜20 min,PBS洗涤3次。孵育PD-L1(ab205921, abam, 1:100)一抗4度过夜。PBS洗涤3次,荧光二抗标记(Alexa Fluor 488)室温孵育1小时,PBS洗涤3次,DAPI复染核,倒置荧光显微镜观察。
使用流式细胞技术分析检测凋亡情况,并进行CCK-8实验检测细胞活性情况。弃上清后,将各组贴壁的GCMN细胞消化下来,加入Annexin V-FITC和碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染液,37 ℃孵育20 min后,流式检测细胞凋亡率(每组n=3)。对于CCK-8实验,在弃上清后,加入CCK-8溶液,孵育1~2 h,酶标仪测定450 nm吸光度,计算细胞活性率(每组n=3)。
采用C-NKG免疫缺陷小鼠(6~8周龄)建立人源化免疫系统,每只小鼠腹腔注射5×106个人PBMC后,流式检测人CD45+免疫细胞阳性率,明确构建成功与否。
将手术获取的巨痣新鲜组织裁剪为5×5×2 mm3的大小,移植至人源化小鼠颈部皮下,2周后观察巨痣组织的存活情况,确保存活良好。
实验组小鼠腹腔注射PD-L1抑制剂Atezolizumab(10 mg·kg-1,每3天1次,共注射2周),剂量选择根据既往文献[6],对照组注射PBS,注射2周后进行组织块取材,HE评估巨痣细胞的减少情况(每组n=3)。
使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料用表示,组间比较用student t检验。多组间比较用单因素方差分析。
免疫组化结果显示:GCMN的PD-L1阳性强度为+~+++,而CM的PD-L1阳性率为++~+++。细胞免疫荧光结果显示:PD-L1在GCMN细胞中的阳性率为(94.02±5.61)%,A373细胞的阳性率为(97.15±1.51)%。以上结果提示部分先天性巨大黑痣患者的痣细胞与恶性黑色素瘤相似,皆存在PD-L1的高表达,见图1
各组的细胞汇合度结果如下,GCMN组为 (93.14±3.25)%;未激活PBMC+GCMN组为 (85.29±2.40)%、激活PBMC+GCMN组为 (68.29±3.68)%、激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组为 (22.55±4.28)%。使用激活PBMC结合PD-L1抑制剂干预的效果最好,细胞汇合度较GCMN组显著下降(P<0.05),且细胞碎片增多、细胞核皱缩,见图2。以上结果提示PD-L1抑制剂促进PBMC对GCMN细胞的杀伤作用。
CCK-8法检测结果显示:GCMN组为(100.00±1.48)%;未激活PBMC+GCMN组为(80.35±2.60)%、激活PBMC+GCMN组为(52.17±2.37)%、激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组为(15.61±1.82)%;PD-L1抑制剂显著促进淋巴细胞对GCMN细胞活性的抑制作用(P<0.05)。流式检测凋亡细胞比例,第二象限(Q2)为晚期凋亡细胞,第三象限为早期凋亡细胞(Q3),2者总和为凋亡细胞比例,见图3。GCMN组为(0.64±0.14)%;未激 PBMC+GCMN组为(9.32±0.91)%、激活PBMC+GCMN组为(19.29±3.98)%、激活PBMC+GCMN+PD-L1抑制剂组为(28.43±0.33)%;PD-L1抑制剂显著促进淋巴细胞诱导GCMN细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。以上结果显示PD-L1抑制剂能够促进淋巴细胞抑制GCMN细胞活性并诱导细胞凋亡,起到良好的治疗作用。
用流式细胞分析法检测人源化免疫小鼠GCMN PDX模型的外周血细胞,其人CD45+免疫细胞阳性率达(27.33±11.23)%,提示构建成功。PBS组及PD-L1抑制剂(Atezolizumab)组治疗2周后进行取材。HE染色显示PBS组真皮内的痣细胞密度为(3 658±532)cell·mm-2,PD-L1抑制剂组真皮内的痣细胞密度为(580±183)cell·mm-2,见图4。PD-L1抑制剂显著减少组织块内GCMN细胞的含量(P<0.05),明确了PD-L1抑制剂在体内治疗GCMN的可行性。
现有的手术治疗或非手术治疗方法皆无法完全根除GCMN,若不进行治疗,GCMN有终生恶变风险,可能威胁生命,导致GCMN患者的临床管理面临巨大挑战。因此,开发以消退病灶、降低恶变风险药物治疗手段成为近年研究热点[7]
针对GCMN的药物研究主要集中在靶向治疗,由于GCMN由NRAS和BRAF突变引起,因此,针对MAPK通路及PI3K-AKT通路的抑制剂研究众多。基础研究显示,MEK抑制剂、PI3K抑制剂及AKT抑制剂能够有效抑制GCMN细胞活性[8-9],但在临床上用于治疗GCMN的效果有限,无法完全根除巨痣[10-11]。恶性黑色素瘤中,BRAF抑制剂(如Vemurafenib)联合MEK抑制剂疗效显著[4],但GCMN中BRAF突变率较低(约10%),且病灶异质性导致靶向药物难以全面覆盖,限制了疗效。
与靶向治疗相比,免疫治疗通过激活全身免疫系统,受肿瘤异质性影响较小,具有更广谱的杀伤潜力。在皮肤恶性黑色素瘤中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂显著延长生存期[12],客观缓解率达40%以上[13-15]。本研究发现,GCMN细胞高表达PD-L1,提示其通过类似黑色素瘤的机制实现免疫逃逸,为免疫治疗提供了依据。
本研究显示,PD-L1抑制剂解除免疫抑制后,淋巴细胞对GCMN细胞的杀伤作用增强,并促进巨痣细胞凋亡,在人源化免疫小鼠巨痣PDX模型中,PD-L1抑制剂干预后使得组织块中GCMN细胞显著减少。以上结果明确PD-L1抑制剂治疗先天性巨大黑痣的可行性与有效性,并且可能通过重新激活抗原特异性淋巴细胞,引发广泛杀伤。未来,除了应用PD-L1抑制剂治疗,也有望分离特异性记忆淋巴细胞,体外扩增后注射回巨痣病灶,进一步放大杀伤效应[16]
本研究表明,PD-L1抑制剂可能通过重新激活免疫系统杀伤GCMN,克服靶向治疗因异质性导致的局限,具有治疗大范围病灶的潜力。免疫治疗全身效应强,靶向精准性高,药物不良反应小,未来在大面积皮肤肿瘤中应用前景广阔。对于PD-L1高表达的GCMN患者,该疗法可能是优选策略,需进一步验证其临床疗效。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81871595)
  • 上海市整形与修复重建临床医学研究中心上海市科委项目(22MC1940300)
  • 上海市卫生健康委员会卫生行业临床研究专项基金资助项目(20214Y0330)
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2025年第41卷第16期
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doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.009
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81871595)
上海市整形与修复重建临床医学研究中心上海市科委项目(22MC1940300)
上海市卫生健康委员会卫生行业临床研究专项基金资助项目(20214Y0330)
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    上海交通大学 医学院 附属第九人民医院 整复外科,上海,200011

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谢峰,主任医师,硕士生导师 MP:13917081344 E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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